DOCSLIB.ORG

Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade in Armenia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade in Armenia UNECE Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade in Armenia Needs Assessment Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade in Armenia Trade Barriers to Regulatory and Procedural Needs Assessment Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade in Armenia Trade Barriers to Information Service United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Palais des Nations United Nations publication NATIONS UNITED CH - 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Sales No. E.19.II.E.28 Telephone: +41(0)22 917 44 44 ISBN 978-92-1-117208-9 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.unece.org Layout and Printing at United Nations, Geneva – 1910731 (E) – October 2019 – 494 – ECE/TRADE/452 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade in Armenia: Needs Assessment United Nations New York and Geneva, 2019 ii Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade in Armenia: Needs Assessment Note The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or member States. This publication is issued in English and Russian only. Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at: copyright.com All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications 300 East 402nd St New York, NY 10017 Unites States of America. Email: [email protected] Website: https://shop.un.org/rights-permissions ECE/TRADE/452 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No.: E.19.II.E.28 ISBN: 978-92-1-117208-9 e-ISBN: 978-92-1-004287-1 Copyright © 2019 United Nations All rights reserved worldwide United Nations publication issued by the Economic Commission for Europe Foreword iii Foreword Located in the Southern Caucasus, Armenia is a small upper-middle income landlocked country that is striving to achieve structural transformation towards increased specialization in high-value added activities. Trade development ranks high on the Government’s agenda as a vehicle for enabling enterprises, particularly micro, small and medium enterprises, to achieve the much needed economies of scale and scope. This strategic orientation finds its strongest expressionForeword in the Government’s renewed regional integration efforts, which saw the country join the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in 2015 and the Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with the EuropeanOver the Union last century, in 2017. different energy and raw material sectors, as well as countries, adopted a range of approaches to classify and manage resources. New challenges to the Reaping the expected benefits requires addressingproduction, regulatory distribution and and procedural utilization barriers of energy throughout and raw thematerials have, however, international supply chains. This study identifiesemerged these barriersin recent and years makes that action-orienteddemand innovative recommendations approaches for an integrated resource on how to overcome them. management system. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development defines a clear pathway to address these challenges in a holistic manner. The study integrates the outcome of the stakeholder meeting organized on 13 May 2019 by the Ministry of The United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) was developed Economy (previously the Ministry of Economic Development and Investments) in Yerevan, Armenia to discuss under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe by a dedicated the initial results and recommendations. The recommendationscommunity of experts are geared drawn fromto support a range the of country’sfields, but effortswith the to: common goal to develop • Complete the transition towards a paperlessan tradinginternationally system applicable scheme for the classification, reporting and management of energy and mineral resources. Though initially developed for the mineral and petroleum • Achieve successful implementation of its commitments under the World Trade Organization (WTO) sectors, UNFC has recently expanded its scope to include renewable energy. Growing Agreement on Trade Facilitation Agreementawareness and interest in renewable energy resources, including geothermal resources, has • Develop the national quality assurance system,highlighted particularly a need by to ensuring standardize international the way in which recognition renewable of energy potential is classified conformity assessment results issued by Armenianand reported. bodies • Further develop the national system of metrologyTo facilitate improved global communication in the geothermal sector, the ECE Expert Group on Resource Classification, under the framework of a Memorandum of • Develop the manufacturing enterprises’ technologicalUnderstanding capability, between understood the United Nationsas the accumulated Economic Commission for Europe and the knowledge and skills to identify, appraise, utiliseInternational and improve Geothermal