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Kalmar Nyckel a New Identity at Sea Shipbuilder John Mashow the Hurricane of 1635 the Pastry War

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Kalmar Nyckel a New Identity at Sea Shipbuilder John Mashow the Hurricane of 1635 the Pastry War No. 174 NATIONAL MARITIME HISTORICAL SOCIETY SPRING 2021 $4.95 THE ART, LITERATURE, ADVENTURE, LORE & LEARNING OF THE SEA Kalmar Nyckel A New Identity at Sea Shipbuilder John Mashow The Hurricane of 1635 The Pastry War Final Voyage of the Kalmar Nyckel Epitaph for an Exceptional Ship courtesy sjöfartsmuseet akvariet by Sam Heed and Jordi Noort, Kalmar Nyckel Foundation omewhere in the North Sea off the east coast of Scot- land, near Buchan Ness, lie the unmarked remains of the original Kalmar Nyckel, one of the great ships of the 17th century. In the service of the Dutch after a long and Slegendary career under the Swedish flag, she was sunk by an English fleet on 22 July 1652 in the opening engagement of what would be called the First Anglo-Dutch War. Flying Dutch colors as the Kalmar Sleutel, she had come full circle. A workhorse of a ship since being launched in Amsterdam in 1627, she would end her career with the people who had built her twenty-five years earlier. After decades of guesswork and spec- ulation, new research in the archives in the Netherlands and Sweden has revealed more details and allows us to complete the miss- ing last chapter in the career of this remark- able ship, the final year when the Kalmar Nyckel left Swedish service until her ulti- mate demise fighting for the Dutch off Scotland in 1652. Today’s replica Kalmar Nyckel, the official Tall Ship of Delaware, was launched in Wilmington, Delaware, in 1997. Built, owned, and operated by the Kalmar Nyckel Foundation, the ship serves as a floating class- room and inspirational platform for a broad array of sea- and land-based educational programs that reach 30,000 people a year. photo by andrew hanna, courtesy kalmar nyckel foundation 30 SEA HISTORY 174, SPRING 2021 Unlocking “The Key” of the Swedish governing elite. This much proved an irresistible target for English After twenty-two years of distinguished we have always known, and Roelofsen is predators. The dispute over control of the service to the Swedish Realm, Kalmar named in the decommissioning document. sea lanes around the British Isles increas- Nyckel (“Key of Kalmar”) was decommis- We don’t know exactly what Roelofsen ingly led to warlike preparations among sioned on 19 June 1651 by order of Queen did with the ship immediately after he took the English and Dutch forces. As English Christina and sold to a private merchant. possession of her, but we can be confident Admiral George Monck put it at the time, A Swedish Admiralty inspection deter- that he took note of the larger drama un- “The Dutch have too much trade, and we mined that she would not be sound enough folding along the Dutch coast, some 900 intend to take it from them.” to cross the Atlantic for a fifth time as a miles southwest of Stockholm. Dutch We do know that Roelofsen had Kal- colonial ship for New Sweden. The buyer maritime might had been irritating English mar Nyckel outfitted for war; he upped her was Cornelis Roelofsen, a Dutch merchant pride across the Channel, and the wealth armament to twenty “pieces” and had her living in Stockholm and known to members produced by Dutch trade and fishing in Amsterdam available for hire by 11 April Turbulent Sea with Ships by Ludolf Bakhuysen, 1697, oil on canvas, 12.5 x 15 inches. The original Kalmar Nyckel was built in Amsterdam in 1627 as an ordinary Dutch “Pinas” (pinnace) of about 300 tons and 100 feet on deck, just one of a couple thousand similar vessels built by the Dutch in this period. She was purchased in 1629 by the Swedish Skeppskom- paniet (Ship Company) with tax revenue from the strategic harbor town of Kalmar, on Sweden’s southeast coast, and renamed Kalmar Nyckel. She made a record eight crossings (four round trips) of the Atlantic for the New Sweden Company between 1637 and 1644. The first of these voyages launched the colony of New Sweden in 1638 under the command of Peter Minuit, who established Fort Christina at “The Rocks,” in present-day Wilmington, Delaware—the first permanent European settlement in the Delaware Valley. When not sailing on colonial voyages for the New Sweden Company, she served the Swedish Navy as an auxiliary warship until 1651. She was part of Gustav II Adolf’s famous invasion fleet at Peenemünde on the German coast of Pomerania in 1630, which marked Sweden’s entry into the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). Swedish Admiralty records from 1634 list her as carrying a crew of 55 men and 12 six-pounder