International Journal of Phytomedicine 6 (2014) 144-156 http://www.arjournals.org/index.php/ijpm/index

Review Article ISSN: 0975-0185

Ethanomedicinal properties of family- A comprehensive review Sangha Bijekar1*, MC. Gayatri1

*Corresponding author: Abs tract Sangha Bijekar Family Euphorbiaceae is one the largest families of angiosperms, composed of over 300 genera and 8,000 , with all types of ranging from large woody through climbing lianas to simple weeds that grow prostrate to the ground. The members of the family are cosmopolitan in 1Department of Molecular Biology, distribution constituting both old and new world plants. Euphorbiaceae family consisting of large Bangalore University, varieties of vegetative forms some of which are of great ethanomedicinal importance. In this Bangalore-56. review, an attempt has been made to provide data base on ethanomedicinal properties of 90 members of Euphorbiaceae family, it includes , local name, parts used for treatment and their reported activity. This study has revealed that Euphorbiaceae members act as an effective remedy for many diseases like antidiaheria, antioxidants, antibacterial, antiameobic, anticancer, antiplasmodial, HIV/AIDS, jaundice, infertility, neurosis, syphilis, small pox, asthama, hypoglycemic, diabetes and inflammation etc., Keywords: Euphorbiaceae, Ethanomedicine, diseases

Introduction Historically, medicinal plants have provided a source for novel drug The plants that possess therapeutic properties or exert beneficial compounds and medicines derived from plants has made large pharmacological effects on the animal body are generally contributions to health needs of many societies. designated as „Medicinal plants‰. Ethanomedicine is the study of Drugs of herbal origin have been used in traditional systems of belief and practices concerning illness in different human medicine such as Unani and Ayurveda since ancient times [5]. The population. It is a system of medicine practiced by people without use of the medicinal herbs for curing disease has been the knowledge of literature but is effective in the health problem of documented in history of all civilizations. Medicinal plants are of respective communities. Ethanomedicine, a part of ethanobotany great importance to the health of individuals and communities. deals with the study of ethnic beliefs, concepts, knowledge and Herbal medicines are also cheap, easily available and affordable. practices in the midst of the tribal for controlling or curing diseases Medicinal plants are the local heritage with global importance. The [1]. The tribalÊs are familiar about the medicinal uses of plants chemical compounds present in herbal products are a part of the found in their villageÊs surroundings and forests areas. However, physiological functions of living organisms, and hence they are their young generation is not interested to hold this valuable believed to have better compatibility with the human body. traditional knowledge transmitted orally from generation to Medicinal plants are resources of new drugs. Cultivation and generation. Therefore before this traditional knowledge is lost it preservation of medicinal plants protect biological diversity. The must be documented properly [2]. Pioneering research on therapeutic properties of medicinal plant are because of secondary indigenous medicinal plants was initiated by Sir Ram Nath Chopra, metabolites i.e. phytochemicals such as tannins, alkaloids, which is well documented in his comprehensive treatise [3]. steroids, glycosides, flavanoid, anthrocyanin etc. Herbal medicine The Euphorbiaceae is the one of the largest families of is the most ancient form of health care known to humankind. The dicotyledons, and also has significant economic importance. The treatment and control of diseases by the use of available medicinal family has a cosmopolitan distribution with five subfamilies, 49 plants in a locality will continue to play significant roles in medical tribes, 317 genera and about 8,000 species. The family health care implementation in the developing countries [WHO, Euphorbiaceae is generally distinguished by the milky sap (when 2002]. There is therefore the need to look inwards to search for present), the unisexual flower, ovary superior and generally herbal medicinal plants with the aim of validating the trilocular, placentation axile, ovules collateral, pendulous with ethanomedicinal use and subsequently the isolation and ventral raphe and usually carunculate. Euphorbiaceae is characterization of compounds which will be added to the potential considered as one of the top 25 economically important plant lists of drugs. family (B.C Beneth) [4].

