POSITIVE MALE BEHAVIOR: A BARRIER ANALYSIS IN THE LUANDA PROVINCE August 2013
We gratefully acknowledge the United State Agency for International Development (USAID) funding for the literature review.
INDEX
Executive Summary 3
Context and Justification 5
Background 6
Objectives of the Study 7
Methodology 7
Findings 8
Conclusions & Recommendations 19
Graphs 22
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Disclaimer
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Even though the rate of gender-based violence (GBV) in Angola is not known, circumstantial evidence shows that it is common and that victims do not receive support from the authorities or civil society. Presently, when domestic violence arises, it is difficult to file criminal charges, which are often underestimated by the local authorities. There are few forensic scientists and social workers qualified in GBV, which adds to the challenges of building credible legal cases, especially related to sexual abuse or rape. The social systems in Angola (families, churches, and traditional leaders) are not supportive of criminal charges or divorce in the case of such types of violence; the aim is usually to try to keep couples united. The idea of "gender" is a relatively new concept in Angola and is typically equated with women, if considered and/or understood at all, and few programs are equipped to address the gender norms that foster these kinds of violence. The Angolan National Assembly, however, has recently passed a law against GBV, although how it will be implemented remains to be seen.
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is a multidimensional issue that results from and is propagated by various aspects of community life and society. Therefore, an effective way to respond to and prevent gender-based violence must be just as multidimensional, involving all sectors and members of the community.
The “Kamba de Verdade” project is a campaign aimed at developing a new approach to mobilizing men in Angola in the fight against Sexual and Gender Based Violence. The project will be carried out on the province of Luanda and its peri-urban (rural) areas. The results of this phase will enable SFCG to detect the messages that can be used in developing a positive masculinity barrier analysis which aims to identify at what level, either psychological, social or cultural the community behaviors act as obstacles towards enhanced positive masculinity. The main findings were:
Perception of susceptibility: Excessive use of alcohol by men, lack of dialogue, education as well as adequate general information on HIV-AIDS and absence of HIV-AIDS related information in local languages. Perception of severity: Cultural values and religious beliefs represent important factors in the perception of women. One of the main points raised was the acceptance of certain cultural traditions related to marriage, such as dowry, that allows negative perceptions of woman- ownership. Perception of action efficacy: Men’s perception that women would take advantage of men’s positive change in attitude and behavior. Perception of social acceptability: With regards to the perception of family’s involvement with the use of contraceptives within the couples, both men and women discussants agreed that the family would be involved if the couple was not married or too young. Perception of self-efficacy: The issues raised by both male and female focus groups regarding general lack of acceptance, ignorance and particularly sex being a taboo topic would continue to make any open dialogue heard to establish within the communities. Perception for cue of action: Few men correlate respect of women with their level of education. Men overall link LGBT to negative attitudes, diseases, prostitution and depravation. Perception of Divine will: Overall belief consistent with men considering themselves superior to women because it is God’s will. To a lesser extent, HIV-AIDS is a punishment of God for those who do not respect its commandments. Pros & Cons of preventive actions: The main barrier identified was the reduction of sexual pleasure experienced with the use of condoms.
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Risk factors for Victims and Perpetrators of Sexual and Gender Based Violence
PERPETRATION BY MEN VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
Demographics Demographics
Low education Low education Low socio-economic status/income Low socio-economic status/income Unemployment Pregnancy
Substance use Substance use Abuse or Excessive use of alcohol Abuse or Excessive use of alcohol Illicit drug use Illicit drug use
RELATIONSHIP LEVEL Contrast over women’s Friction over women’s empowerment/ empowerment/ education disparity education disparity Multiple partners/infidelity Male dominance in the family Low resistance to peer pressure
Relationship quality Relationship quality Marital dissatisfaction/discord Marital Dissatisfaction/discord Gender role disputes Gender role disputes Marital duration influenced by cultural Marital duration influenced by cultural attitude attitude
COMMUNITY LEVEL Acceptance of traditional gender roles Acceptance of traditional gender roles Weak community sanctions Weak community sanctions Poverty Poverty Neighbourhood characteristics Neighbourhood characteristics High proportion of poverty High proportion of poverty High proportion of unemployment High proportion of unemployment High proportion of female illiteracy Acceptance of violence Acceptance of violence Low proportion of women with high level of autonomy
Low proportion of women with higher education
SOCIETAL LEVEL Traditional gender norms Traditional gender norms and societal supportive of violence norms supportive of violence Supportive of violence Supportive of violence Divorce regulations by government Protective marriage law 4 | Search for Common Ground in Angola
CONTEXT & JUSTIFICATION
Violence against women and domestic violence have reached, according to government and to international agencies, dangerous heights. In fact, Angola along with the DRC is one of the most the most dangerous places in the world to be a woman, according to the United Nations. The problem of violence against women and girls is further exacerbated by its widespread cultural acceptance. While most of the attention is on sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in Angolan provinces, many of the underlying causes of SGBV relate to male attitudes towards women. These same attitudes also support the spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases, both by directly exposing to unwanted sexual contact, as well as by fueling and perpetuating notions that closely identify frequent relations with multiple partners, often without protection with notions of strength and manhood.
Angolan as in many countries, violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women. This has led to domination over and discrimination against women by men. This has prevented the full advancement of women, and that violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men. One part of this uneven power dynamic is reflected in the social values that are attributed to having multiple partners. In Angola, as in many societies, men are encouraged and valorized for having multiple partners, while faithfulness is a virtue and a mandate primarily for women. At the same time, this value system and enshrined inequality both encourages SGBV, but also encourages men to engage in risky sexual behavior that risk exposing them to HIV/AIDS.
Domestic, sexual and gender-based violence is a problem that concerns all Angolans, not only those in war-affected regions of the country. SGBV affects communities throughout Angola, and most Angolans know victims, their friends, and relatives. Throughout Angola, sexual violence is prevalent in institutions that should ordinarily provide a nurturing environment for women to advance their futures: in schools, universities and in the workplace. In major cities, public attitudes justify sexual violence by blaming women for “inappropriate outfits” by girls and women who are seen as being too “modern” or too “open to the outside world”.
