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Las Euforbias Suculentas

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Las Euforbias Suculentas II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS LAS EUFORBIAS SUCULENTAS José Manuel Sánchez de Lorenzo-Cáceres Ingeniero Técnico Agrícola II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS La familia Euphorbiaceae es la sexta en importancia, pues incluye alrededor de 8.000 especies pertenecientes a 334 géneros, distribuidos en 5 subfamilias y 52 tribus. Aunque existen representantes suculentos en tres de las cinco subfamilias, en esta conferencia sólo nos centraremos en la subfamilia Euphorbioideae, tribu Euphorbieae, subtribu Euphorbiinae, que comprende, además del género Euphorbia, los géneros Pedilanthus, Chamaesyce, Elaeophorbia, Cubanthus, Monadenium, Synadenium y Endadenium. Euphorbia es un género amplio y cosmopolita, con alrededor de 2.000 especies distribuidas por todo el mundo, ausente solamente en las floras del Ártico y del Antártico. Al ser un género tan variopinto y al que pertenecen tantas especies, ha sido subdividido en numerosos subgéneros y en 25 secciones, aunque se está estudiando su simplificación, siendo el subgénero Euphorbia el más numeroso en especies y el que comprende la mayor parte de las euforbias suculentas, muchas de ellas con aspecto cactiforme. II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Además de su típica inflorescencia, de la que se hablará más adelante, otra característica a resaltar en el caso de muchas de las euforbias suculentas es la ausencia de hojas y la transformación de las estípulas en espinas. En otras ocasiones las espinas tienen su origen en el pedúnculo de la inflorescencia, que es persistente y se endurece. Las euforbias suculentas africanas y muchos de los cactus americanos son un claro ejemplo de lo que se denomina evolución convergente, en la que organismos no emparentados, o de parentesco muy distante, evolucionan de una forma similar como respuesta a condiciones del medio parecidas, como es la aridez, llegando en ocasiones a parecerse de una forma asombrosa. Es por ello que muchas personas ajenas a la botánica confunden unas y otras, englobándolas bajo la denominación genérica de cactus. Un ejemplo de evolución convergente en el mundo animal lo constituyen las alas en insectos, aves o murciélagos. II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS EVOLUCIÓN CONVERGENTE CEREUS HILDMANNIANUS EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS EVOLUCIÓN CONVERGENTE POLASKIA CHICHIPE EUPHORBIA PULVINATA II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS EVOLUCIÓN CONVERGENTE EUPHORBIA OBESA ASTROPHYTUM ASTERIAS X MYRIOSTIGMA II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Aunque el género Euphorbia fue descrito por Linneo en 1753 (Sp. Pl. 1: 450) basándose en Euphorbia antiquorum, se conocían euforbias suculentas desde muchísimos años antes, principalmente por ser plantas con ciertas aplicaciones medicinales. Prueba de ello es la ilustración de lo que con toda seguridad se trata de una Euphorbia resinifera, del noroeste de Marruecos, presente en un manuscrito sobre plantas medicinales que data del año 600 d.C. Este manuscrito, conocido por el nombre Codex Neapolitanus, se conserva actualmente en la Biblioteca Nacional de Nápoles. (Lawant, P. & Winthagen, D. 2001). Codex Neapolitanus II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Se le atribuye al rey Juba de Mauritania, persona erudita e ilustrada, el descubrimiento de esta planta con propiedades medicinales a la que denominó Euphorbia, en honor a su médico llamado Euphorbus. El látex seco (Euphorbium) se utilizaba en enfermedades agudas y crónicas, tanto de animales como de personas, siendo utilizado aún en la actualidad por algunas tribus. II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Con el avance de la medicina y debido a la toxicidad de su látex, el empleo de Euphorbia como planta medicinal es cada día menor, relegándose a usos externos. Se dice que la savia de algunas plantas, las cuales crecen curiosamente junto a euforbias, constituye un antídoto de la irritación de su látex. Son ejemplo de ello Kleinia anteuphorbium y Aeonium lindleyi, aunque no sé de nadie que lo haya experimentado. II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS AEONIUM LINDLEYI KLEINIA ANTEUPHORBIUM MORFOLOGÍA DE LAS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS EUFORBIAS SUCULENTAS En el estudio morfológico de las euforbias suculentas nos encontraremos con una serie de características que son los que nos servirán para la correcta identificación de las especies. La terminología que tendremos que manejar es la siguiente: - Costilla o ángulo - Pedúnculo - Tubérculo - Bráctea - Medusoides, Geófilas - Involucro - Coraliformes - Glándula - Segmento - Bractéola - Zona espinífera - Estambre - Estípula - Estilo - Espina y aguijón - Pedicelo - Hoja - Cápsula - Ciatio - Carúncula MORFOLOGÍA DE LOS TALLOS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Tallos cilíndricos, angulosos