on existing Association technologies (IGA), developed and production specifications for applying UNFC to techniques or develop new ones to modernizegeothermal production energ processesy resources. and The venture specifications into new were innovative issued in September 2016. production activities. A set of 14 case studies from Australia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, By generating supply chain efficiencies and supportingNew Zealand, enterprise Philippines development, and Russian Federationthe recommendations are presented willhere to facilitate a better help drive progress on multiple Sustainable Developmentunderstanding Goals of (SDGs): the specifications Goal 7 on affordableand the uniform and clean application energy, of UNFC to geothermal Goal 16 on peace, justice and strong institutions,resources. and Goal These 17 on application partnerships. examples The recommendations illustrate the classification will also of a range of different geothermal resource scenarios in a manner consistent with other energy resources. The contribute to SDGs 8 (decent work and economic growth) and 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure). approach also provides valuable indicators to the value of UNFC as a tool to support UNECE will be assisting the Government’s implementationattainment of theof theSustainable recommendations Development in Goals. collaboration with development partners and working closely with the UnitedExperts Nations in geothermal Resident energy Coordinator’s resources, asOffice well as in those Armenia. in other energy and mineral The findings and recommendations emerging sectors,from the will study find this will collection also be reflectedof case studies in the a useful UN Development reference document in their efforts Cooperation Framework, which seeks to supportto the apply country a globally in addressing applicable key integrated SDG priorities resource and management gaps. system. I commend all those involved in the preparation, review and verification of these case studies and thank, in particular, the International Geothermal Association for its support. Avag Avanesyan Olga Algayerova Deputy Minister Under-Secretary-General of theOlga United Algayerova Nations Ministry of Economy of Armenia ExecutiveExecutive Secretary Secretary of the United Nations EconomicUnited Nations Commission Economic for Commission Europe for Europe iii iv Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade in Armenia: Needs Assessment Preface Since 2010, the UNECE has been undertaking demand-driven national studies of regulatory and procedural barriers to trade, with a view to: helping countries achieve greater regional and global economic integration; informing donors as to where assistance might be required; and, supporting policy discussions within the Steering Committee on Trade Capacity and Standards (previously, the Committee on Trade) and its subsidiary bodies on where additional work is required. This study summarizes the key findings of the eighth study, which focuses on Armenia. It was prepared by the UNECE secretariat in close consultation with public and private sector stakeholders. The study integrates the outcome of the stakeholder meeting, which was organized on 13 May 2019 by the Ministry of Economy in Yerevan, Armenia to discuss the initial results and recommendations. Acknowledgments v Acknowledgments This study was prepared by Ms. Hana Daoudi from UNECE Market Access Section under the supervision of Mr. Mika Vepsäläinen. The UNECE would like to acknowledge the contribution of the following consultants: UNECE regional consultant Mr. Veaceslav Sterbet for carrying out the business process analysis of dried fruits and vegetables; Ms. Cristina Ionica for conducting face-to-face interviews with female owned enterprises; Ms. Hasmik Hovhanesian who conducted face-to-face interviews with agencies responsible for standardization, quality assurance, accreditation and metrology and prepared detailed transcripts that were used by the secretariat for drafting the study. The UNECE would also like to acknowledge the contribution of the following organisations: the Business Support Office-Armenia, particularly Mr. Gevorg Poghosyan for undertaking face-to-face interviews with traders representing male-owned enterprises in Armenia; the Overseas Development Institute, particularly Mr. Maximilano Mendez-Para and Ms. Linda Calabrese who prepared a background report on the country’s regional trade dynamics; and the international polling institution, SATISCAN Sàrl
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In-Depth Review of the Investment Climate and Market Structure in the Energy Sector of the REPUBLIC of ARMENIA
