Central Annals of Community Medicine and Practice
Short Communication *Corresponding author María del Carmen Marquetti Fernández, Instituto Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri, La Habana, Cuba, Tel: Spatial Distribution and Mainly 05372553628; Email: Breeding Sites of Aedesaegypti Submitted: 07 December 2016 Accepted: 19 December 2016 Published: 02 January 2017 (Diptera:Culicidae) in Luanda, Copyright © 2017 del Carmen Marquetti Fernández et al. Angola OPEN ACCESS 1 2 María del Carmen Marquetti Fernández *, Yoenys Hidalgo Flores , Keywords and Duniarliz Lamothe Nuviola3 • Aedes aegypti 1Department Vector Control, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, La Habana, • Spatial distribution Cuba Cuban Medical Cooperation in Angola, Cuba • Breeding sites 2Cuban Control Program Anti-Larval Malaria Vectors with Biolarvicides in Angola, • Luanda Cuba • Angola 3Cuban Control Program Anti-Larval Malaria Vectors with Biolarvicides in Angola, Cuba
Abstract Dengue activity has been reported sporadically in Angola. Aedes aegypti is mainly the Dengue vector in this country. The objective was to obtain information about the spatial distribution and the mainly breeding sites of Ae. aegypti, as well as, to determine the indexes (house, containers and Breteau) in Luanda. The study was carried out from April 2014 to March, 2015. Ae. aegypti was present in all municipalities of Luanda province. A total of 8 190 households were surveyed, of which 1 171 were positive to Ae. aegypti larvae. Values of the Aedes indexes showed variation during the study period. Water storage containers represented 88,6% of the total containers positive to Ae. aegypti. This work represent the first sampling was performed to determine the presence and identification of breeding sites of Ae. aegypti in whole Luanda province during this century, aspect of great importance for the establishment of a control program vector of Dengue in Angola.
INTRODUCTION of these, 22 have reported local transmission, which is laboratory- Aedes aegypti mosquito is originated in Africa and spread th th to other tropical countries in the 17 and 18 centuries [1- onlyconfirmed diagnosed in 20 countries, Dengue in while travelers two (Egypt who had and returned Zanzibar) to do non- not 5]. Other species mosquitoes, including , Aedes Aedes simpsoni have laboratory confirmation.. The remaining 12 countries have Aedes africanus, and Aedes luteocephalus, are reported in Africa and Angola. These species are potential Dengue vectors. Ae endemicIn Angola, regions Dengue [4] activity has been reported sporadically. On .aegypti conducted by the National Malaria Control Program during that six cases of dengue had been reported to the Ministry of April, 2013, the Public Health Directorate of Angola announced was recorded by Ae.first aegypti time in was Angola the onlyin 1903 Dengue [6]. Surveyvector registered in Angola at that moment in Angola [5]. Dengue cases had been reported and tested for Dengue with a 2010–2012 showed that Health of Angola (MHA). As of May 31, a total of 517 suspected Dengue epidemics have been reported in Africa since the from Luanda Province, except for two from Malanje Province. Onlyrapid Denguediagnostic sero test type (RDT). 1 was All detected suspected by molecularcases were diagnostic reported 19th century, in countries including Zanzibar (1823, 1870), testing [5]. Burkina Faso (1925), Egypt (1887,1927), South Africa (1926– There is only scanty data available about Ae. aegypti during 1927), and Senegal (1927–1928) [2,7]. Between 1960 and 2010, this century in Angola for this reason the objective of this study virus20 laboratory-confirmed serotypes have been outbreaks isolated were in Africa, reported with in serotype15 African 2 was to obtain information about the spatial distribution and the reportedcountries, to with cause most the occurring most epidemics in Eastern [8]. Africa.Available All datafour Denguesuggest