y acostillados Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbia debilispina Euphorbia nesemannii MORFOLOGÍA DE LOS TALLOS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Tallos tuberculados de diversa forma Euphorbia monacantha Euphorbia clandestina Euphorbia esculenta MORFOLOGÍA DE LOS TALLOS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Tallos con costillas aladas Euphorbia candelabrum Euphorbia grandialata MORFOLOGÍA DE LOS TALLOS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Plantas medusoides Euphorbia caput-medusae Euphorbia woodii Euphorbia gorgonis II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Euphorbia arida Euphorbia inermis Euphorbia gorgonis Euphorbia muirii Euphorbia flanaganii Euphorbia esculenta Euphorbia squarrosa Euphorbia albipollinifera EUFORBIAS MEDUSOIDES MORFOLOGÍA DE LOS TALLOS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Plantas formando colonias (pulviniformes) Euphorbia echinus Euphorbia resinifera Euphorbia mammillaris MORFOLOGÍA DE LOS TALLOS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Tallos segmentados Euphorbia ingens Euphorbia cooperi Euphorbia grandicornis MORFOLOGÍA DE LOS TALLOS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Tallos globosos Euphorbia turbiniformis Euphorbia piscidermis Euphorbia obesa MORFOLOGÍA DE LOS TALLOS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Tallos candelabriformes Euphorbia griseola Euphorbia candelabrum Euphorbia abyssinica MORFOLOGÍA DE LOS TALLOS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Plantas coraliformes E. enterophora E. stenoclada E. tirucalli MORFOLOGÍA DE LOS TALLOS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Plantas geófilas E. cylindrifolia E. primulifolia E. trichadenia LAS ESPINAS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Zonas espiníferas Las estípulas están reducidas la mayor parte de las veces a espinas y aguijones LAS ESPINAS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Zonas espiníferas E. aeruginosa E. canariensis E. unispina Pares de espinas bajo las hojas, a veces unidas en una sola espina. E. grandicornis E. parciramulosa E. meridionalis Estípulas modificadas en aguijones LAS ESPINAS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Comparación con las espinas de los cactus Las espinas en los cactus pueden considerarse hojas modificadas. Siempre se localizan en las aréolas, y normalmente las hay de dos clases: espinas centrales, situadas Pares de espinas bajo las hojas, a cerca del ápice de la aréola, y espinas radiales, que crecen veces unidas en una sola espina. alrededor de la aréola Estípulas modificadas en aguijones LAS ESPINAS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Comparación con las espinas de los cactus Ferocactus stainesii Echinopsis atacamensis E. polyacantha E. virosa LAS ESPINAS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS En muchas especies de Euphorbia los pedúnculos de las inflorescencias persisten incluso después de que los ciatios y las cápsulas hayan marchitado. En algunos casos estos pedúnculos se tornan duros y agudos, transformándose en verdaderas espinas. Euphorbia enopla Euphorbia submammillaris Euphorbia aggregata LAS ESPINAS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Hay que aclarar los conceptos de espina y aguijón, pues aunque a primera vista podrían parecer lo mismo y coloquialmente se utilizan casi con un mismo significado, botánicamente existen diferencias. Se denomina espina al órgano o parte de un órgano, ya sea axial o apendicular, endurecido y puntiagudo. La espina está lignificada y posee tejido vascular, y está intimamente unida al órgano que la trae. El aguijón (o emergencia), en cambio, tiene un origen superficial, epidérmico y a veces también subepidérmico, y por ello no está unido intimamente al órgano que lo trae. A veces a los aguijones de origen meramente epidérmico y poco rígidos se les llama tricomas Ferocactus latispinus Ceiba speciosa Gastrococos crispa LAS HOJAS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS En líneas generales, las euforbias suculentas poseen hojas muy reducidas, son sésiles y suelen caer pronto; en ocasiones son grandes, pecioladas y persisten bastante tiempo. Euphorbia ambroseae Euphorbia beharensis Euphorbia fimbriata LAS HOJAS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS En líneas generales, las euforbias suculentas poseen hojas muy reducidas, son sésiles y suelen caer pronto; en ocasiones son grandes, pecioladas y persisten bastante tiempo. Euphorbia balsamifera Euphorbia milii Euphorbia pachypodioides LAS HOJAS II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS Euphorbia pachypodioides Euphorbia poissonii Euphorbia venenifica Euphorbia perrieri var. elongata Una de las características II CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CACTUS Y SUCULENTAS principales de las euforbias es su peculiar inflorescencia, denominada ciatio, que en esencia consiste en un pequeño receptáculo que contiene por lo general
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