This “culpability” of women for the violence or abuse done to them is a reflection of distorted gender relations which justify the use of sexual favors and abuse by those with wealth or by those in position of authority, reifying the association of power, wealth and other desirable attributes with sexual exploitation. In Angola, there is very little shame or humiliation felt by men and boys who carry out these abuses; on the contrary, men are often encouraged to “profit” from their position to “get” a girl or demand a sexual favor. Having “learned the rules,” many women feel that there is no outlet to seek redress or that the risks are too high to do so. There is little positive encouragement for men to make a break from negative attitudes and behaviors, and little to encourage women to expect better. Not only does the banalization of this behavior continue to marginalize women and maintain the existing systems of inequality, it exposes participants to sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, while also sending the message to men and boys who know of the abuse that risky behavior is tolerated and encouraged by people with wealth or authority.
Among Angolan young people, there is constant pressure on young boys to act in sexually aggressive ways towards women while young girls are expected to “accommodate men’s sexual desires.” In a national survey, close to three out of four women believed that intimate partner violence was justifiable punishment for a woman’s failure to perform her normative roles in society. Apart from the common societal attitudes that underpin these behaviors, but the experience of SGBV is also more directly linked to material inequalities and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. The same attitudes towards women that lead to SGBV also increase the risk of HIV/AIDS, and socially disempower women. For example, studies in Zambia have shown that women with violent or 5 | Search for Common Ground in Angola controlling male partners are at increased risk of HIV infection. Other studies shown Angola also show that domestic violence and sexual abuse were found to be closely linked to HIV and alcohol abuse and there was an overlap between violence and HIV.
In recent years, in Angola and across Sub-Saharan Africa, there has been an increase in communication to combat SGBV, prevent HIV/AIDS and promote reproductive health. Communication campaigns on SGBV have focused on raising awareness about the laws against domestic violence, violence against women, women’s rights and encouraging the general public to denounce domestic violence, rape, and any act deemed as SGBV. Campaigns on HIV/AIDS often fall within the rubric of “awareness raising” on the phenomenon, its causes and prevention strategies. While these have had many positive results, one side effect of some of these communication campaigns has been that many men – young men in particular – feel simply accused, as “part of the problem,” but not “part of the solution.” Such an attitude leaves the fight against SGBV as a “women’s affair,” when long-term sustainable change requires a strong partnership of committed and active men and women. An inspirational media campaign captivating men and drawing them into a more positive place is thus needed and unique. In the field of HIV/AIDS, awareness raising has made great strides in increasing public knowledge of the risks, and yet additional effort is needed to translate increased knowledge into changes in attitudes and behaviors that put men – and their partners – in danger. The above campaign, if it is fun, positive and authentic can begin shifting attitudes by valorizing an alternative, healthy, notion of manhood, associating with positive values like responsibility and looking after the women in one’s life.
Changing attitudes and behavior among Angolan men can have a tremendous impact. In Angola, men play the dominant role in articulating social attitudes towards sexual behavior, and propagating the norm of risky and often predatory behavior among their peers. Yet, it is possible to draw out positive lessons and values within Angolan culture and practice, celebrating positive masculinity: men who respect women, care for the women in their lives, and who recognize the value of a relationship as a partnership into which both men and women bring value and support.
BACKGROUND
There is an increasing recognition of the need to engage men in prevention efforts to prevent sexual and gender based violence, and other risky sexual behaviors that lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS and disenfranchise women within society. In the context where many men feel criticized, accused, and discouraged by sensitization campaigns, there is an opportunity for a new approach – one that is positive, empowering, and that encourages positive attitudes and beliefs among men.
Therefore, SFCG and USAID in Angola have signed an agreement to implement an innovative strategic communications campaign that combines international best practices with in-depth local knowledge and authenticity, in order to develop a new approach to mobilizing men in Angola. Under the name “Kamba de Verdade” (The Cool Friend in local slang) the campaign is aimed at mobilizing young men and celebrating positive values and behaviors.
In line with our programming strategy to support the fight against sexual and gender-based violence and in line with SFCG Angola’s program strategy to strengthen women’s leadership, the overall goal is to promote healthy attitudes among Angolan men related to SGBV and HIV/AIDS. This overall goal is supported by two specific objectives: the first one being to promote positive attitudes among men aimed at shifting social norms about SGBV with the second objective to increase awareness of HIV/AIDS and its relationship to positive male behavior
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study will help SFCG in developing a positive masculinity barrier analysis which aim to understand the underlying issues and community attitudes about positive masculinity in selected communities in the Luanda province. This will enable SFCG to identify at what level (psychologically, socially, culturally, structurally), the obstacles preventing change towards enhanced positive masculinity.
The survey was to pinpoint potential points of influence, regarding increased knowledge and examples of healthy attitudes which could contribute to increase of HIV awareness as well as healthier gender relations. These tools will be used as per SFCG’s existing barrier analysis methodology and combined with its good practices from survey tools around knowledge and attitudes.
The results of this phase will enable SFCG to identify messages that can create an inspirational media campaign captivating men and drawing them into a more positive place as well as to develop knowledge, messages to shift attitudes. SFCG will design a series o we will develop a set of five short film clips that can be used to exemplify positive behavior by men in situations where commonly men would be abusive of women or manipulate from a powerful position to commit sexual violence. The messages will aim to avoid polarizing or alienating men through negative or critical messages. Based on the finding, SFCG will develop a comic book which will be used to facilitate the discussions to be held in the private screening accompanying the public mobile cinema screened.
The research will more specifically aim at: Identify barriers that hinder the positive attitudes amongst men aimed at shifting social norms about SGBV and at increasing awareness of HIV/AIDS; Barriers and their relationship to positive male behavior are identified; Identifying conflict analysis and gender barriers; Identifying the facts psycho-social, cultural and structural block positive change towards greater equity in selected communities
METHODOLOGY
The FGDs guides were developed by the SFCG DME specialists (both at HQ and local levels) with further consultations with the SFCG staff who are knowledgeable of the specific community context. After reviewing focus group discussion material with similar focus, a set of questions were agreed upon to cover the topics of interest with attention to clarity of conceptual content, linguistic phrasing and order. The FGD guide questions were developed to elicit key knowledge, attitudes and behaviors that might be anticipated to change as a result of proposed program activities. (See Annex 1 for the FGD guide questions.)