mainly breeding sites of Ae. aegypti, as well as, to determine the that Dengue is endemic to 34countries across all regions of Africa indexes (House, Containers and Breteau) in Luanda, in order Cite this article: del Carmen Marquetti Fernández M, Flores YH, Nuviola DL (2017) Spatial Distribution and Mainly Breeding Sites of Aedesaegypti (Diptera:Culicidae) in Luanda, Angola. Ann Community Med Pract 3(1): 1017. del Carmen Marquetti Fernández et al. (2017) Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Central to collect baseline information that could be useful for decision making during control operations aiming at preventing the 50 45 possible epidemic occurrence in the country. 40 The study was carried out in Luanda, the capital city of 35 Angola, as a population estimated 30 25 ; 20 HI
of 6 542 944 in habitants Index values 15 (National Census data conducted from 15-31of May, 2014 CI residents of Luanda live in densely populated urban slums. The 10 BI National Institute of Statistics). A large proportion of the 5 de Bengo, Quissama, Viana and Luanda municipality which has 0 citythe sameis divided name in as 7 themunicipalities province and Belas, is integrated Cacuaco, byCazenga, Ingombota, Icolo respectively. Maianga,these in neighborhoods. Rangel, Samba, The Sambizanga rainy season and Kilambais between Kiaxi November- districts Districts / Municipalities May but the Each most municipality accumulation is of divided rain in into Luanda comunes occurs and in Figure 1 BBC for Aedesaegypti values in each district and municipality in Luanda House index (HI), container index (CI), Breteau index (BI) March-Weather April., Luanda had an annual rainfall of 323 millimeters during 2013 (Average Climatic Conditions Luanda, Angola; province, Angola, April 2014 - March, 2015. 2013). o March 45 The data collection was conducted from April 2014 t water in the houses and in the vacant lots present in urban and 40 2015. Sampling was carried out on all deposits containing peri-urban areas of the universo of each municipality in the 35 province. Inspected deposit corresponded to: the water storage 30 containers as basins, buckets, tanks, cistern, etc.; miscellaneous 25 , bottles, plastic cups 20 HI etc.; used car tires; plants in water and potted etc. IndexValues 15 small artificial containers such as cans, jars CI surveys of container-breeding mosquitoes were conducted 10 BI randomly trying to cover the largest area of each municipality Household 5 0 were carried out. From each positive container mosquito only larvalin the sampleprovince. was Four collected sampling using (weekly) a dropper, during which the was each placed month in
Months the required information such as date and place of collection. vials containing 70 percent alcohol. The vials were labeled with Figure 2
The identification of the samples was using morphological House index (HI), container index (CI), Breteau index (BI) for malariakeys [9,10]. program A total established of household in the inprovince each sample and trained was 35. for Thethe Aedes aegypti values monthly in Luanda, Angola, April 2014 - March, activitystaff (5 by persons) Cuban specialist that performed in vector the control. sampling The belongsindexes house, to the 2015. , buckets, water wells, cisterns and followed by plants in water and potted >100 liters tanks <100 liters, containers and Breteau were determined monthly. (House Index , pots, percentage of water-holding containers with larvae and Breteau basins) (7,3%); artificial (HI): percentage of house with larvae; Container Index (CI): Ae.aegypti larvae presence in miscellaneous miscellaneous containers containers (cups, jars miscellaneoustoilet hole, were bottles, founded etc) (2,5%) and used tires car (1,6%). IndexAe.aegypti (BI): the wasnumber present of positive in all municipalitiescontainers per of 100 the houses). province mainly in May and June where it still accumulations of rain water areartificial present .
