Saharan Africa

Young Entrepreneurs in Sub- Saharan Africa Young people in sub- Saharan Africa are growing up in rapidly changing social and economic environments which produce high levels of un- and underemploy- ment. Job creation through entrepreneurship is currently being promoted by international organisations, governments, and NGOs as a key solution, despite there being a dearth of knowledge about youth entrepreneurship in an African context. This book makes an important contribution by exploring the nature of youth entrepreneurship in Ghana, Uganda, and Zambia. It provides new insights into conceptual and methodological discussions of youth entrepreneurship as well as presenting original empirical data. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative research, conducted under the auspices of a collaborative, interdisciplinary, and comparative research project, it highlights the opportunities and challenges young people face in setting up and running businesses. Divided into a number of clear sections, each with its own introduction and conclusion, the book con- siders the nature of youth entrepreneurship at the national level, in both urban and rural areas, in specific sectors – including mobile telephony, mining, handi- crafts, and tourism – and analyses how key factors, such as microfinance, social capital, and entrepreneurship education, affect youth entrepreneurship. New light is shed on the multi- faceted nature of youth entrepreneurship and a convincing case is presented for a more nuanced understanding of the term entrepreneurship and the situation faced by many African youth today. This book will be of interest to a wide range of scholars interested in youth entrepreneurship, including in development studies, business studies, and geography, as well as to development practitioners and policy makers. Katherine V. Gough is Professor of Human Geography at Loughborough Uni- versity. She has over 20 years’ experience of conducting research on urban issues in the global South, with a particular focus on young people. Thilde Langevang is Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship and Development Studies at Copenhagen Business School. She has been conducting research on youth in Africa for over 10 years. Routledge spaces of childhood and youth series Edited by Peter Kraftl and John Horton The Routledge Spaces of Childhood and Youth Series provides a forum for original, interdisciplinary and cutting edge research to explore the lives of children and young people across the social sciences and humanities. Reflecting con- temporary interest in spatial processes and metaphors across several disciplines, titles within the series explore a range of ways in which concepts such as space, place, spatiality, geographical scale, movement/mobilities, networks and flows may be deployed in childhood and youth scholarship. This series provides a forum for new theoretical, empirical and methodological perspectives and ground- breaking research that reflects the wealth of research currently being undertaken. Proposals that are cross- disciplinary, comparative and/or use mixed or creative methods are particularly welcomed, as are proposals that offer critical perspectives on the role of spatial theory in understanding children and young people’s lives. The series is aimed at upper- level undergraduates, research stu- dents and academics, appealing to geographers as well as the broader social sciences, arts and humanities. Published: Young Entrepreneurs in Sub- Saharan Africa Edited by Katherine V. Gough and Thilde Langevang Forthcoming: Youth Activism and Solidarity The non- stop picket against apartheid Gavin Brown and Helen Yaffe Children, Young People and Care Edited by John Horton and Michelle Pyer Children, Securitization, War and Peace Kathrin Horschelmann Children, Nature and Cities Claire Freeman and Yolanda van Heezik Young Entrepreneurs in Sub- Saharan Africa Edited by Katherine V. Gough and Thilde Langevang First published in paperback 2017 First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016, 2017 selection and editorial matter, Katherine V. Gough and Thilde Langevang; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Katherine V. Gough and Thilde Langevang to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Gough, Katherine V., 1963– editor. | Langevang, Thilde, editor. Title: Young entrepreneurs in Sub-Saharan Africa / edited by Katherine V. Gough and Thilde Langevang. Description: Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2016. | Series: Routledge spaces of childhood and youth series Identifiers: LCCN 