The gender methodology therefore included the development of focus group discussion questions that revealed key positive masculinity gender constraints and opportunities. During drafting of the questionnaire, the research team provided significant feedback on the questions. As a result, the team modified some existing questions, as well as added some questions to capture required data. The methodology included planning for revisions to the questionnaire with adapting the overall questionnaire to ensure that it elicited the kind of information sought after.
A key principle of this methodology was that the SFCG representatives and the project partner were full members of the implementing team. This included participating in briefings with the mission and assistant researchers, conducting and observing interviews to assess whether responses to the
7 | Search for Common Ground in Angola questions are working, and provided technical assistance to the team in case respondents did not understand the questions.
Another key activity of the methodology was providing gender training for the partner and project community facilitators (focal points). The training was designed to ensure that all team participants had a common, basic knowledge of key gender concepts and an introduction to a gender analysis process. In preparation for the FGDs, the SFCG staff and the partner’s focal points were trained by the SFCG Program Manager. This training oriented the focal points, several of whom had no prior FGD experience, to the rationale and purposes, as well as the operational procedures essential to FGD facilitation and rules for transcription. The session also reviewed the FDG guides and offered the team the opportunity to raise questions about handling stereotypical gender statements that might emerge in the interviews. The training offered a chance for everyone, to probe for more nuanced understandings of positive masculinity constraints and opportunities.
Twenty two focus groups discussions (FDGs) have been organized in four (04) municipalities of the Luanda province in collaboration with the project community facilitators that are provided by ASCAM the local CSO partnering on this action. The focus groups are distributed as follow:
Each focus group last around two hours and has been led by an SFCG facilitator with a project community facilitators from the partner. There were note takers in each focus groups. The groups had an average of 25 persons which helped to remain within the timeframe and as to avoid any longer discussions that might be a distraction to the other participants. We will primarily focus on male participants and will aim to include at least 40% of women.
It must be noted however, that with the evolution of the project during the data gathering phase, it became clear that the numbers of “Doers” that resulted from the screening questionnaire was nil. Due to this, the implementation team decided to adapt the original methodology, to the new circumstances that arose during the focus groups.
FINDINGS
A. PERCEPTION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY
Do you believe that the majority of men disrespect their wives in the community? The majority, of men that participated in the exchanges mentioned that disrespect exists within the family and it is due mainly to lack of instruction, absence of dialogue between men and women and overall poor education. Excessive uses of alcohol, drugs, financial difficulties, lack of trust between the couple, absence of positive dialogue and disobedience of women as well as their extravagant outfit have been cited also as possible cause of disrespect of men towards women in their community. Their also cited “machism” (male sexism) and cultural and religious values as direct causes of the disrespect. Nevertheless, this opinion was not shared by every man as aminority of male participants claim that disrespect in their community did not happen frequently and when it happened it was due to the inappropriate behaviour of the men themselves.
The majority of women agreed that disrespect was common in their community although not a constant. Nevertheless, they agreed that disrespect from men was indirectly a consequence of women’s inappropriate and social unfit behaviour ranging from open-minded spirit to their choice of clothing. Overall, the majority of females that participated in the focus group discussions are of the opinion that disrespect from men toward women in the family is specific only to some men who chose to act in such manner. Interestingly, a minority of women said that disrespect from men toward their female counterpart was due to their lack of knowledge/understanding on how to treat women.
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Do you believe that violence in the family is common? Within the 11 male groups majority was of the opinion that violence was indeed a common occurrence in the family. Lack of dialogue, debauchery from men, infidelity from women, incomprehension from men, cultural differences between men and women, financial difficulties, poverty or not performing the house chores were cited as the main reason for violence within the family. Nevertheless, the most important aspect cited as a factor was the lack of instruction or education according to those interviews during the exchanges. We have noted that the majority of men also mentioned that violence is not only physical as it can have other forms such as moral, emotional and sexual.
The opinions amongst the women varied more as they said that violence within the household was specific to each family as it can happen in one and not happen in the other. Notwithstanding this point of view, the majority of women participants admitted that physical violence, violence against children, in other words domestic violence, was a frequent happening in their families and in their communities. The excessive use of alcohol was identified as a common denominator for violence in the family as well as the lack of dialogue especially during an argument that can turn wrong. At the end, the majority of women did also; agree that violence in the family is not admitted because they were ashamed to denounce it to the authorities. We kindly remind that domestic violence is now a crime and a serious misdemeanor according to the Angola law on domestic violence passed in 2011.
Do you feel that there are certain types of men that treat women in a disrespectful manner? All the men that participated in the interviews expressed that there is, indeed a type of men that are ““My first husband would disrespect me disrespectful/violent to women although, it should be even in the street. He would even go to noted that there were no predefined stereotypes. The the neighbors and complain about me” examples can be summarized basically in two “My husband was never disrespectful, categories: men that consume alcohol and/or other that is why I never looked for another” drugs in excess and men that have multiple partners. Nevertheless, a minority of the participants also “My husband tells me that I can’t speak mentioned that the alcohol abuse is not a justification to certain people; I don’t have the right for treating women in a disrespectful manner. to disobey him”
During the focus groups discussions, the female Female participants participant had a slightly more nuanced approach to the question. This being said, the majority mentioned that, men that drink too much, the illiterate men as well as the men that have multiple partners are the types of men more prone to treat women in a disrespectful manner. Women, and men in a lesser extent, have identified the dowry (men paying the woman’s family because she becomes his wife) as the main cultural factor affecting men’s behaviour and perception of women. Women’s are hence seen as property, as an object and is treated in consequence. Nevertheless, the cultural values derived from the payment of the dowry is an acceptable cultural values but it does not implies that women should been seen as objects.
Do you feel that there are certain things that men do in relation to women that are disrespectful? According to the majority of men participating in the Luanda focus groups discussions, the following list can be considered as disrespectful fact or situations towards women: disdain, physical and psychological abuse, eloping from family duties or fatherhood obligation, divergence of political views particularly from the women, sexual harassment, dating without make any compromise, shunning women and sending them back to their families, insults, offensive language and physical assault. The ultiplicity of partners was not considered to be obligatorily as a lack of respect to women.