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Bijekar et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 6 (2) 144-156 [2014]

Ethanomedicine of Euphorbieaceae is very diverse. According to Chinese medicine, Lai et al. (2004) [180] reports 33 species Seigler 1994 [171] this diversity is due to the presence of a wide belonging to 17 genera of Euphorbiaceae used in herbal medicine. variety of unusual secondary metabolites. Further, the family The www.botanical.com. website lists a number of Euphorbiaceae comprises many plants possess poisonous substance that is Ricin with varying curative features including: . peplus L., which is protein found in Ricinus communis (Palatnick and Euphorbia. peploides, Euphorbia pilosa, Euphorbia palustris being Tenenbein, 2000) [172]. Other species such as Jatropha Curcas L. remedies for hydrophobia; Euphorbia peplus, Euphorbia (Mampane et.al. 1987) [173], Euphorbia scheffleri Pax, Euphorbia helioscopia, Euphorbia humistrata, Euphorbia hypericifolia, tirucalli L., Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond, Euphorbia ledienii A Euphorbia portulacoides L., Euphorbia iata Engelm, Euphorbia Berger, Euhorbia heterophylla L., Euphorbia cooperi N.E.Br. ex A. marginata Pursh, Euphorbia drummondii and Euphorbia Berger, Kotschy, Euphorbia venenifica heterodoxa for general home ailments. Tremaux ex Kotschy Euphorbia caput-medusae L., Euphorbia Some of the Euphorbiaceae plant extracts are registered drugs and silenifolia (Haworth) Sweet, Euphorbia ingens E. Mey. Ex Boiss; E. as such available on the market. Examples include Euphorbium tirucalli, Euphorbia poissonii, Euphorbia unispina and E. venenifica (), from latex of (Appendino and (Abdel-Fattah 1987) [174] also posses poisonous compounds. Szallasi, 1997)181 marketed as ÂComplexe Lehning Euphorbium N In addition, some members are said to cause or influence 88Ê and used as a nasal spray or compositum against viral susceptibility to certain body ailments. For example E. tirucalli, infections, rhinitis of various origins, sinusitis, chronic nasal Euphorbia leuconeura, J. curcas and others are known to be discharge, dry and inflamed nasal membranes as well as flu cocarcinogenic and can influence/promote excessive cell division symptoms. Euphorbia pilulifera (the asthma weed) extract has resulting in tumour growth (Hirota and Suttajit, 1988 [175]; Van been cited in SteadmanÊs drugs list and can be applied against Damme, 2001 [176]; Vogg et al., 1999) [177]. Also latex of E. asthma, coryza and other respiratory infections and as an anti- tirucalli and Euphorbia royleana is known to cause conjunctivitis on spasmodic (www.drugs.com)182. contact with eyes (Shlamovitz et al.,2009 [179]; Van Damme, 1989 The present paper highlights the ethanomedicinal properties of [176] total 90 herbal medicinal plants belonging to Euphorbiaceae family. On other side, Hooper (2002) [179] reports the use of Euphorbia Table 1 gives a comprehensive overview of the reported medicinal polycarpa, Euphorbia hirta, and Acalypha indica L. for treatment of activity of important medicinal plants different ailments in the ancient Ayurveda system. In ancient

Table 1- Medicinal Properties of total 90 Euphorbiaceae plants. Sr. Botanical name Plant part Vernacular name Reported activity Reference No. used 1. abyssinica Jaub. & Roots, Large or Smooth-fruited Venereal and skin diseases, chest problems, [5-6] Spach lightning-bush cancer, fertility in both humans Decoction 2. Phyllanthus reticulates fruit Leafflower(English) Used as astringent to the bowels and is used in [7] (Kirganelia reticulate) Panjulids(Hindi) inflammation

3. Phyllanthus reticulates leaves Leafflower(English) Diuretic and cooling medicine, diarrhea in infants, [7] (Kirganelia reticulate) Panjuli(Hindi) sores, burns, suppurations and chafing of the skin.