cannon, probably typical of her wartime strength. Toward the end of her career, she saw bloody action in Torstenson’s War against the Danes in 1645 and transported Swedish diplomats across the Baltic during the negotiations that led to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. courtesy rijksmuseum SEA HISTORY 174, SPRING 2021 31 courtesy rijksmuseum The Dutch Herring Fleet, 1697, by Pieter Vogelaer (1670-1700), pen and ink on panel, 33 x 45 inches. The value of the 17th-century Dutch herring fleet cannot be overstated, to both the economy and the culture in the Netherlands. In addition to providing nutrient-rich sustenance for its population, the fishery produced a valuable commodity for international trade. Its value can also be deduced from the number of works of art that were made during this period by the Dutch masters. Fishing Boats in Choppy Waters, ca. 1630, by Jan Porcellis (1580/84–1632), oil on panel, 10 x 14 inches. courtesy rijksmuseum 32 SEA HISTORY 174, SPRING 2021 1652—just when deputies of the Dutch States General came looking for ships to reinforce their navies. The States General Shetland had ordered the five Dutch Admiralties “to Islands find, hire, renovate, and equip 150 ships” Stockholm for patrol and escort duty. On that 11th of Fair Isle April, two deputies from the Admiralty Baltic Sea Board of Rotterdam began to examine the ships moored in Amsterdam harbor. They Inverness reported back on 22 April that they had Boddam (Buchan Ness) hired five ships, one of which was Kalmar Sleutel (“sleutel” is Dutch for “nyckel;” both North Sea mean “key” in English), with Cornelis Ro- Newcastle-upon-Tyne elofsen listed as the owner. As part of the lease arrangement with Amsterdam the Rotterdam Admiralty, businessman Roelofsen drew up an extensive inventory Rotterdam of the ship: “Kalmar Sleutel, [about 20 years Den Briel old], long over the bow 103 feet, wide 25 feet, its hold 11 feet, there above 6 feet, with a new pine hull.” Dated 22 April 1652, esri base map Roelofsen’s inventory provides the most Kalmar Nyckel’s geographical theater during her last year of operation. complete list of the ship’s equipment we have from her long career. On 23 May, Dirck Vijgh assumed flat bottoms that could be beached for quick command. He would serve as the ship’s last and convenient offloading. About seventy Last Captain and Crew captain. On 31 May, the crew came aboard feet in length and manned by fifteen crew, of the Kalmar Nyckel and were brought under oath. There were busses were often worked by whole families, On 26 April, the Admiralty Board of Rot- ninety of them, and they were each given women and children included, making terdam appointed Dirck Vijgh as captain one month’s wages in advance. them a kind of floating cottage industry. of the Kalmar Sleutel. The son of a noble- For the next two weeks Captain Vijgh man, Captain Vijgh had been decorated “Buss Patrol” — Last Voyage of the and crew undertook a flurry of final prep- for bravery in action against Dunkirk pi- Kalmar Nyckel (14 June–22 July 1652) arations, taking on 1,000 pounds of gun- rates and served well as Admiral Maarten The following day, Kalmar Sleutel was or- powder and four more guns, for a total of Tromp’s flag captain on Brederode, named dered to join the escort squadron protect- 26. On 7 June, Kalmar Sleutel moved to for a castle in the Netherlands. ing the Dutch herring fleet, which was out Den Briel, a staging harbor located at the At the time of Captain Vijgh’s appoint- sailing off the Shetland Islands, north of mouth of the Maas River, where Captain ment, Kalmar Sleutel was still in Amster- Scotland. The herring fleet—“the Great Vijgh took on more gunpowder and await- dam taking on provisions and undergoing Fishery”—was the first to develop indus- ed the command to sail. additional modifications. The States Gen- trialized fishing. Its influence on the Dutch A week later, with the winds of war eral had specified that all ships recently economy in the 17th century was compa- upon them, Captain Vijgh and his crew set acquired for patrol and escort were to be rable to the more famous Dutch trading sail for the Shetlands on what would be the refit so that they could carry at least 22 fleets, the East India Company (VOC) and Kalmar Sleutel’s last voyage. They were guns and fighting crews of 90. The refit was the West India Company (WIC). The scale joined by the Sphera Mundi, which would soon completed, and by 11 May a skeleton of the Great Fishery was enormous, with serve with them as part of the “buss patrol.” crew had brought the ship by way of Texel 2,000 fishing boats at work in the North It was likely the early part of July by to her new homeport of Rotterdam.
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