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Democratic Consolidation in Ghana DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN GHANA A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In the Department of Political Studies University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Canada By Abdulai Abdul Karim © Copyright Abdulai Abdul Karim, August 2014. All rights reserved PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department of Political Studies or the Dean of the College of Graduate Studies and Research. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Political Studies University of Saskatchewan 9 Campus Drive Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5 i ABSTRACT This thesis presents an analysis of the extent of democratic consolidation in Ghana by examining the role of state institutions, the institutionalization of the political parties and the de facto two- party system, as well as civil society and interest groups. It addresses the following specific questions. What has been the role of state institutions in the democratic consolidation process? To what extent have the political parties and the de facto two-party system been institutionalized and what has been their contribution in the democratic consolidation process? How vibrant are civil society and interest groups and what has been their contribution in the democratic consolidation process? What are the challenges and constraints faced by state institutions, the institutionalized political parties and party system, as well as civil society and interest groups in contributing to the democratic consolidation process? What measures should be adopted to deal with these challenges and constraints? Focusing on the July 2012 presidential succession and the December 2012 general elections as case studies, the analysis in this thesis demonstrates that state institutions such as the Executive, Parliament, the Judiciary, the Electoral Commission and the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, as well as an institutionalized political parties and party system and civil society and interest groups have made some contribution in the democratic consolidation process. However, the analysis also demonstrates that there are a few challenges and constraints that need to be addressed before Ghana can be considered a consolidated democracy. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, and the Most Merciful. All praises and thanks be to Allah who made everything possible (from life, hope, strength, understanding, knowledge, to humility) towards the successful completion of this thesis. I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude those who helped in diverse ways and without whose contribution this thesis would not have become a reality. It is my pleasure to thank my supervisors and committee members for the enthusiasm and interest they showed from the beginning to the end of this project. I am particularly indebted to Professor Jeffrey Steeves, an excellent Africanist, whose extensive knowledge about democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa gave direction to this thesis. I owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Hans Michelmann for his continuous support and encouragement throughout the period of my studies in the department. No amount of words can convey my innermost appreciation for the quality and long hours we spent together working on this thesis. I say thank you very much for being there for me and for your encouragement when hope was lost. I am also grateful to Professor Bohdan Kordan for the confidence he reposed in me and for his kind and warm words when times were difficult. I also extend my web of thanks to Professor Kalowatie Deonandan for the instrumental role she played in getting the College of Graduate Studies and Research to award me a Graduate Teaching Fellowship when I had to extend my studies. In addition, I thank Professor Simonne Horwitz of the history department for taking time out of her busy schedule to serve as my External Examiner. It is also an honor for me to thank my family for their warmth and care throughout my life; to my father, Mr. Abdul Karim, the cornerstone of all aspects of my life, I say thank you very much. Your love for your children is beyond comprehension. To my dear wife, Jamilatu Ibrahim and beautiful daughter, Habeeba Abdulai Abdul Karim, who was born in my absence and to whom I dedicate this thesis, I say a big thank you for enduring my long absence. To my brother, Mohammed Jamil Ismail, words are not enough to convey my gratitude to you. To my family here in Saskatoon, my brother, Gazali Issah, and his wife, Samira Sumaila, may Allah reward you for the happy and difficult moments we shared together and for your help in fine-tuning the thesis. Finally, to all those who contributed in diverse ways, especially the Ghanaian and the Muslim communities in Saskatoon, to bring this thesis to fruition, I say thank you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PERMISSION TO USE ................................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 7 OVERVIEW OF GHANA’S POLITICAL HISTORY: ELECTORAL POLITICS, POLITICAL INSTABILITY AND THE RETURN TO DEMOCRATIC RULE IN 1993 ......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Ghana’s First Republic and the Convention People’s Party (CPP) ................................... 7 2.2 Ghana’s Second Republic and the Progress Party (PP) Administration ......................... 12 2.3 Ghana’s Third Republic and the People’s National Party (PNP) Administration ........... 19 2.4 The PNDC and the transition to democratic rule in 1993 ............................................... 22 2.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 28 THE CONCEPT OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION ........................................... 28 3.0 What is Democratic Consolidation? ................................................................................ 28 3.1 Analytical Framework ..................................................................................................... 29 3.1.1 State institutions ........................................................................................................... 29 3.1.2 The Institutionalization of the Political Parties and Party System ............................... 31 3.1.3 Huntington’s Model of Party Institutionalization ......................................................... 32 3.1.4 Mainwaring and Scully’s Model of Party System Institutionalization ......................... 34 iv 3.2 Civil Society .................................................................................................................... 35 3.3 Justification for the Framework ....................................................................................... 36 3.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................
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