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Ethnoveterinary Values of Nigerian Medicinal Plants: an Overview

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Ethnoveterinary Values of Nigerian Medicinal Plants: an Overview European Journal of Medicinal Plants 18(4): 1-35, 2017; Article no.EJMP.29321 ISSN: 2231-0894, NLM ID: 101583475 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Ethnoveterinary Values of Nigerian Medicinal Plants: An Overview Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan 1* 1Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Author’s contribution The sole author designed, analyzed and interpreted and prepared the manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/EJMP/2017/29321 Editor(s): (1) Ghalem Bachir Raho, Biology department, Sidi Bel Abbes University, Algeria. (2) Marcello Iriti, Professor of Plant Biology and Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Cháriston André Dal Belo, Federal University of Pampa-UNIPAMPA, Brazil. (2) Oladele Adekunle, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. (3) Zélia Velez, University of Algarve, CCMAR, Portugal. (4) Edmund J. Kayombo, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/abstract/18938 Received 3 rd September 2016 Accepted 17 th March 2017 Review Article th Published 6 May 2017 ABSTRACT Background: Poor animal health is still a major problem limiting livestock production in sub- saharan Africa. Poverty and toxic effects of veterinary drugs have compelled poor resourced farmers to search for alternative medicine in Nigeria. In view of this literature search was carried out with a view to compiling medicinal plants that are being used in the treatment of livestock diseases in Nigeria. Methods: The study was carried out in Markurdi Nigeria. Literatures from various journals that are addreesing ethnoveterinary medicine and ethnoboatany were critically reviewed in order to identify the reported traditional medicinal plants used in treating animal diseases. Results: More than 200 plants were used in the treatment of animal diseases such as foot - and - mouth disease, mange, tuberculosis, pediculosis, etc. Some of these plants were: Acacia nilotica , Gardenia erubescens , Vernonia amygdalina , Azadirachta indica among others. Some of the searched plants were given to animals either directly or ground into powder and added to animal feeds. Others were administered to animals as concoctions, infusions, or decoctions. The responsible therapeutic phytochemicals were mainly alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, minerals and vitamins. Some medicinal plants were given either in _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Saganuwan; EJMP, 18(4): 1-35, 2017; Article no.EJMP.29321 combination with sodium chloride or potash. Before use, plants that had toxic or antinutritional compounds, such as oxalates, tannins, saponins, phytates, alkaloids, nitrate/nitrite and others were subjected to soaking, boiling, toasting or fermentation to remove the toxic elements. Conclusions: The identification of these plants can complement or supplement the available modern veterinary drugs with a view to providing animal protein for 70% malnourished Nigerian populace. The identified plants may also be included in modern veterinary pharmacopoeia. More so, phytochemical principles present in the plants can be fractionated, isolated and tested for acclaimed biological activities. Keywords: Nigeria; Ethnomedicine; livestock diseases; malnutrition. 1. BACKGROUND Nigerian populations is malnourished due to inadequate intake of animal protein because of Since the domestication of animals began poverty [14]. thousands years ago, stock raisers and handlers have naturally been concerned about livestock Based on the fore mentioned information health [1]. Poor animal health is still a major literatures were searched for information on problem limiting livestock productivity in sub- plants that are used to treat animal diseases in saharan Africa including Nigeria [2]. In 1992, Nigeria with a view to boosting animal Nigeria livestock population totaled 199.55 productivity by using improved products from million with estimated cost of US $ 6,000 million identified medicinal plants that can manage [3]. Decline in funding veterinary services and various animal diseases. animal health and cost of veterinary services have pushed poor resourced farmers to search 2. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PLANTS for alternative medicine [4]. Historically, both USED FOR ANIMAL DISEASES human and animal medicine has relied heavily on plant materials [5] and most cultures of the Past and recent text books, websites, journals, world have a wealth of knowledge of herbal proceedings, other periodicals from Nigeria and medicine for animals, human being and domestic other countries were critically reviewed in order plants [4]. Trado-veterinary medical practices still to identify relevant information on the plants that play important roles in many areas of Nigeria [6] have been used to treat animal diseases by and Africa south of the Sahara [7,8]. Most major livestock farmers in Nigeria. The plants and plant pharmaceutical companies started a century ago names (scientific, English, local), plant parts, by selling plant extract e,g Brett and Zoomax [9] therapeutic regimens, phytochemical principles and approximately a quarter of all prescribed and associated diseases were recorded. Plants drugs currently sold in the western world still use used to treat poultry; large and small animal active ingredients derived from plants. Examples diseases were separated and grouped of such ingredients are artemisinin (antimalarial) accordingly [15-146]. However, much information from Artemisia annua , atropine (anticholnergic) was obtained from the libraries of Ahmadu Bello from Atropa beladona and physiostigmine Univesity, Zaria, University of Agriculture (cholinergic agent) from physiostigmum Makurdi, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, venenosum [10]. University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, University of Jos among others. Winrock International [11] indicated that over N54 billion is lost in animal productivity as a 3. ETHNOVETERINARY VALUES OF THE result of animal’s diseases. Onyeyili et al. [12] PLANTS reported an outbreak of accidental plant poisoning of sheep in an arid zone of Nigeria. In A list of more than 200 plants with 2006, livestock industry in Nigeria experienced a various medicinal values used in the treatment of serious setback caused by outbreak of avian animal diseases in Nigeria were identified influenza, which wiped out many birds from from various sources including literatures extreme far north passing through middle belt to and personal contact with users of these southern part of the country. Up to 8 species of medicinal plants. All the plants were obtainable in tick borne pathogens have been reported in dogs Nigeria with more diverse application to their from Jos, Nigeria, with Babesia species being the medicinal uses amongst Hausa and Fulani cattle most prevalent [13]. About 70% of 170 million rearers of Northern part of Nigeria. 2 Saganuwan; EJMP, 18(4): 1-35, 2017; Article no.EJMP.29321 Table 1. Tropical plants that are used to treat large animal diseases in Nigeria S/No. Family, scientific and english Vernacular names Part(s) used Therapeutic Phytochemical principles Animal disease(s) References name(s) regimen(s) 1. Mimosasae Bagaruwa (H) Dried bark, fruits, Infusion of pounded Gallotannins, catechins Foot and mouth disease [103] Acacia nilotica (locust bean) Gabaruwa (N) and seeds plant parts used to wash affected parts 2. Rubiaceae Gaude (H) Seeds, root Seed powder with Crocin, tannin Foot-and-mouth disease [103] Gardenia erubescens Dingali (F) egret and chicken Syn: Gardenia aquella faeces (Gardenia) 3. Papilionaceae Wanke (H) Seeds, flower The powder with egret Proteins Foot-and-mouth disease, [11] Vigna unguiculata (common Agwa (I) and chicken faeces oedema, inflammation bean) Ezo (N) Ewa (Y) 4. Compositae/Asteraceae Shiwaka (H) Leaves The powder mix with Vernodalin, vernolepin, Helminthosis, bacteria [83,103] Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter Ewuro (Y) salt and infusion is vernomygdin, tannins, infection leaf) Tsula (N) given oftenly saponin, vitamin C, Root is Olubo (I) toxic 5. Melastomataceae Madaci (H), Barks, seed oil The powder with Limonoid, sapoletin, Helminthosis, bacterial [103,139] Khaya senegalensis (Mahogany Ono (I) potash or bran give: tannins, saponins, sterol, infection, ectoparasites tree) Dalchi (F) root powder is applied manganese infestation, Wuchi (N) topically trypanosomosis, Oganwo (Y) dysentery 6. Meliaceae Nimu (N) Barks, oil Infusion of the powder Nimbin, azadiractin, Helminthosis, [79,103,139] Azadirachta indica (Neem tree) Dogonyaro (I) with potash or salt salanin, meliacin, limbolide sarpcoroptic, psoroptic Dogonyaro (H) given; oil is rubbed mange, inflammation 7. Sapotaceae Vitallaria paradoxa, Kadanya (H) Barks Bark infusion or Fixed oils, alkaloids Helminthosis, [88,103,139] Butyrospermum parkii; Karereyi (F) decoction is given dermatomycosis, Butyrospermum paradoxum Ori (Y), poisoning, dysentery, (Shea butter tree) Kochi (N) diarrhoea 8. Verbenaceae Dinya (H) Barks, leaves, Decoction is given to Arylglycoside Helminthosis, skin [103] Vitex cienkowskii , Syn; Vitex Dinchi (N) fruits calves. infection, colic, doniana (Black plum) Oriri (Y) dysentery, diarrhea 9. Cucurbitaceae Garahuni (H) Leaves Powder mix with
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