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The women have also identified a series of things that are considered disrespectful to them. In short words, the women interview do believe that moral violence is disrespect as well as the multiplicity of “I know one man that beats his wife every day. He doesn’t sleep at home and partners. Excessive alcohol consumption that allows has constant sex outside of his marriage. men to lose their inhibitions is considered by the He beats his wife to control her, she women to be a type of disrespectful behavior. Forced doesn’t want to have sex with him but sex was considered by the majority of participants to he imposes on her. This is abuse” A male be disrespectful as well. participant” A male participant
In summary, the findings are the following: Disrespect exists within families and is due mainly to lack of dialogue/communication or lack of trust within the couple, excessive alcohol abuse, and financial difficulties and to provocative outfits from women. Violence is a common occurrence within the family and it is mainly due to primarily to lack of dialogue and communication, excessive use alcohol from men, depravity from men and multiplicity of partners. The main types of men that are considered to be disrespectful to women (by both men and women) are: men that abuse alcohol, men without instruction, men than have multiple partners. The payment of dowry is considered to contribute to men’s perception of women to be seen as object or private poverty. The things that are considered to be disrespectful to women are primarily physical, psychological, verbal, emotional abuse; excessive alcohol consumption.
Barrier(s) identified Excessive use of alcohol by men and lack of dialogue or communication are impeaching men to reach to their full positive masculine behavior as this creates violence within families and within communities. Lack of instruction, debauchery and depraved behaviors are linked to violence in families and within communities and therefore represent a barrier to positive masculinity which is hindered further by emotional or psychological violence perpetrated by men.
Do men suffer from other mal-treatment from women? Which more is more prominent or important? Interestingly, the second session of the focus groups on the susceptibility barrier has shown that men also do suffer from mal-treatment from women. This mal-treatment often appears when the man is unemployed or is not able to contribute or meet his financial responsibilities with regards to his wife and/or his family. Nevertheless, the discussions have revealed the women show their mal- treatment through emotional harassment, insults, psychological abuse, disdain, public disrespect and cheating with other men as a punishment. In rare occasions, we noted that women were actually violent on their partner. Other behaviors from women have been categorized by men as mistreatment but they are not. We can cite the lack of affection, lack of sexual intercourse, women that do not cook well or do not prepare meals for their man, women not replying to their remarks (mentioned by older men).
Situation of SGBV in the communities Not surprisingly, the SGBV situation in the communities “Sexual Violence situation is very bad in of the male and female interviewed in these focus my community. We should do something groups discussions is very challenging. According to the about it” A female participant participation, the fight against SGBV requires an external
“Sexual violence is due to excessive intervention in order to be reduced as women are alcohol use as well as improper outfit beaten, abused verbally and face constant public worn by women” A male participant outrage from their husbands. Both the men and the women interviewed have said that the SGBV is linked to the excessive alcohol abuse both from men and women. 10 | Search for Common Ground in Angola
The provocative outfit of women has been constantly mentioned as a cause and justification of SGBV according to the male participants particularly. Furthermore, some women participants said that the women that suffered violence in their conditions would not speak as to avoid losing their men/husbands/partners. Finally, SGBV is likely to be more performed by men, according to the participants.
Openness to HIV-AIDS Regarding the willingness of young people to speak about the HIV-AIDS threat, both male and participants said that the youth are the best outlets to speak and promote awareness on HIV-AIDs. In fact, most of the HIV-AIDS community activists and facilitators are young. Nevertheless, the participants thought that there is a crucial need for more sensitization activities as to increase more the HIV-AIDS within the community. The majority of participants also mentioned that the youth needed to pay more attention to the HIV-AIDS by having a more proper and like risky sexual life. The topic of abortion has been cited as also a problem that can be addressed in the HIV-AIDS awareness.
Linked between violence and education The discussions and exchanges with the men and women participants during the focus groups revealed that good academic background has the potential reduce violence particularly SGBV although they said that men with good background can also commit violence on their wives, partners and/or children. Culture and family values were mentioned, by the participants, to have a link with SGBV. According to them, an “educated woman” will not wear revealing or provocative clothes and therefore, will prevent being the target of SGBV. Also, from the participation, particularly of the women, it was mentioned that the higher the academic background a women has, the more likely she is to refuse violence from men although they recognize that illiterate women are also able to defend themselves when needed. Finally, family has been mentioned to be nucleus for the proper and good transmission of values, morals and cultural aspects that promote the respect of everyone including women.
Challenges to an increased awareness of HIV/AIDS and appropriate related sexual behavior/measures The main challenges identified, overall, by the group of participants in the exchanges groups in Luanda, is the actual lack of information regarding HIVAIDS. They also mentioned that involving public figures into the awareness campaign might increase the impact of information campaign that should be also in local languages as they are large proportion of population that do not use Portuguese as their main language. Local conferences, massive leaflet distribution in local language seminars, panels and participatory theater have been suggested as the preferred methods to increase the awareness around HIV AID and for an easier message transmission. Finally, a more friendly approach towards HIV-AIDS awareness was recommended as to ease the message transmission and promote behaviour change. The use of social media and TV was suggested to increase impact of awareness campaign. In fact, SFCG noted that the HIV-AIDS awareness campaigns in Angola were rather scarce and only published in the Jornal of Angola which is extremely limited given the size of its audience and the low number of units that are printed notwithstanding the fact that this newspaper has a lover audience in the provinces and their remote locations. According to the participants, the current methods are to plain and do not explain clearly the health risks related to HIV-AIDS and the nefarious consequences that it can bring to the infected people health. As an example, several participants noted that the death of a lot of persons is often attributed to treatable disease such as malaria or pneumonia when it is fact an HIV-AIDS related condition. This is an assertion that confirms the taboo standpoint of HIV-AIDS within Angolan society.
Regarding the awareness on appropriate and less risky sexual behaviours or measures, the majority of women thought than men where the main challenge to overcome risky sexual behaviour: the use of the condom by men with their wives is seen as a proof of infidelity from the women. This is an aggravating factor with men that have multiple partners. Finally, men do not want to speak,
11 | Search for Common Ground in Angola according to a non-negligible proportion of women participants, about the need for HIV-AIDS protection and if women insist on this topic, men might become detached and sometime violent.