2015035824 | ISBN 9781138844599 (hardback) | ISBN 9781315730257 (e- book) Subjects: LCSH: Entrepreneurship–Africa, Sub-Saharan. | Young businesspeople–Africa, Sub- Saharan. | Youth–Employment–Africa, Sub- Saharan. | Small business–Africa, Sub-Saharan. Classification: LCC HC800.Y68 2016 | DDC 338/.0408350967–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015035824 ISBN: 978-1-138-84459-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-70493-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-73025-7 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear In memory of Dr Francis Chigunta, a true scholar and champion of young African entrepreneurs. Contents List of figures xi List of tables xiii Notes on contributors xiv Acknowledgements xviii List of abbreviations xx 1 Introduction: youth entrepreneurship in sub- Saharan Africa 1 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND THILDE LANGEVANG PART I National studies of youth entrepreneurship 13 Introduction to Part I 15 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND THILDE LANGEVANG 2 Youth entrepreneurship trends and policies in Uganda 18 REBECCA NAMATOVU, THILDE LANGEVANG, SAMUEL DAWA, AND SARAH KYEJJUSA 3 Youth entrepreneurship in Ghana: current trends and policies 32 GEORGE OWUSU, PAUL W. K. YANKSON, AND ROBERT DARKO OSEI 4 Measuring and promoting youth entrepreneurship in Zambia 48 FRANCIS CHIGUNTA AND VALENTINE MWANZA viii Contents Concluding comments to Part I 59 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND THILDE LANGEVANG PART II Youth entrepreneurship in urban settlements 63 Introduction to Part II 65 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND THILDE LANGEVANG 5 Young entrepreneurs in Lusaka: overcoming constraints through ingenuity and social entrepreneurship 67 F R A N C I S C higunta , K A T H E R I N E V. G ough , and THILDE LANGEVANG 6 Youth entrepreneurship in Kampala: managing scarce resources in a challenging environment 80 T H I L D E L angevang , K A T H E R I N E V. G ough , and REBECCA NAMATOVU 7 Prospects and challenges of youth entrepreneurship in Nima- Maamobi, a low- income neighbourhood of Accra 94 PAUL W. K. YANKSON AND GEORGE OWUSU Concluding comments to Part II 109 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND THILDE LANGEVANG PART III Youth entrepreneurship in rural areas 113 Introduction to Part III 115 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND THILDE LANGEVANG 8 Mobile rural youth in northern Ghana: combining near and distant opportunity spaces 117 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND TORBEN BIRCH- THOMSEN 9 Rural youth entrepreneurship in eastern Uganda 132 SØ R E N B E C H P I L G A A R D K ristensen , R E B E C C A N amatovu , AND SAMUEL DAWA Contents ix 10 Rural youth in northern Zambia: straddling the rural–urban divide 146 TORBEN BIRCH- THOMSEN Concluding comments to Part III 159 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND THILDE LANGEVANG PART IV Youth entrepreneurship in specific sectors 163 Introduction to Part IV 165 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND THILDE LANGEVANG 11 Young entrepreneurs in the mobile telephony sector in Ghana 167 ROBERT L. AFUTU- KOTEY 12 Youth entrepreneurship in a small- scale gold mining settlement in Ghana 181 MARSHALL KALA 13 Young female entrepreneurs in Uganda: handicraft production as a livelihood strategy 193 SARAH KYEJJUSA, KATHERINE V. GOUGH, AND SØREN BECH PILGAARD KRISTENSEN 14 Employment in the tourism industry: a pathway to entrepreneurship for Ugandan youth 206 SAMUEL DAWA AND SØREN JEPPESEN Concluding comments to Part IV 217 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND THILDE LANGEVANG PART V Stimulating youth entrepreneurship 221 Introduction to Part V 223 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND THILDE LANGEVANG 15 Social capital among young entrepreneurs in Zambia 225 MOONGA H. MUMBA x Contents 16 Innovative approaches by Ugandan microfinance institutions to reach out to young entrepreneurs 237 A G N E S N O E L I N N assuna , S Ø R E N J eppesen , and WASWA BALUNYWA 17 Entrepreneurship education in Uganda: impact on graduate intentions to set up a business 248 EDITH MWEBAZA BASALIRWA, KATHERINE V. GOUGH, AND WASWA BALUNYWA Concluding comments to Part V 263 KATHERINE V. GOUGH AND THILDE LANGEVANG Index 266 Figures 1.1 The YEMP team at the project workshop in Kampala 6 PI.1 GEM operational definitions 16 2.1 TEA in Uganda, by age and gender 21 2.2 TEA in Uganda, by age group 22 3.1 TEA in Ghana, by gender 35 3.2 TEA in Ghana,

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