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New Sweden, 1638-1655

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New Sweden, 1638-1655 New Sweden, 1638-1655 PORTENTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION By Peter C. Welsh October, 1955 New Sweden, 1638-1655: PORTENTS OF INDUSTRIAL!ZATION1 In this said kill...there are water-falls; and at the most important one, called the great fall... could be placed...a flour mill, a saw-mill, and a chamois-dressing mill....Besides this...if we could here establish powder-mills it would bring us great profit.—Governor Johan Classon Rising, Fort Christina in New Sweden, July 13, 165U. The first half of the seventeenth century was a period characterized by territorial and commercial expansion. The great powers of Europe during these years turned to the task of colonizing and exploiting, each for its own advantage, the discoveries of the pre­ ceding century. Following the dictates of a mercantile philosophy, the Dutch, French and English, by the 1630's, had established permanent colonies in North America. The first colonizing efforts, in every in­ stance, had been prompted by the hope of great profit. Particularly in the case of the Dutch and English did the profit motive assume large proportion, since their colonizing ventures were enterprises of trading companies, organized by promoters, and financed by stock holders. In these early years of the seventeenth century the Kingdom of Sweden was a power in European affairs. The Swedes, ruled by their great king, Gustavus Adolphus,' received their "first impetus toward 3 ...transatlantic trade and colonization...from Holland." William •ft Usselinx, a Dutch promoter of grand vision, convinced the Swedish monarch that a trading company backed by the King, the nobility and the subjects at large would reap a large reward both for the Kingdom collectively and the Investors individually. In 1626 such a company "See Plate 1. 2 was founded. America and Asia were the spheres to be exploited by the company. Eventually, it was this "commercial ambition of Swedish statesmen.../that/ led to the founding of Mew Sweden." ^ However, as time passed, the Usselinx scheme proved too grandiose and the original plans were revised. Samuel Blommaert, in 163U-1635, a Dutchman in the employ of the Swedes, proposed trie establishment of a colony in North America in the region of the Delaware River, The ew Sweden Company seemed about to launch its first venture. Blommaert engaged Peter Minuit, a former governor of New Amsterdam, who knew the territory of the Delaware and seemed a likely prospect to lead an expedition such as Blommaert had in mind. Minuit was introduced to the Swedish Chan­ cellor of State, Axel Oxenstierna, and after months of preparation the ships Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Grip (Griffon) set sail for the Delaware. Minuit was in command of the expedition. After a voyage of almost three months (31 Dec, 1637—21 Mar., 1638) the vessels dropped anchor some two miles up the Minquas Kill (Christina River). Here, on a ledge of rocks, at the site of present day Wilmington, the colony was founded. Within a short distance of Brandywine Creek and under the guidance of Minuit, the Colony's first governor, the Swedes * 5 established the first permanent settlement in the Delaware region. For seventeen years (1638-1655) the several Swedisn settle­ ments on the Delaware River maintained tnemselves before falling to the power of the Dutch. These years were spent building a colony. They were years of suffering, toil and, in the end, wasted effort. *See Plates II, III, IV, V. 3 However, the Swedes made some progress in developing the economic poten­ tial of the area and in satisfying the stockholders in Sweden. The fur trade and tobacco cultivation were the profit-yielding ventures• Industry and manufacture were desired and constantly promoted but, in general, they were carried on only as an activity necessary for sub­ sistence.^ About forty feet or so from the water and "The Rocks" where the initial landing had taken place, Minuit built Fort Christina. Houses were built. Gardens were planted. And in June, 1638, Minuit left New Sweden for home aboard the Kalmar Nyckel only to be lost at sea in transit. In April, 1639* the Griffon also left the Delaware and returned to Sweden with a cargo of furs and news of the colonists in the New World. Thus ended the first expedition. It was a finan­ cial failure. Expenses for the first voyage had been over li6,000 florins and from New Sweden had come only 23,8U9 florins worth of beaver pelts and tobacco.1^ A second expedition was even a greater failure financially.