Barrier(s) identified Lack of adequate information on HIV-AIDS, absence of HIV-AIDS related information in local languages; HIV-AIDS is still considered taboo by some stratus of the Angolan society. Regarding HIV- AIDS, multiple partnerships is a barrier and condom use is still negatively viewed by men.
B. PERCEPTION OF SEVERITY Both men and women interviewed expressed that usually, cultural values are normal, nonetheless affect the way in which men perceive their relation with women. In this case, the dowry (alembamento) and religious beliefs have been identified by both men and women to be one of the most prominent cultural aspects affecting men’s behavior and perception of women.
The majority of the men interviewed during the FGDs stated that women are seen as man’s property, because of the cultural tradition of the dowry being paid, hence the woman is seen as an object. Nonetheless, the majority of women and men participants perceive the cultural values derived from the alembamento to be acceptable. In turn, this shared acceptance by both men and women, allows for the men’s perception of women as property to continue unchallenged. Furthermore, in terms of cultural values allowing for violence in Angolan society, both men and women discussants stated that these traditional principles do not permit nor accept violence against women, and in fact, they support respectful behavior towards women.
With regards to the perceived challenges of condom use in their respective communities, the majority of the male participants agreed on a number of determinant issues linked to this aspect, such as lack of information and importance of condom use to avoid unwanted pregnancies and infection of STDs and HIV/AIDS. Other male discussants also commented that one of the main challenges is the lack of sexual pleasure as well as an increased level of mistrust within the couple when either partner is asked to use a condom.
The female FGDs revealed some similar opinions regarding the challenges found with condom use; similar testimonies related to the men’s FGDs included lack of information and realization of condom use as method prevention of unwanted pregnancies and infections.
Summary of findings Traditional values – such as dowry – and religious beliefs are viewed as normal; nonetheless they constitute strong factors which affect men’s behavior in relation to their perception and treatment of women. Such factors actually increase the negative perception of women by men. Condom use is seen as a challenge by most participants
Identification of barrier According to the findings, cultural values and religious beliefs represent important factors in the perception of women in Angolan society. One of the main points raised by the participants was the acceptance of certain cultural traditions, such as dowry, that allows – according to the testimonies - negative perceptions of woman-ownership to remain unchallenged.
With relation to religious beliefs, there does not seem to be any correlation between the use of contraception and traditional Christian dogmas. According to the findings however, is only generally applicable for non-married Angolans, whereas the general opinion regarding condom use within married couples indicates that it is not widely accepted, either due to cultural, religious or physical reasons.
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C. PERCEPTION OF ACTION EFFICACY Both men and women participants agreed that if men treated women with greater respect and shared household responsibilities, life within the households would be happier and the relationships would be healthier; however, during the FGDs some men have revealed that, from personal experiences, if men treated women with greater respect, women would take advantage by asking the men to take care of household duties, which are perceived by men to be a woman’s responsibility instead. This very perception seems to prevent men from treating women with full respect and applying a positive male behavior within the household.
Summary of findings: Overall approval of both male and female focus groups regarding the positive effects of men treating women with respect and sharing household duties Some men revealed that treating women with greater respect might backfire, encouraging their partners to take advantage and changing the dynamics of household duties in favor of women
Identification of barrier: According to the findings, the main issue with regards to the action efficacy barrier lies in the men’s perception that women would take advantage of men’s positive change in attitude and behavior, which will alter the traditional view of household tasks and power dynamics within the couples.
D. PERCEPTION OF SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY During the FGDs the majority of both men and women agreed that their families would intervene if there was violent behavior or abuse within the couple, and would ask to meet them in order to stop any violent “It is difficult for the families to or abusive behavior. However, a minority of women intervene when the women is abused by mentioned that their family would not be involved in the her man because it is possible that the resolution of any conflicts within the relationship; woman like to be treated like this” furthermore, a smaller, yet important number of men A female participant also stated that their families would not be involved if they learned that there was an abusive component within the couple. Overall, the findings suggest that the majority of the participants did not believe that their respective families would agree or remain silent if they were aware of any abusive behavior within the couple.
With regards to condom use and acceptability by the families, a majority of men stated that if they were single, their families would advise them to use condoms; on the other hand, the same men stated that if they were married, the families should not have any say in the matter, unless they already have many children.
The women that took part in the exchanges also supported this opinion and stated that unless they were single, the families would and should not have any involvement with the use of condoms within the married couple. The overall position of both men and women that transpired from the discussions was that most families would not be involved in the intimacy of married couples with regards to contraceptives and/or condoms.
The vast majority of the male groups stated that they are aware of other people that would advise not be interested in gender matters; the men explained that these people are those who practice acts of violence and are usually not educated.
Summary of findings Majority of men and women stated that their families would intervene if aware of any violence taking place within the couple 13 | Search for Common Ground in Angola
The overall position of both men and women participants revealed that their families would not be involved in the use of contraception within the married couple as this is a private matter. Both male and female discussants agreed that the families would be involved in issues regarding contraception of the couple was young and/or not married According to the findings, an abundance of births within the couple would also constitute a reason for the families of the couple to be involved
Identification of barrier A minority of male and female participants admitted that their families would not be involved if they became aware of any violence within the couple. This may represent a significant incentive for a continued disrespectful or violent behavior if this situation is not addressed. With regards to the perception of family’s involvement with the use of contraceptives within the couples, both men and women discussants agreed that the family would be involved if the couple was not married or too young.
E. PERCEPTION OF SELF-EFFICACY When asked about how to promote respect for women and HIV/AIDS awareness, the majority of male participants mentioned that the main problems The main problems are of financial related to this kind of promotion would be: lack of nature. It is a matter of interest. There acceptance, ignorance on the issue, lack of spirit of should be more space for dialogue about collaboration and the general feeling that any sex is HIV AIDS. The government does not still a taboo topic for many as well as that there are finance these activities, it does not economic barriers to overcome that lead to a lack of promote them. A male participant space and dialogue for this issue. Another issue is related to the testimony of a male participant that revealed that certain religious denominations falsely promote their ability to cure HIV/AIDS.
Many of these factors were also shared by the female participants, who mentioned the following barriers, such as lack of informative materials, lack of acceptance on the issue. In fact, one of the focus groups revealed that one woman was not even aware of the fact that there are laws already in place in Angola to prevent SGBV.