    In-depth review of the investment climate and market structure in the energy sector of THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA ENERGY CHARTER SECRETATIAT 22 January 2015 In-depth review of the investment climate and market structure in the energy sector of THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA ENERGY CHARTER SECRETATIAT 22 January 2015 About the Energy Charter The Energy Charter Secretariat is the permanent office based in Brussels supporting the Energy Charter Conference in the implementation of the Energy Charter Treaty. The Energy Charter Treaty and the Energy Charter Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects were signed in December 1994 and entered into legal force in April 1998. To date, the Treaty has been signed or acceded to by fifty-two states, the European Community and Euratom (the total number of its members is therefore fifty-four). The fundamental aim of the Energy Charter Treaty is to strengthen the rule of law on energy issues, by creating a level playing field of rules to be observed by all participating governments, thereby mitigating risks associated with energy-related investment and trade. In a world of increasing interdependence between net exporters of energy and net importers, it is widely recognised that multilateral rules can provide a more balanced and efficient framework for international cooperation than is offered by bilateral agreements alone or by non-legislative instruments. The Energy Charter Treaty therefore plays an important role as part of an international effort to build a legal foundation for energy security, based on the principles of open, competitive markets and sustainable development. The Treaty was developed on the basis of the 1991 Energy Charter.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prospects for Wine Tourism As a Tool for Rural Development in Armenia – the Case of Vayots Dzor Marz1
    The Prospetcs for Wine Tourism as a Tool for ... _________________________________________________________________________ Прегледни рад Економика пољопривреде Број 4/2011. УДК: 338.48-6:642(470.62/.67) THE PROSPECTS FOR WINE TOURISM AS A TOOL FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ARMENIA – THE CASE OF VAYOTS DZOR MARZ1 A. Harutjunjan2, Margaret Loseby3 Abstract. The paper examines the prospective role which wine tourism could play in the rural and in the much needed overall economic development of Armenia. It begins with a brief description of the antique origin and the present economic situation of the wine sector in Armenia, followed by a description of recent trends in the tourist sector as a whole in Armenia. The particular features of wine tourism are examined in relation to Armenia and to other wine producing countries. Attention is then concentrated on a specific region of Armenia, Vayots Dzor, which is particularly important for wine production, and is also endowed with historical monuments with great potential for the development of tourism. The case of one particular village is illustrated in some detail in order to indicate how tourism in general, and specifically wine tourism could be developed for the benefit of the rural community. The paper concludes by outlining a strategy to be followed to achieve the growth of the sector. Key words: Wine industry, tourism, cultural heritage, rural development, wine tourism 1. Introduction Grape cultivation is believed to have originated in Armenia near the Caspian Sea, from where it seems to have spread westward to Europe and Eastward to Iran and Afghanistan (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized RECENT ECONOMIC AND The 12-month food price index was 6.1 percent in SECTORAL December 2011, as compared to 15.2 percent a year ago. The food prices, however, continued being the DEVELOPMENTS major driver for inflation, contributing around 2.9 percentage points to the overall price increase. Price Growth Performance environment remained favorable over the first two months of 2012, with 0.9 percent of monthly The economy has continued to recover in 2011, deflation in February, which brought 12-month led by the mining and agriculture sectors. inflation down to 3.0 percent, as compared to 11.8 Economic growth (in year-on-year terms) picked percent in the same period a year before. up gradually from 2.1 percent in 2010 to 4.6 percent in 2011. Industry contributed more than Figure 2: Inflation returned to the target band half of the economic growth driven mainly by the (Actual inflation and the target bounds, %) mining sector and, to a lesser extent, agro- 14 industries. The industrial output surpassed the level of December 2008 (in the pre crisis period) by 17.5 12 percent. Agriculture also contributed 8.1 10 percentage points to the growth in the third 8 quarter. Continuing contraction in the construction 6 sector, however, partly offset these achievements. 4 2 Figure 1: Economic growth and sectoral 0 contributions 08 09 10 11 12 08 09 11 10 08 10 11 09 09 10 11 08 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (Share in GDP and real GDP growth, %) - Jul Jul Jul Jul Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Oct Oct Oct Oct Apr Apr Apr Apr 20 20.0 Lower bound (2.5%) Upper bound (5.5 %) CPI YoY 15 15.0 10 10.0 5 5.0 0 0.0 Improving the inflation outlook allowed -5 -5.0 -10 -10.0 loosening monetary policy.