4. Phyllanthus reticulates stems Leafflower(English)Panjuli Used to treat sore in eyes [7] (Kirganelia reticulate) (Hindi)

5. Phyllanthus reticulates bark Leafflower(English) Rheumatism, dysentery and veneral diseases, also [8-9] (Kirganelia reticulate) Panjuli(Hindi) used as ailments including small pox, syphilis, asthma, diarrhea, bleeding from gums 6. Tragia cannabina whole plant Kaanchori(Tamil) Anti-inflammatory [10]

7. Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Root garden (English) Decoction is taken to treat gastric ulcers [11] Blume 8. Codiaeum variegatum (L.) leaves garden croton(English) Antibacterial and antiamoebic properties [11] Blume 9. Euphorbia heterophylla Vegetable Milkweed(English) Insect bites [12] and latex 10. Euphorbia heterophylla Milkweed Treatment for erysipelas, Treatment for cough, [13-14] PAGE | 145 |

Bijekar et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 6 (2) 144-156 [2014]

(English) bronchial paroxymal asthma, hay fever, catarrh. 11. Euphorbia hirta Different hairy spurge (English) Gonorrhea, tuberculosis, cough, rheumatic pains, [15-17] parts stomach trouble, corneal opacity, wounds and insect bites, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities 12. Croton argyratus Whole Garden croton Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cytotoxicity [18-20] plant (English) 13. Physalis minima Whole Rasbhari To cure Jaundice [21] plant (Hindi) 14. Croton tiglium Whole Garden croton Pain reliever and Dry cough [21 &169] plant (English) cure liver diseases, sprains, snake bites, and as a purgative for the first as well as insanity, convulsions, asthma, tumors, rheumatism 15. Hymenocardia ulmoides small red-heart Diabetes, hypertension and is used as per to treat [22-23] oliv. neuralgia, dysuria and asthma. It is also taken orally as a mixture with Nauclea latifolia to treat angina 16. Euphorbia wallichii root Wallich Spurge In vitro phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and antibacterial [24] (English) activity 17. Jatropha multifida Whole Coral Bush Herbal tea to treat microbial infections [25] plant (English) 18. Acalypha fruticosa forssk Whole Copper leaf Dyspepsia, stomachache, skin diseases, wounds [26-32] plant (English) and poisonous bites. 19. Acalypha fruticosa forssk leaf and Copper leaf Skin diseases, malaria and wound [33] stem (English) 20. Acalypha fruticosa forssk Whole Copper leaf Antidiarrhoeal , antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, [34-39] plant (English) anticancer, antiplasmodial, wound healing and cytotoxic properties. 21. Phyllanthus debilis Whole Niruri Hepatoprotective [40] Klein.ex.willd plant (Hindi) 22. micrantha stem bark Coast gold Intestinal parasites, gastritis, salmonellosis and [41-42] Hochst., Baill. (English) gastro-enteritis, stomach problems, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), infertility, neurosis and psychosis 23. Hymenocardia acida, Tul leaf Hymenocard-ia Decoction used as an eye wash [43] (English) 24. Hymenocardia acida, Tul Leaf, stem Hymenocard-ia Headache, chest pain, rheumatic pain, toothache, [44] bark. Root (English) ear pain, migraine and sickle cell bark 25. Acalypha hispida Whole Cat's Tail Laxative, diuretic, expectorant in asthma, in the [45] plant (English) treatment of leprosy and kidney ailments. 26. Phyllanthus amarus Whole Jar-Amla Hepatoprotective , anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, [46-52] Schum plant (Hindi) analgesic, anti inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. stomach disorders, skin diseases and cold, anti-diarrhea effect, anti- viral activity against hepatitis B, anti-carcinogenic, anti- nociceptive and anti- inflammatory activities, antidiabetic and antilipidemicpotentials 27. Euphorbia scarlatica Stem Spurge Stomach ache, common cold, TB [53] (L) O. Ktze (English) 28. Securinega virosa Whole Dhani (Hindi) Mental illness, epilepsy [54] plant 29. Ricinus Whole Castor oil plant Inflammation and liver disorders, Hypoglycemic, [55-57]