Promoting abstinence and fidelity will be With regards to the promotion of abstinence, fidelity and difficult because people are used to have condom use, the majority of men did agree that sex with multiple partners A female promoting condom use and fidelity amongst partners participant would be easier and the population would be more receptive; however, to the question regarding abstinence, most men stated that this would be the most problematic to promote, as sex is seen to be a natural human necessity, whereas for women it is sometimes considered a way to make money.
The findings from the female focus groups, however, revealed that the easiest thing to promote would be the use of condoms, and to a slightly lesser extent fidelity; the women explained that fidelity would be harder to promote because men would not be as receptive as women. Abstinence, on the other hand, was seen by the majority of the female participants as the most problematic matter to promote.
Summary of findings: To promote respect for women and HIV/AIDS awareness, lack of acceptance, ignorance, lack of collaboration, as well as the existence of economic barriers and the lack of space for dialogue and sex being a taboo topic have been identified by the male participants as the main problematic themes Similar issues were identified by the female participants, such as lack of informative materials and acceptance
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According to both male and female participants, abstinence was the hardest topic to promote because it is not a realistic behaviour given the very active sexual life of Angolans which starts at a very earlier stage. Fidelity and use of contraceptives would be more easily accepted as contraceptives
Identification of barrier: The multitude of factors identified by the men’s focus groups seems to weigh heavily against any change in positive masculinity. Objectively, the issues raised by both male and female focus groups regarding general lack of acceptance, ignorance and particularly sex being a taboo topic would indeed make any open dialogue heard to establish within the communities.
F. PERCEPTION OF CUES OF ACTION The majority of men interviewed stated that it would “It would be difficult to treat women not be difficult to treat women with respect, when with respect because many of them lack asked; however some responses differed from the education which makes them complicated persons” A male participant general opinion, as some of the male participants mentioned that treating women with respect would be “Its relative. When they are behaving relative to the level of education of the woman, whilst badly and we try to given advice in a another stated that it is sometimes difficult according to respectful mawn, this makes it hard to the emotional state of the partner, since occasionally deal with them” A male participant women can react aggressively when the men try to give advice in a respectful way. With regards to the FGDs “Yes we would be open to speak about with the female participants, the general opinion that positive masculinity” A female transpired was that treating their partners with respect participant would not be difficult; a minority however, did not agree
with this at all and stated that it is hard to treat their partner with respect due to the lack of trust and confidence between men and women. Even though this is only a minority, it seems that for some participants, it is hard to respect their partners all the time due to lack of trust and confidence within the couples.
In the case of women’s active participation within the process of building positive masculinity, all male and female FGDs revealed that the participants “I would again with gays and lesbians would be in favor of women’s active participation. To the because they are human being as us question regarding male engagement with LGBTs to and deserve the same rights and promote positive masculinity, the majority of male treatment” A female participant participants were in favor of participating in this process; an important number of male interviewees from different “It is not good to engage with LGBT focus groups, did not sustain this opinion and stated they because they are all related to would not engage with LGBTs, saying that such processes prostitution, degeneration, diseases would be against tradition, cultural values, and being and negative values” A male participant associated with LGBTs would go against religious beliefs, and would be bad for the community in general. Other males asserted that they would not engage with LGBTs because they are, in their views, related with prostitution, degeneration, disease and negative values.
On the other hand, the majority of female participants seemed to be, , more accepting to actively engage with LGBTs to promote positive masculinity. In fact, the majority of the women interviewed was in favor of engaging with LGBTs, and would not find it difficult to deal with them, as they considered them to be equal human beings, deserving of respect; however, a minority women stated that they would find dealing with a gay men easier than others. Some groups had mixed
15 | Search for Common Ground in Angola opinions, with some women stating that they would not engage with LGBTs. We note that the reason for their reluctance was not specified by the female participants.
With regards to the best strategy and actions to promote positive masculinity, the majority of the male participants proposed more dialogue and open discussions, as well as trust building and mutual support between men and women and more information on this concept which targets the general public. However a small minority of men were not in favor of this proposition, whilst another mentioned that the best strategy would be to reduce the propagation of homosexual acceptance on television, in order to promote positive masculinity.
The women focus groups revealed that the majority of participants had similar ideas regarding how to promote positive masculinity, such as more open dialogues and making the public more sensitive about this issue, as well as producing more informational material such as fliers.
Summary of findings The majority of men stated that treating women with respect would not be challenging The main issues that would be against the promotion of positive masculinity revealed were lack of trust and confidence within the couple All male and female participants revealed that they would be in favor of women’s active participation Both male and female majorities were in favor of engaging with LGBTs to promote positive masculinity although the women showed more inclination in doing so rather than the men. Dialogue, open discussions, as well as trust building and mutual support between men and women and more information for the public were identified as important factors for the implementation of a positive masculinity promotion strategy
Identification of barrier Although a minority, men correlates respect to women with their level of education a view that is supported by female interviewees. Men overall link LGBT to negative attitudes, diseases, prostitution and depravation.
G. PERCEPTION OF DIVINE WILL
Do you think it is God’s will that women have a lower position in society? In the analysis of the perception of the divine will, we have analysed to two aspects. First, we asked to groups being interviewed if they thought that it was God will to have a lower positing in society. Amongst the male respondents, the views were “Women come from men and God made equally split and can be separated in two inclinations. men to dominate everything that is on the Firstly, there is the belief that women are inferior or in earth, including female” A male participant lower position with regards to men because, according to the Bible, women came from men and “It is not God’s will that women have were created “after them” and because men were lower position in society as we are equal in created to “rule everything that is on earth including the eyes of God” A male participant women”. Such beliefs are accrued by the biblical and social teachings that men are heads of the house. The “God is omniscient and does not treat differently according to their gender” A males that share this view agree that men sometime female participant feel superior to women and take advantage of this as well which is a behaviour that reinforces the belief of “Women need to be submitted to their men superiority. The other tendency amongst all the husbands according to the Ephesian book male respondents is that men and women are equal of the Bible” A female participant in eyes of God and they should be mutually treated with respect. Also, this opinion was reinforced by the belief that women are men’s partner and not men’s slave or domestic servants. Finally, the group of 16 | Search for Common Ground in Angola men sharing this latter position mentioned that women do not have a lower position in society because men and women were created with the exact same capacities and therefore, they are equal.