    [Show full text]
  • CLR Review Independent Evaluation Group
    CLR Review Independent Evaluation Group 1. CAS/CPS Data Country: Armenia CAS/CPS Year: FY14 CAS/CPS Period: FY14 – FY17 CLR Period: FY14 – FY18 Date of this review: March 18, 2019 2. Ratings CLR Rating IEG Rating Development Outcome: Moderately Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory World Bank Group Performance: Good Good 3. Executive Summary i. Armenia is a lower middle-income country with a GNI per capita of $3,990 in 2017. It is a small and landlocked economy with borders closed with Azerbaijan and Turkey as a result of the unsettled Nagorno-Karabakh conflict1. It faces significant trading costs while trade accounts for 75.7 percent of GDP (2016). As a result of the 2014/15 Russian crisis and the slump in metal export prices through 2016, Armenia’s annual GDP growth declined from 4.3 percent during 2009- 13 to 3.6 percent during 2014-17, even though this growth reflects a sharp rebound to 7.5 percent in 2017. Slower growth and increased unemployment slowed progress in poverty reduction. Unemployment increased from 16.2 percent in 2013 to 18.3 percent in 2015, where it remained through 2017. After declining from 35.8 percent in 2010 to 30.0 percent in 2014, the headcount poverty ratio changed little through 2016. Income inequality (the Gini coefficient) also changed little, from 31.5 in 2013 to 32.5 in 2016. During the CPS period, broader measures in social conditions improved slightly. Armenia’s Human Development Index improved from 0.729 in 2010 (76th among 169 countries) to 0.755 in 2017 (83th among 189 countries).
    [Show full text]
  • The Socio-Economic Impact of Climate Change in Armenia
    The Socio-Economic Impact of Climate Change in Armenia "Climate Change Impact Assessment" Project Yerevan 2009 The Socio-Economic Impact of Climate Change in Armenia Yerevan 2009 Authors: Elizabeth A. Stanton, Frank Ackerman, Flávia Resende, Stockholm Environment Institute – U.S. Center Tufts University, 11 Curtis Avenue Somerville, MA 02144, www.sei-us.org Reviewers: Anil Markandya, Basque Center for Climate Change, Seth Landau, Consultant Project Title: Climate Change Impact Assessment, UNDP/00049248 Implementing Agency: UNDP Armenia Implementing Partner: Ministry of Nature Protection of the Republic of Armenia UNDP Support: Keti Chachibaia, Regional Technical Advisor for Adaptation, Anna Kaplina, Programme Analyst, Bratislava UNDP Regional Centre for Europe and CIS Diana Harutyunyan, Climate Change Projects Manager, Vahagn Tonoyan, Task Leader, Climate Change Impact Assessment Project, UNDP Armenia Contributions: Cornelia Herzfeld, Ramón Bueno, and Adam Knoff at SEI-U.S, Mikhail Vermishev, Artem Kharazyan, Alvina Avagyan, Gagik Manucharyan, Anahit Hovsepyan, Hamlet Melkonyan, Levon Sahakyan, Ara Keshishyan, Armen Gevorgyan, Armen Nalbandyan, Benyamin Zakaryan, Boris Mnatsakanyan, Levon Chilingaryan, Georgi Fayvush, Lyonik Khachatryan, Rudik Nazaryan, Tigran Sadoyan and Hunan Ghazaryan, National Experts on Climate Change at UNDP Armenia Acknowledgement: This report, initiated by Mrs. Consuelo Vidal, Resident Representative of UNDP Armenia, is a product of cooperation and commitment of an extensive group of local and international consultants
    [Show full text]
  • ARMENIA and Market Structure in Thein Energy Sector Energy Charter Secretariat Charter Energy E V Iew 2008
    ARMENIA FOLLOW-UP REView of the Investment Climate and Market Structure in the Energy Sector Energy Charter Secretariat 2008 ENERGY CHARTER ENERGY FOLLOW-UP REPORT ON INVESTMENT CLIMATE AND MARKET STRUCTURE IN THE ENERGY SECTOR ARMENIA UPDATED VERSION As of 28 May 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 6 A. OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 8 1. Summary Information......................................................................................................... 8 2. Geography........................................................................................................................... 8 3. Environmental Issues.......................................................................................................... 9 4. Population and Employment............................................................................................... 9 5. State Structure..................................................................................................................... 9 6. Economic Situation........................................................................................................... 10 a) Performance of the Economy ..................................................................................... 10 b) Economic Outlook.....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Armenia Development Strategy for 2014-2025