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Bijekar et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 6 (2) 144-156 [2014]

communis L. plant (English) Laxative . 30. Bridelia ferruginea Benth. Stem bark Kirni Antibiotic, skin infection, diuretic, febrifuge and [58] urethral discharge. 31. Bidens pilosa Whole Spanish Needle Poultice topically applied to sores, for ear aches and [59] plant (English) intestinal infections. Infusion taken for coughs and colics. Healing of peptic ulcers. Hot infusion of leaves for conjunctivitis. 32. Euphorbia thymifolia linn Whole Chicken weed Laxative, diuretic, antihelmintics, constipation, skin [60&168] plant (English) diseases, bitter and antiviral anti-viral against simplex virus-2 33. Euphorbia Whole pencil plant Molluscicidal activity, antibacterial [61-65 & tirucalli plant activity, antiherpetic activity, anti-mutagenic 164-166] warts, cancer, gonorrhea, arthritis, asthma, cough, earache, neuralgia, rheumatism, toothache, excrescences, tumours 34. Phyllanthus hookeri Whole Leafflower Antidiabetic, spasmatic, wound, fever, inflammation, [66] plant (English) antibacterial and snake bite 35. Phyllanthus kozhikodianus Whole Leafflower Anticonvulascent, Antidysentry, jaundice, ulcer, [66] plant (English) itching, anti microbial 36. Phyllanthus Whole Hajarmani (Hindi) Anti ă edematic, anti dysentery, Immunomodulatory, [66] maderaspatensis plant fever, ulcer, burn, jaundice, cold, anti microbial. 37. Phyllanthus nozeranii Whole Leafflower Anti viral, spasmatic, piles, anti bacterial, headache, [66] plant (English) boils, indigestion 38. Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. leaf Lapalapa Bathing wounds, sores, sprains, rash [67-69] 39. Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. stem sap Lapalapa Stops bleeding and itching of cuts and scratches [68 & 70] 40. Alchornea laxiflora Whole Lowveld bead-string Inflammatory and infectious diseases [71] plant (English) 41. Emblica officinalis Gaerth Fruits Amla Acrid, cooling, refrigerant diuretic, used in diarrhoea, [72] (Hindi) dysentery, anaemia, jaundice and cough 42. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Whole Spinach Strengthen fingernails and darken gray hair, to cure plant (Hindi) for alcoholism, insomnia, gout, scorpion stings, brain [73-74] and vision improvement 43. Phyllanthus fraternus Whole gulf leaf- flower Blennorrhagia, colic, diabetes, dysentery, fever, flu, [75] Webster plant (Hindi) tumors, jaundice, vaginitis, and dyspepsia, aperitif, carminative, digestive, laxative, stomachic, tonic, and vermifuge 44. Croton zambesicus Muell leaf Garden croton Antihypertensive [76] Arg. (Hindi) 45. Euphorbia Whole Spurge Antimicrobial [77] Ligularia. Roxb. plant (Hindi) 46. Alchornea cordifolia Whole Christmas bush Venereal diseases, conjunctivitis, dermatoses, [78-85] (Schum. & Thonn.) Muel. plant (English) stomach ulcers, bronchitis, cough, toothache, Arg. treatment of urinary tract infections, infected wounds, diarrhoea, cough, dental caries, chest pain and anaemia, diarrhoea and piles, gonorrhoea, yaws, rheumatic pain and cough 47. Croton bonplandianum Leaves Croton High blood pressure, for the treatment of skin [86-88] (English) diseases and cut, wounds, antiseptic and antidote 48. Antidesma venosum tul. Whole Tassel berry (English) Wound dressing and macerate of root and bark used [89] plant to wash syphilitic and gonorrheal eruptions, leafy sap is taken with other medicinal plant for diarrhea and amoebic dysentery 49. Euphorbia balsamifera leaves Spurge Antimicrobial [90]