The majority of female respondents were of the opinion that it is God’s will that women to have a lower position in society. Some respondents were even of the advice that women ought to perform house chores and that men should not allow their women/wives to work. Reason why, according to them, that there are some professions are for men only whereas Furthermore, the women mentioned that it is not an obligation for men to respect men, according to God’s will. The women, we noted that this belief was shared by older women. Nevertheless, a minority of women, younger in age, did agree that women and men are equal in God’s eyes and that lower position in women within the society is rooted in the African and European cultural values that modeled Angolan society.
Do you think it is God’s will to be abusive of women? Why or why not? In the male groups, the overall opinion was that it not God will to be abusive with women because God treats everyone equally and because women are human and therefore deserve the same rights has men. Mutual respect was also an important factor mentioned during the exchanges in the sense that mutual respect will prevent abusive action from men towards women and vice-versa. The men also responded that women are their partner and therefore not a slave. The majority of women respondents also agreed that is not God’s will for men to be abusive with women. They responded that violence towards women is a deliberate act from men that should bear the social, moral and penal consequences of their acts. They also agreed that God create men and women as equal entity with same rights including the right to respect and to mutual respect. The women mentioned also that God is synonym of infinite peace, mercy and wisdom and therefore, it is not God’s will for women to suffer abuse from women
Do you think it is God’s will that some people get HIV/AIDS? Why? In the answers provided by the men groups throughout the discussions, the male respondents are of the opinion that it is not God’s will in getting HIV-AIDS because God does not want nobody’s harm. They mentioned that people get HIV-AIDS due to lack of awareness, lack of knowledge regarding protection methods and also to negligence. Interestingly, it was a general shared opinion that HIV-AIDS was a man-made disease with no connection with natural sources (conspiracy theory regarding the origins of the HIV virus). Much fewer participants did mention that HIV represents an act of God as the sacred scriptures foretold the appearance of “pest” and “diseases” when the world would come close to its end. This was reinforced by the belief that HIV-AIDS is a plague that is meant to punish the men who disobey God’s commandments and whom have sex outside wedlock. The majority of female participants were also of the same advice as the men group. They mention that Gods want the welfare of all human being and that God does not have a preference for men or women. The women were more pragmatic and showed slightly more understanding and awareness regarding HIV-AIDS: that is transmitted by unsafe sex practices, unsafe blood exchanges and by risky behavior of men who know that they are infected and do not tell that to the persons which whom they are have a sexual relationship. A minority of women did also mention that HIV AIDS was a disease invented by scientists in their laboratories
Summary findings An important proportion of the men that participated in the discussion are of the opinion that women are inferior to men because it is God’s will as show in the scriptures of the Christian faith. Men should rule everything on earth including the women. To a lesser extent, nevertheless important amount, men agreed that they are equal to women and it is not a divine will or action for women to have a lower position in society. Both women and men think that it is not a divine will for men to be abusive with women. Mutual respect was identified as a key factor in preventing abuse towards women. 17 | Search for Common Ground in Angola
Both women and men are of the opinion that HIV-AIDS is not God’s will and that the disease is contracted by either lack of knowledge, awareness or negligence. Increased awareness was identified as a key element in the prevention of HIV-AIDs infection. HIV-AIDs is a disease invented by men.
Barrier(s) identified The majority of men considered themselves superior to women because it is God’s will and therefore, male superiority is natural. To a lesser extent, HIV-AIDS is a punishment of God for those who do not respect its commandments.
H. PRO & CONS OF PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
Both men and women groups answered positively to this question, stating that there would be healthier couples, more confidence between men and “There would no losse for men in treating women, more tranquility, less disease transmission, women with respect because this will less conflicts between men and women with unified bring more blessings and harmony” A male families and a healthier society in general. The participant majority of women mentioned that there would be many advantages because practicing safe sex would “We can respect women but sometimes decrease the propagation of HIV/AIDS, as well as they can be recalcitrant and cunning and can bring deception” A male participant increasing confidence between the couple and avoid unwanted pregnancies. “In safe sex, the only loss is the pleasure reduction” A female participant Also with this question, the focus groups with the men revealed that there would be nothing to lose from “Men that treat women with respect will treating women with more respect or practicing safe not lose anything. Quite the contrary, they sex. However, the majority of discussants mentioned will gain attention, love and more respect that one drawback from using condoms would be the from us” A female participant loss of sensitivity and pleasure. This opinion was
generally supported by the women’s focus groups that also felt there would be nothing to lose by the men, but found that the use of condoms is detrimental to sexual pleasure.
Summary of findings: Both men and women discussants agreed that there would only be benefits from treating women with more respect, such as healthier couples, more confidence between men and women, more tranquility, less disease transmission, less conflicts between couples, more unified families and a healthier society in general All participants agreed that there would be nothing to lose from practicing safe sex, however there is a strong prevalence within both groups to believe that the use of condoms significantly reduces sexual pleasure
Identification of barrier: With regards to the positive and negative aspects of preventive actions, the main barrier identified through the focus groups was the reduction of sexual pleasure experienced with the use of condoms. This opinion was consistently shared by both male and female participants.
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CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Ignoring gender inequalities comes at great cost to people’s well-being and countries’. Not taking gender issues into account may result in projects that are technically successful but that negatively affect both women and children and augment social and economic stratification abilities to grow sustainably and thereby reduce poverty.
The readings and analysis show that according to the sample during the exchanges that men affirm numerous reasons for focusing attention on their socialization. In the sample, adult and young men have more power in intimate and sexual relationships and generally decide when and how sexual activity takes place.
Awareness about HIV/AIDS and access to and use of condoms is accepted and viewed as normal but the proportion of men who use condoms consistently is still less than desired and lower than their reported knowledge about condoms and HIV/AIDS. This gap between knowledge and behaviour suggests a continuing resistance to condom use that can be explained, in part, by how men view gender roles and sexual activity. In some settings registered during the focus group discussions, for example, young men may perceive that risky or unprotected sex is the only sex “that counts” or that reproductive and sexual issues, including condom use, are women’s responsibilities.