During an outbreak of Yellow Fever in Luanda was founded inwith the a studiedmajor infestation period Ingombota Of anda total Samba of 572 districts neighborhoods belonging (Figure 2) to Luanda municipality; and Cacuaco and Cazenga municipalities accounted for 85 percent of the Ae. aegypti larval breeding, [11] (Figure 1). distributed in thethat remaining water-storage were ornamental containers vases, (mainly abandoned the objects, bigger mainly ones) registeredthe study area for were Luanda sampled, (Data frombeing thefound Provincial positive Directoratefor Ae.aegypti of with rainwater, of these, car tires were the most important type. Healthlarvae and Vector Control Program); 242(42, 3%) of which 1171 were positive with Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae. 237(97.9%). A total of 8 190 households were surveyed, storage containers too [5]. Ae.During aegypti the survey carried out in 2013; 63, 1% belonged to water In one study carried out in Senegal During the study period House index oscillated between 4,3 in was founded in the storage containers (100% of January to 27,9 in June, container index between 2,1 in January June The average household container with wáter was the collected fauna), tires (96%), bamboo holes (90.6%) and to 9,3 in May and Breteau index between 5,8 in January to 42,2 in 5. Ae. aegypti larvae discarded containers (51.4%) [12]. Similar result about the (Figure 2). during Ae. Aegypti On the other of which water storage container basically tanks was founded in Kenya A total of 1667 container were positive with hand [11] founded that Aedes indexes varied greatly reaching pupa/demographic- survey [13]. 1478(88.6%) were water storage containers (tanks Ann Community Med Pract 3(1): 1017 (2017) 2/3 del Carmen Marquetti Fernández et al. (2017) Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Central
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Ribeiro H. Entomological studies during the 1971 yellow fever 12. epidemic of Luanda, Angola. Mosquito News. 1971; 4: 568-574. in 2013 is yet undetermined, while that the cases of Dengue and Larval ecology of mosquitoes in sylvatic arbovirus foci in south Chikungunya occurred during 2014, were confirmed by rapid test Diallo D, Diagne CT, Hanley KA, Sall AA, Buenemann M, Ba Y, et al. in LuandaIn conclusion but the circulating this work Dengue represent serotype the was not identified. eastern Senegal. Parasit Vectors. 2012; 5: 286-292. breeding sites of through out thefirst whole sampling Luanda was antibodies against arthropod-borne viruses in the sera of indigenous Ae.aegypti 13. Kokernot RH, Casaca VM, Weinbren MP, Mcintosh BM. Survey for provinceperformed, aspect to determine of great the importance presence for and the identification establishment of of a control program vector of Dengue and Chikungunya. It is residents of Angola. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1965; 59: 563-570. important to know besides that the values registered for Breteau demographic-survey methodology to identify the key container 14. habitatsMidega JT,od NzovuAedesaegypti J, Kahindi R, Mbogo C. Application of the pupa/ it entomological indicators should stimulate strength then the (L) in Malindi district, Kenya. Ann of Trop diagnosticand House inindexes health allowinstitutions the occurrence in Luanda of for dengue to know epidemicso the real 15. MedMonath & Parasitol TP. Dengue: Suppl. the 2006; risk 1:to 61-72.developed and developing countries. situation of this disease in Angola. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1994; 9: 2395-2400. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and serological studies during an outbreak of dengue like disease The authors wish thanks 16. causedFilipe AF, by Pintothe Chikungunya MR. Arbovirus virus studies. in Luanda, Angola. Virological Bull World Health Organ. 1973; 49: to Ministry of Health in Angola, the municipalities and districts levels; Angolan brigades vector 17. 37-40. controlProvincial staff Health; Cuban Director specialists of Luandabelonging; all to Heads Control of Programm Health at Bakker RC, Veenstra J, Dingermans-Dumas AM, Wetsteyn JC, Kager PA. and the Population of 18. Imported Dengue in the Netherlands. J Travel Med. 1996; 3: 204-208. thisAnti-Larval work. Against Malaria (LABIOFAM) Vasconcelos PF, Travassos da Rosa ES, Travassos da Rosa JF, De the province of Luanda for his contribution to the realization of Freitas RB, Dégallierã N, Rodrigues SG, et al. [Outbreak of classical fever REFERENCES of dengue caused by serotype 2 in Araguaiana, Tocantins, Brasil]. Rev Inst Med Trop S o Paulo. 1993; 35: 141-148. 1. et al. Detection on four continents of dengue fever cases related to hemorrhagic fever. Monograph on dengue/dengue hemorrhagic 19. Schawartz E, Meltzer E, Mendelson M, Tooke A, Steiner F, Gautret P, fever.Cornet Geneva M. Dengue. in Africa. Epidemiology of dengue and dengue an ongoing outbreak in Luanda, Angola, March to May 2013. Euro World Health Organization. 1993; 39-47. Surveill. 2013; 18.
Cite this article del Carmen Marquetti Fernández M, Flores YH, Nuviola DL (2017) Spatial Distribution and Mainly Breeding Sites of Aedesaegypti (Diptera:Culicidae) in Luanda, Angola. Ann Community Med Pract 3(1): 1017.
Ann Community Med Pract 3(1): 1017 (2017) 3/3