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parts stem (English) and roots 50. Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. leaves Spurge Aphrodisiac, diuretic and also used in the treatment [91] (English) of bronchitis, bleeding piles and in ano-rectal fistula 51. Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Whole Spurge Abdominal troubles, bronchitis, tumors, leucoderma, [92] plant (English) piles, inflammation, enlargement of spleen, anemia, ulcers, fever and in chronic respiratory troubles 52. Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. latex Spurge Wound healing [93] (English) 53. Acalypha indica Linn kucing Khokali Diuretic, antihelmintic and for respiratory problems [94] galak (Hindi) such as bronchitis, asthma and pneumonia 54. Bridelia retusa Spreng. Whole Kaji Rheumatism, urinary infection, promote antifertility [95-100] plant (Hindi) and wound healing, leaves and fruits are used as stomachic, anti inflammatory and antifungal 55. Baliospermum montanum Whole Danti Headace and respiratory tract, cure wounds and [101, 102] (Willd.) plant (Hindi) ulcer 56. Baliospermum montanum root Danti Heapatoprotective and analgesic activity [103] (Willd.) (Hindi) 57. Euphorbia Whole Spurge Anti-inflammatory [104] royleana plant (English) 58. Cnidosculus chayamansa Leaves Chayamansa (Hindi) Hypoglycemic activity [105-109] Mc Vaugh infusion 59. Croton draco Schltdl. Cortex Croton Hypoglycemic activity [105-109] infusion, (English) latex 60. Croton torreyanus M¨ull Whole Croton Hypoglycemic activity [105-109] Arg. plant (English)

61. Euphorbia maculata L. Cortex Spurge Hypoglycemic activity [105-109 infusion, (English) cholera, diarrhea and dysentery & 167 ] latex 62. Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Leaves Spurge Hypoglycemic activity [105-109] infusion (English) 63. Jatropha dioica Cerv. Root Sangre de grado Hypoglycemic activity [105-109] infusion (English) 64. Jatropha elbae J. Bark Sangre de grado Hypoglycemic activity [105-109] Jim´enez infusion (English) Ram. 65. Croton cajucara Benth. Whole Croton Hypoglycemic activity [110] plant (English)

66. Maprounea Whole Magic nut (English) Hypoglycemic activity [111] africana Muel plant 67. Phyllanthus sellowianus Whole Hypoglycemic activity [112] Mull.Arg. plant 68. Jatropha curcas (Linn) Whole Physic nut Skin infections, gonorrhoea, and jaundice and fever , [7 & 113- plant (English) mouth infections, worm sores and joint 115] rheumatism 69. Acalypha wilkesiana (Mull. leaf Copper leaf Antimycotic and antibacterial [116] Arg.) (English) 70. Acalypha monostachya Whole Round copper leaf Illnesses like skin eruptions, wound healing and [117] Cav. plant (English) diarrhea 71. Aporosa lindleyana Whole LindleyÊs Aporosa Antioxidant activity, antihyperglycemic effect [118,119] PAGE | 148 |

Bijekar et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 6 (2) 144-156 [2014]

plant (English) 72. Putranjiva roxburghii Whole Putranjiva Azoospermia, diuretic, catrrah, opthalmopathy and [120-121] plant (Hindi) constipation, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic 73. agallocha L. Whole Blinding tree Treat sores and stings from marine creatures, and [122] plant (English) ulcers, as a purgative and an emetic, and the smoke of its bark has been used to treat leprosy 74. Excoecaria agallocha L. bark Blinding tree Oil has also been found effective against [122] (English) rheumatism, leprosy and paralysis

75. Excoecaria agallocha L. Whole Blinding tree Potential anti-HIV, anticancer, [123] plant (English) antibacterial and antiviral properties