Other aspects of young men’s behaviour put them and their partners at risk. According to the sample, men generally have sex earlier and with more partners before forming a stable union than do young women. Some participants have mentioned that they had their first sexual experiences with sex workers, potentially creating lifelong patterns of viewing women as sexually subservient. Young men are also more likely than young women to have occasional sexual partners outside of a stable relationship.
Some men are abusive or violent toward their intimate partners. Men overall think that violence was acceptable against women when a woman is unfaithful or when not obeying to orders. In the informal open discussions men used physical violence at least once against an intimate female partner.
According to the discussions, mean are socialized to produce, achieve, and perform—tendencies that have implications for their health and well-being. The results show that the Angola culture promoted achievement oriented masculinity for boys and men, with the goal that males should become providers and protectors. The readings show that the local cultures socialize boys to be aggressive and competitive—skills that are useful for being a provider and protector—while socializing girls to be non-violent and sometimes to accept passively men’s violence and domination
The exchanges have confirmed that men often view their sexual behaviour in terms of achievement as well; sex becomes a way to prove that they are “real men” and to have status in their male peer group. Many men also disassociate sex from reproduction and tend to delegate the responsibility for caring for children to women.
In reviewing this data, however, we must keep in mind that men are extremely diverse. For every man who uses physical violence against a partner, there are several who do not. Indeed, while many men show the patterns we have described, there are many others who do not.
Ample evidence suggests that how boys are raised to be men – that is their views about what it means to be a man – may have lasting and off lifelong results in terms of how they act in their intimate relationships. This in turn implies that promoting change among men may have a potentially powerful impact in their own lives, in the present and in the future, and in the lives of their partners. 19 | Search for Common Ground in Angola
Therefore, based on the finding and the barrier analysis we are recommending that
1. Scale up interventions that empower women and men to protect themselves against HIV by transforming harmful gender attitudes and behaviour, and challenge the acceptability of gender- based violence. 2. Provide interventions to transform harmful gender attitudes and behaviour as part of programming of the roll-out of HIV prevention intervention campaigns and condom promotion. 3. Promote initiatives that aim to accord women the same economic rights as men and in so doing improve women’s property and inheritance rights. 4. Expand economic empowerment initiatives targeting women and combine them with interventions on gender norms and relations and HIV risk reduction. 5. Support initiatives to promote higher levels of educational attainment, particularly those targeting girls, and to improve the overall quality of education. 6. Integrate comprehensive gender and sexuality education into primary and secondary curricula, with adequate training and support for teachers and administrators. 7. Expand ‘safer schools’ initiatives with the Jango project financed by BP Angola
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ANNEX I: Gender Distribution
Male Female Total Focus Group 1 11 0 11 Focus Group 2 24 11 35 Focus Group 3 13 19 32 Focus Group 4 14 10 24 Focus Group 5 11 8 19 Focus Group 6 22 16 38 Focus Group 7 17 5 22 Focus Group 8 16 14 30 Focus Group 9 15 9 24 Focus Group 10 15 10 25 Focus Group 11 14 0 14 Total 172 102 274 Percentage 63% 37% 100%
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ANNEX II: Analytical Graphs
Dispersion of Doers vs. Non Doers 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 91% 50% 97% 97% 97% 95% 96% 40% 30% 20% 10% 9% 0% 3% 3% 3% 5% 4% Belas Cacuaco Cazenga Luanda Viana Total
Doers Non Doers
Uma mulher deve tolerar violência inclusive intimidação do parceiro para manter á família unida
Discordo 41%
Discordo Plenamente 23%
Não concordo nem discordo 20%
Concordo Plenamente 11%
Concordo 5%
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Eu me sentiria ofendido se uma mulher/homen me pedisse para usar caminsinha
39%
19% 16% 14% 12%
Concordo Não concordo nem Concordo Discordo Discordo discordo Plenamente Plenamente
As vezes quando uma mulher diz que "Não" ao sexo, na relidade ela não quer dizer "Não" 35% 31% 30% 24% 25% 19% 20% 17%
15%
10% 8%
5%
0% Discordo Não concordo nem Discordo Concordo Concordo Plenamente discordo Plenamente
Percentage
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Há momentos que as mulheres merecem serem surradas
Discordo 36%
Discordo Plenamente 32%
Não concordo nem discordo 14%
Concordo 9%
Concordo Plenamente 8%
Um homen precisa de outra mulher mesmo que as coisas estão bem com a sua mulher
8% 17% 5%
Concordo Concordo Plenamente Discordo 31% Discordo Plenamente Não concordo nem discordo 39%
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1. UMA MULHER DEVE TOLERAR VIOLÊNCIA INCLUSIVE INTIMIDAÇÃO DO PARCEIRO PARA MANTER Á FAMÍLIA UNIDA
Viana 7% 7% 60% 14% 12%
Luanda 5% 11% 40% 14% 31%
Cazenga 1% 14% 35% 30% 19%
Cacuaco 8% 3% 25% 42% 20%
Belas 6% 18% 64% 9% 3%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Concordo Concordo Plenamente Discordo Discordo Plenamente Não concordo nem discordo
2. EU ME SENTIRIA OFENDIDO SE UMA MULHER ME PEDISSE PARA USAR CAMINSINHA
Viana 22% 19% 54% 5%0%
Luanda 9% 24% 41% 17% 9%
Cazenga 12% 13% 31% 24% 20%
Cacuaco 10% 8% 43% 23% 16%
Belas 12% 20% 29% 20% 20%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Concordo Concordo Plenamente
Discordo Discordo Plenamente
Não concordo nem discordo
3. AS VEZES QUANDO UMA MULHER DIZ QUE NÃO AO SEXO, NA RELIDADE ELA NÃO QUER DIZER NÃO
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Viana 19% 40% 26% 5% 12%
Luanda 31% 22% 19% 6% 22%
Cazenga 25% 27% 18% 14% 16%
Cacuaco 41% 12% 20% 5% 22%
Belas 25% 15% 8% 3% 3%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Concordo Concordo Plenamente Discordo Discordo Plenamente Não concordo nem discordo
4. HÁ MOMENTOS QUE AS MULHERES MERECEM SEREM SURRADAS
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5. UM HOMEN PRECISA DE OUTRA MULHER MESMO QUE AS COISAS ESTÃO BEM COM A SUA MULHER
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