^ The second voyage of the Kalmar Nyckel brought a new governor to re­ place Minuit. Governor Peter Hollander Ridder took command of Fort Christina in April, I6I1O, with instructions "to establish...all sorts of industry and manufacture, /and/ to engage in all commerce and trade..." 9 possible, both in and outside of the Colony.' By 161+1, Ridder had ex­ tended the boundaries of the Colony on the west side of the Delaware south of Cape Henlopen and northeast to Trenton Falls. On the east side of the River he had claimed land extending from Cape May to Narra- ticons Kill (Raccoon Creek) in the present state of New Jersey. Two new settlements were made in l61|l, one at Finland (Marcus Hook) and one . 10 11 at Upland (Chester). In the same year the garrison at Fort Christina was strengthened by several soldiers....Freemen, who intended to begin new plantations, came on the ships, besides a preacher, a tailor, a millwright, and per­ haps a blacksmith and other skilled workmen. •ew dwellings were built outside the fort, plots for set­ tlements were selected..., and new land was cleared and prepared...for farms and tobacco plantations. Not only had the boundaries of the Colony been extended and the Fort strengthened, but Olof Stille, a mill-maker, and his family were among the Swedes bound for Nova Svecia (New Sweden) in May, I6I1I. This man was thought to be a millwright and possibly a maker of millstones. 12 ("Oloff Stille ein uenlen Macher"). The vessel carrying Stille arrived November 7, I6I4I, and "in the spring of l6U2...a windmill was built near the fort, perhaps within the walls and the grain was ground * 13 in it the autumn and winter." At about the same time as the colonists built their windmill the government in Sweden made some attempt to strengthen the infant colony. Lieutenant Colonel Johan Printz, in the su-nmer of l6h2, x^as appointed Governor of Mew Sweden ."^ The New Sweden Company was re- 15 organized. And Colonel Printz, with a full set of "instructions," two vessels, the Swan and Fama, and a cargo of such essentials as "axes, saws, mill stones, 6,000.•.bricks.../and/ a ton of lime..." 16 set sail for the Delaware. The snips left Europe in November, 16U2, but did not arrive at Fort Christina until February, l6k3+ In April, the ship that brought Printz to the Colony took Peter Ridder back to 18 Sweden. Ridder took back a cargo of beaver skins, but his efforts to establish "industry and manufacture" on the Delaware had been futile. «. «oo Pla + oc. T7TT WTT TV Before leaving Sweden Printz had been instructed, among other things, to pay attention "to the culture of tobacco...so that he /could/ send over a good quantity of tobacco on all ships coming hither." He was to direct his attention to sheep raising "so that...a considerable supply of wool.../could7 be sent to this country." The fur trade with the Indians was to be engaged in vigorously and he was to see that Sweden had a monopoly in that trade. Salt-works were to be instituted. Oil was to be extracted or pressed from walnuts, vineyards cultivated, metals and minerals searched for, fisheries established, silk-worm culture pro­ moted and, in general, all phases of "profitable commerce" diligently pursued. Governor Printz made his first Report to the home government and the Company on June 11, l6kk» First, he noted that the Fama had 20 arrived from Sweden in March. From another source we find that the Fama brought such interesting items as: "Three large saws for a saw mill, eight grind stones, one pair of stones for a hand mill, and one 21 pair of large millstones for a grist mill." Printz wrote that "the places which we now possess and occupy are 1. Elfsborg /Salem, N. J//..•.2. Christina; 3« Tinnakongh /an island a little above Burlington, N. J*/} h» Upland; /and/ 5. Schylenkill" /ev±- -7 22 dently Wasa, or Nya tflasa at Kingsessing, West Philadelpnia/. Printz reported favorably on the progress of the fur and the tobacco trade. "But as concerns salt-making, oil manufactories, whale- catching, minerals or silk-worms, I must report I have not been able to 23 find opportunity for these things...." Nevertheless, Printz had kept See Plate X. what craftsmen he had busy even though two of the three carpenters in New Sweden had been ill. Despite sickness they eventually built "two large beautiful boats, one for use at Elfsborg, the oxher at Fort Chris- tina." These boats had been built near Fort Christina in what was pro­ bably the first shipyard in the Delaware region. The boats were avail­ able for trading ventures to other colonies /New Amsterdam and New England/, 25 for fishing, and for transportation. At the same place where the boats were built "Lauris trie cooper and Lukas Persson made barrels, wooden milk pails,A tubs, tobacco casks" 26 and other cooperage stuff. In addition to the boat builders and coopers there seem to have been two blacksmith shops in New Sweden.
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