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Constellation Architecture for Monitoring Carbon Dioxide and Methane from Space

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Constellation Architecture for Monitoring Carbon Dioxide and Methane from Space A CONSTELLATION ARCHITECTURE FOR MONITORING CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE FROM SPACE Prepared by the CEOS Atmospheric Composition Virtual Constellation Greenhouse Gas Team Draft Version September 9, 2018 The JPL author’s copyright for this publication is held by the California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged. Contributors: David Crisp1, Yasjka Meijer2, Rosemary Munro3, Kevin Bowman1, Abhishek Chatterjee4,5, David Baker6, Frederic Chevallier7, Ray Nassar8, Paul I. Palmer9, Anna Agusti-Panareda10, Jay Al-Saadi11, Yotam Ariel12. Sourish Basu13,14, Peter Bergamaschi15, Hartmut Boesch16, Philippe Bousquet7, Heinrich Bovensmann17, François-Marie Bréon7, Dominik Brunner18, Michael Buchwitz17, Francois Buisson19, John P. Burrows17, Andre Butz20, Philippe Ciais7, Cathy Clerbaux21, Paul Counet3, Cyril Crevoisier22, Sean Crowell23, Carol Deniel24, Mark Dowell25, Richard Eckman11, David Edwards13, Gerhard Ehret26, Annmarie Eldering1, Richard Engelen10, Brendan Fisher1, Stephane Germain27, Janne Hakkarainen28, Ernest Hilsenrath29, Kenneth Holmlund3, Sander Houweling30,31, Haili Hu30, Daniel Jacob32, Greet Janssens-Maenhout15, Dylan Jones33, Denis Jouglet19, Fumie Kataoka34, Matthäus Kiel35, Susan S. Kulawik36, Akihiko Kuze37, Richard L. Lachance12, Ruediger Lang3, Junjie Liu1, Yi Liu38,39, Shamil Maksyutov40, Jason McKeever27, Berrien Moore23, Masakatsu Nakajima37, Vijay Natraj1, Robert R. Nelson41, Yosuke Niwa40, Tomohiro Oda4,5, Christopher W. O’Dell6, Leslie Ott5, Prabir Patra42, Steven Pawson5, Vivienne Payne1, Bernard Pinty25, Saroja M., Polavarapu8, Christian Retscher43, Robert Rosenberg1, Andrew Schuh6, Florian M. Schwandner43,1, Kei Shiomi37, Wenying Su11, Johanna Tamminen28, Thomas E. Taylor6, Ben Veihelmann2, Stephen Wofsy32, John Worden1, Debra Wunch33, Dongxu Yang38, Peng Zhang45, Claus Zehner42 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 2 European Space Agency, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Netherlands 3 European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), Darmstadt, Germany 4 Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA 5 NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA 6 Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 7 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Saclay, Gifsur- Yvette, France. 8 Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada 9 School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 10 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom 11 NASA Langley Research Center (LARC), Hampton, VA USA 12 Bluefield Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA 2 13 Program for Atmospheric Composition Remote Sensing and Prediction, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. 14 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA 15 European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy 16 Earth Observation Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK 17 Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany 18 Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland 19 Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France 20 Institut für Umweltphysik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 21 Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS)/Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Paris, France 22 Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/CNRS/IPSL, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France 23 University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA 24 Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Paris, France 25 European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Sustainable Resources, seconded to DG for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, Copernicus Services, Brussels, Belgium 26 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Oberpfaffenhofen, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Weßling, Germany 27 GHGSat, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 28 Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland 29 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center-Retired, Greenbelt, MD, USA 30 SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands 31 Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 32 School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 33 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada 34 Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan (RESTEC), Tsukuba Space Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki, Japan 35 Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 3 36 Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Sonoma, CA, USA 37 Tsukuba Space Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki, Japan 38 Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 39 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 40 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 41 Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 42 RCGC/IACE/ACMPT, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan 43 European Space Agency, European Space European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), Frascati, Italy 44 Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA 45 National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration (NSMC/CMA), Beijing, China 4 Contents Executive Summary: ....................................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 10 2. Retrieving Fluxes from Atmospheric CO2 and CH4 Measurements ..................................... 16 2.1 In situ observations and models of atmospheric CO2, CH4 distributions ...................... 18 2.2 Space-based remote sensing observations of CO2 and CH4 concentrations .................. 20 2.2.1 CO2 and CH4 concentration estimates from thermal infrared observations ........... 20 2.2.2 Stratospheric CO2 and CH4 observations using solar occultation .......................... 21 2.2.3 CO2 and CH4 concentration estimates from observations of reflected sunlight ..... 21 2.2.4 Space-based CO2 and CH4 measurements of the lower troposphere ...................... 22 2.3 Estimating CO2 and CH4 concentrations and fluxes from space-based observations .... 23 2.4 Resolution and coverage requirements for CO2 and CH4 estimates .............................. 25 2.4.1 Factors limiting the resolution and coverage of space-based measurements ......... 25 2.4.2 Expanding ground-based and aircraft in situ GHG networks to improve coverage 26 2.5 Quantifying uncertainties in the space-based CO2 and CH4 estimates .......................... 27 2.5.1 Relating ground-based and space-based XCO2 and XCH4 estimates: TCCON ..... 28 2.6 Linking the GHG inventory, policy and atmospheric CO2 and CH4 communities ........ 29 3. Space-based CO2 and CH4 Measurement Capabilities and Near-term Plans ....................... 31 3.1 ENVISAT SCIAMACHY .............................................................................................. 31 3.2 GOSAT TANSO-FTS .................................................................................................... 33 3.3 OCO-2 ............................................................................................................................ 36 3.4 TanSat Atmospheric CO2 Grating Spectrometer (ACGS) ............................................. 38 3.5 Sentinel 5 Precursor TROPOMI .................................................................................... 40 3.6 Feng Yun-3D GAS and Feng Yun-3G GAS-2............................................................... 41 3.7 GaoFen-5 GMI ............................................................................................................... 42 3.8 GOSAT-2 TANSO-FTS-2 and GOSAT-3 ..................................................................... 43 3.9 OCO-3 ............................................................................................................................ 45 3.10 MicroCarb ................................................................................................................... 46 3.11 Sentinel 5 UVNS ........................................................................................................ 48 3.12 GeoCarb ...................................................................................................................... 49 3.13 MERLIN ..................................................................................................................... 51 3.14 Future mission concepts being studied ....................................................................... 52 4. The Transition from Science to Operations .......................................................................... 54 5 4.1 User Requirements Process ............................................................................................ 54 4.2 Timeliness .....................................................................................................................
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