    Annex To RA Government Decree # 442 ‐ N On 27th of March, 2014 Armenia Development Strategy for 2014‐2025 Contents PREFACE.......................................................................................................................................8 I. MAIN RESULTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AND THE NEED FOR ITS REVISION .........................................................................10 1. MAIN OBJECTIVES AND PRIORITIES OF SDP.......................................................................10 2. 2008‐2012 GENERAL DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND THE NEED FOR SDP REVISION..........12 II. ARMENIA DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (ADS) PRIORITIES AND MAIN OBJECTIVE...................15 3. THE ADS TIME COVERAGE AND PRIORITIES.......................................................................15 4. ADS MAIN OBJECTIVE, POLICY DIRECTIONS AND TARGETS...............................................16 III. MACROECONOMIC FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................18 5. 2008‐2012 MAIN MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ....................................................18 5.1. THE REAL SECTOR..........................................................................................................18 5.2. PRICES ...........................................................................................................................21 5.3. EXTERNAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENTS.............................................................................21 5.4. PUBLIC FINANCE............................................................................................................22
    [Show full text]
  • Armenia Country Diagnostic
    Armenia Diagnostic By Dimitar Bogov, Ana Kresic and Galyna Beschastna October 2019 This report was prepared by Dimitar Bogov, Ana Kresic and Galyna Beschastna with contributions from Oleksandr Pavlyuk, Duncan Kernohan, Giuseppe Grimaldi, Lorenzo Ciari, Olivia Riera, Christine Hagedorn, Hester Coutanche, Damin Chung, Aziza Zakhidova, Federica Foiadelli, Alexa Tiemann and Elias Habbar-Baylac OUTLINE 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2. POLITICAL ECONOMY 3. GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND PRIVATE SECTOR OVERVIEW 4. OBSTACLES TO PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 4.1 Governance and competition shortfalls weaken business environment 4.2 Obstacles to integration with international markets 4.3. Constraints in the energy sector undermine resilience 5. QUALITIES OF A SUSTAINABLE MARKET ECONOMY 2 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Entering the transition as one of the poorest countries in the region, Armenia embarked on an impressive growth path enabled by early implementation of structural reforms. Its real income has increased more than four-fold since gaining independence. Nevertheless, due to the low initial starting point and an uneven transition in the latter years, Armenia continues to face a gap in living standards. Building on strong popular support in the aftermath of the peaceful Velvet revolution, the new government has embarked on an ambitious reform programme. Public expectations for tangible economic and social improvements are high, while the challenges are complex. To unleash the private sector’s potential and to increase the speed of convergence, Armenia needs to address the following constraints: o Governance and competition shortfalls weaken the business environment. Weak institutions, corruption, informality and constrained competition have in the past held back private sector performance. To build upon the initial successes of the new government in fighting corruption, decreasing the size of the shadow economy and tackling monopolies as well as to ensure their sustainability, public governance needs to be strengthened.
    [Show full text]
  • Tough Choices Observations on the Political Economy of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia
    Tough Choices Observations on the Political Economy of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia Robin S. Bhatty Mimeo, prepared for the World Bank December 2002 "This paper represents the views of its author, not of the official view of the World Bank. World Bank staff views may differ substantially with characterizations contained in this paper. All other usual disclaimers apply." 1 I. OVERVIEW ECONOMIC REFORM IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS The paper which follows presents an analysis and discussion of the problems confronting and prospects for continued economic reform in the three states of the South Caucasus region of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. Although differentiated by language and religion, in many important ways more unites the three Caucasian states than divides them, at least in terms of the economic and political challenges they face as they attempt to move beyond their Soviet pasts and the difficult experiences which afflicted them in the 1990s. In all three states, the key ingredient for further progress will be the commitment of the national governments and ruling elites to pressing ahead with reforms. All three states have made significant progress in reforming their economies since the fall of the Soviet Union, but to a great extent they are now confronted with even more difficult and politically painful choices. Reform is an intrinsically political process requiring the distribution of costs and gains; each state has its own internal strengths and weaknesses which will shape its ability and willingness to adopt various types of changes. For the international financial institutions and donors who seek to facilitate and expedite these reforms, an understanding of the political costs and risks confronting local decision-makers is crucial in determining the ultimate success – or failure – of the reform campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • Shadow Economy of Armenia: Size, Causes and Consequences