76. Acalypha torta Whole Three seeded mercury Neonatal jaundice [124-127] plant (English) 77. Tragia involucrate Linn. Whole Indian Stinging-nettle Pruritic skin eruptions, venereal diseases, [128] plant (English) haeorrhoids, gastropathy, guinea worms, blood impurities, dipsia, vomiting giddiness,vitiated conditions of pitta, melalgia and brachialgia 78. Tragia involucrate Linn. root Indian Stinging-nettle Diaphoretic, fever and infection of skin, cold during [7,129, (English) fever, also for pains in the legs and arms, external 130] application in leprosy 79. Croton celtidifolius Baill. bark and Croton (English) Inflammatory diseases, leukemia, ulcer and [131] leaf rheumatism 80. Croton eluteria Bennett. Whole Croton (English) Balsamic, digestive, hypotensive, narcotic, [132] plant stomachic and tonic, and used to treat bronchitis, diarrhea and dysentery 81. Croton malambo Karst bark Croton (English) Diabetes, diarrhea, rheumatism, gastric ulcer and as [133] anti-inflammatory and analgesic 82. Croton nepetaefolius Baill. Whole Croton (English) Stomachic, carminative and for the treatment of [134] plant intestinal colic 83. Croton nepetaefolius Baill. bark and Croton (English) Antispasmodic properties and to relieve flatulence [135] leaves and to increase appetite 84. Croton palanostigma latex Croton (English)Wound-healer [136] Klotzsch 85. Croton palanostigma Whole Croton (English) Treating gastric ulcer and intestinal inflammation [137] Klotzsch plant 86. Croton schiedeanus Whole Croton (English) Hypertension [138-139] Schlecht. plant 87. Croton urucurana Baill. Whole Croton (English) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, treat wound [140-142] plant infection, to accelerate wound-healing, to treat rheumatism, cancer and other illnesses. 88. Croton zehntneri Pax. et Whole Croton (English) Sedative, appetite stimulating, antianorexigen and [143-144] Hoffm. plant for the relief of gastrointestinal disturbances 89. Croton arboreous Millsp. Whole Croton (English) Auxiliary anti-inflammatory in respiratory ailments [145] plant 90. Croton californicus Müll. Whole Croton (English) Pain reliever for rheumatism [146] Arg. plant 91. Croton draco Cham. & Whole Croton (English) Wound healing for cuts, open sores, herpes, anti- [147] Schltdl. plant septic after tooth extraction and for oral sores 92. Croton macrostachys Whole Croton (English) Antidiabetic [148] Hochst. ex Rich. plant 93. Croton zambesicus Müll. Whole Croton (English) Anti-hypertensive, Anti-microbial (urinary infections) [149-150] PAGE | 149 |

Bijekar et al. International Journal of Phytomedicine 6 (2) 144-156 [2014]

Arg. plant and to treat malarialinked Fever 94. Croton sublyratus Kurz Whole Croton (English) Anti-helminthic, treat dermatological problems [151-152] plant 95. Croton tonkinensis leaves Croton (English) stomach-ache, burns, abscesses, impetigo, [153] Gagnep., dyspepsia and gastric/duodenal ulcers, urticaria, leprosy and psoriasis 96. Euphorbia guyoniana Whole Spurge (English) Anti- bacterial [154] Boiss. and Reut. plant 97. Euphorbia ebracteolata Whole Spurge (English) Anti- bacterial [155] Hayata plant 98. Euphorbia segetalis L. Whole Spurge (English) Anti- bacterial [156] plant 99. Euphorbia hyberna L. Whole Spurge (English) Anti-viral [157] plant 100 Euphorbia kansui Whole Spurge (English) Anti-viral [158] plant 101 Macaranga monandra Whole - Anti-fungal [159] Müll.Arg. plant 102 Euphorbia helioscopia Whole Spurge (English) Nematicidal [160] plant 103 Jatropha elliptica Müll. Whole Parasol Leaf Tree Moluscicidal [161] Arg. plant (English) 104 Jatropha isabellii Whole - Antileishmanial [162] plant 105 Jatropha grossidentata Whole - Antileishmanial [162-163] plant 106 Euphorbia ptercineura Whole - Asthma and cough; [170] plant 107 Croton peraeruginosus Whole - Pimples [170] plant 108 Phyllanthus micrandrus Whole - Wounds, inflammations and infections [170] Müll. Arg. plant

Conclusion Acknowledgement This review has revealed a rich variety of potentially medicinal UGC BSR Faculty fellow grant by UGC, New Delhi sanctioned to properties of Euphorbiaceae. The diverse medicinal properties are Dr. M.C. Gayatri is gratefully acknowledged. associated with the adaptation to different geographical location and condition. A detailed investigation of the mechanism will further authenticate the use of these plants as medicines.

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