    Working Paper No. 05/02 The Shadow Economy of Armenia: Size, Causes and Consequences Bagrat Tunyan∗ The World Bank Armenia Country Office [email protected] January 2005 Abstract Over the past decade or so the problems caused by the shadow economy have become a major concern for policy makers, researchers, as well as the donor community in Armenia. The shadow economy has had some negative consequences during the past transition period, but it also has played some positive stabilizing role. The paper discusses various factors that have contributed to the development of the shadow economy in Armenia. The main causes for the existence of the shadow economy are argued to be the tight and unfair tax administration and regulations, and the corruption. Many of the shadow activities in Armenia relate to the problem of non-reporting and/or underreporting by business entities. International experience and various methods of estimation of shadow economies are presented in the paper. Two of them, namely currency demand approaches of Tanzi and Gutman, are adopted and used for the estimation of the shadow economy in Armenia for the period of 1994-2004. The findings of the estimation by these two methods suggest that there is a significant amount of economic activities that are not captured by the official statistics. Some policy implications and recommendations are presented at the end of the paper. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Armenian International Policy Research Group. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Barriers of the Economy of the Republic of Armenia: a Challenge
    Trade Barriers of the Economy of the Republic of Armenia: a Challenge of a Single Nation or the Geopolitical Reality of the Region? A Critical Analysis of Internal and External Trade Barriers Affecting Imports and Exports of Armenia Erasmus University Rotterdam Erasmus School of Economics Author: Gor Martirosyan Supervisor: Aksel Erbahar pg. 1 Author: Gor Martirosyan Supervisor: Aksel Erbahar Acknowledgements The Bachelor thesis, as the pinnacle and the capstone of the entirety of undergraduate education provided by the Erasmus School of Economics, is the centerpiece and the ultimate manifestation of what Erasmus University Rotterdam has had to offer to me as a Bachelor of Science (BSc) student in Economics and Business Economics. Hence, the entirety of the process that has led me to completing this academic paper has been infused with a sense of responsibility, challenge, importance and great privilege, for which I thank the entire university, especially the academic faculty at Erasmus School of Economics. I pledge to carry the seed of your academic genius in all of my future professional endeavors. There has not been a time throughout my years at Erasmus Rotterdam, where I have been in greater need of professional, strict, yet friendly and empathetic guidance and support. This is the reason why I would like to extend my sincerest gratitude towards professor, PhD Aksel Erbahar, without whom this paper would have been impossible to complete. I have received guidance, while being pointed in the direction of independence. Moreover, Dr. Erbahar, you, being an ethnically Turkish academic, have supported an ethnically Armenian student to conduct academic research, which includes analysis of trade barriers between Turkey and Armenia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Agriculture in the Transition Economy of Armenia
    THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE TRANSITION ECONOMY OF ARMENIA by MARIANNA ARZANGULYAN (Under the Direction of Lewell Gunter) ABSTRACT Transition economy issues resolution changes significantly depending on country of interest. Despite commonalities with other transition economies, especially those of Former Soviet Union, Armenian agriculture developed in its own, unique way. While the land reforms were bolder and more successful than in other transition economies, development of appropriate marketing chains is still slow and access of family farmers to relevant information is limited. In this work, we made an attempt to summarize implemented reforms and their consequences, to point out current state and issues of Armenian agriculture. INDEX WORDS: Transition, Agriculture, Family Farm, Economic Growth, Irrigation, Co- Operatives, Reform, Market Institutions THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE TRANSITION ECONOMY OF ARMENIA by MARIANNA ARZANGULYAN Diploma, Yerevan State University, Armenia, 1998 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2005 © 2005 Marianna Arzangulyan All Rights Reserved THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE TRANSITION ECONOMY OF ARMENIA by MARIANNA ARZANGULYAN Major Professor: Lewell Gunter Committee: Michael Wetzstein Glenn Ames Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2005 DEDICATION To My Family iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my major professor, Dr. Lewell F. Gunter. His optimism, attention, advice and patience made it possible to perform the research and complete the thesis. I would also like to express my gratitude to other members of my advisory committee, Dr.
    [Show full text]