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Final Report SPACE: the Final Frontier for CSR SPACE: the Final Frontier for CSR

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Final Report SPACE: the Final Frontier for CSR SPACE: the Final Frontier for CSR Final Report SPACE: the final frontier for CSR SPACE: the final frontier for CSR Cover image: Remote sensing view of the BP Deep Horizon oil spill in April 2010. Image courtesy of NASA. Team logo created by Luca Celiento. The MSS 2017 Program of the International Space University (ISU) was held at the ISU Central Campus in Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France. Electronic copies of the Final Report and Executive Summary can be downloaded from the ISU website at www.isunet.edu. Printed copies of the Executive Summary may be requested, while supplies last, from: International Space University Strasbourg Central Campus Attention: Publication/Library Parc d’Innovation 1 rue Jean-Dominique Cassini 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France Tel. +33 (0)3 88 65 54 32 Fax. +33 (0)3 88 65 54 47 e-mail. [email protected] Acknowledgments Project TerraSPACE authors wish to thank Muriel Riester for her assistance provided to us during this stage of the team project by assisting us in finding various relevant sources offered to us by ISU’s library. Her continued patience is greatly appreciated and will be valued throughout the continuation of this project. Professor Barnaby Osborne, the project’s supervisor, has provided us with the necessary guidance to operate as a team effectively. His support throughout this project has allowed us to focus on the report’s content in efforts of producing a meaningful effort. Team members wish to express their gratitude to C. Mate for kindly holding an interview with team members to discuss the current working conditions of the oil and gas industry. Finally, we wish to thank the various members of the ISU faculty who have provided feedback on the final report: Walter Peeters, Volker Damann, Hugh Hill, Danijela Stupar, Chris Welch, and Vasilis Zervos. An additional thanks is extended to Professor Zervos for aiding team members in understanding the various aspects of corporate social responsibility and how it is applied in industry. We would also like to acknowledge Veena Shelvankar, Peter Thoreau, and Yadvender Singh Dhillon for their support throughout the various stages of our final report. Team TerraSPACE Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France, 2017 ii Report Authors Hernán Barrio Zhang Physical Sciences Pablo Calla Galleguillos Electronics Engineering Meredith Campbell Mechanical Engineering Luca Celiento Space Engineering Mary Distler Aerospace Engineering Bethany Downer Geography & Earth Sciences Arthur van Eeckhout Business & Business Economics Pierre Evellin Engineering Alyssa Frayling Computer Science Alexander Harding Astrophysics Sergey Sergeevich Ioda Business Management Nicolas Jalbert Mechanical Engineering Joost van Oorschot Entrepreneurship & Economics Joshua Rasera Mechanical Engineering Siddharth Shihora Aerospace Engineering & Technology Juan Tan Aerospace Engineering Jenna Tiwana Aerospace Engineering Jian Wang Engineering Yue Wang Business Management Nicholas Yee Life Sciences Haizhou Zhang Business Management Wenjie Zhang Communications Engineering Editing Coordinator:Bethany Downer Research Coordinator: Pierre Evellin Planning and Organization Coordinator:Joshua Rasera Faculty Interface: Prof. Barnaby Osborne iii Abstract This work presents an impact study of new and upcoming space-based and space-derived systems on the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices of oil and gas sector companies. These systems include the Internet of Things, space-sector-derived spinoffs, new satellite constellations (O3b, SpaceX, and OneWeb), remote operations, alternative energy sources, and human performance studies in extreme environments. As a result of growing understanding and concern regarding the negative effects of their operations (such as potential oil spills, inevitable emissions, and the contribution to global climate change), companies operating in the oil and gas sector have become particular champions of CSR, and spend billions of dollars on CSR activities annually. As the integration, utilization, and dissemination of such values can positively impact a given company in the oil and gas sector, this study considers how space- based and space-derived systems can impact the CSR practices of various industry corporations. This paper presents an identification of the needs of CSR for oil and gas companies, highlights the existing approaches being taking to address these needs, and identifies the gaps that space-based and space-derived systems might fill, assesses the impact of the future space systems, and presents recommendations and conclusions. In particular, three key areas of CSR policies were chosen for analysis: employment and labor practices, environmental management and preservation, and community and social benefits. The impact of space systems is judged based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and Triple Bottom Line standard methodologies, and has been tailored to the needs of this work. Finally, we present recommendations on which systems should be implemented based on their potential for net impact on CSR practices in the oil and gas sector. Faculty Preface MSS17 has brought together forty-two students from a range of different cultures, backgrounds and experiences. This class has participated in an Intercultural, Interdisciplinary and International MSc in Space Studies made up of lectures, workshops, professional visits, internship, individual project and team project. For the class of 2017, there were two team projects: TP Dragonfly - considering the synergies between drone technology and satellite remote sensing; and TerraSPACE. This team project, TerraSPACE considers the impact of space technologies and practices on the Corporate and Social Responsibilities of Oil and Gas companies. This is a novel topic, in a time where resource companies are coming under increasing scrutiny from the media and public. This project sought potential opportunities and parallels in existing space based monitoring (such as arms regulation monitoring), remote observation, space based communications and space derived technologies. The intent of this project was to consider the impact that these capabilities would have on current CSR activities for Oil and Gas companies. The project was carried out over the past six months by twenty two MSS17 students from thirteen different countries. The team have identified a range of possible intersections between the space sector and CSR activities. They have considered the technical, legal and political requirements and assessed the social and economic impacts, resulting in a number of key recommendations for this important part of the resources sector. In developing the main findings presented in this report, team TerraSPACE have consistently demonstrated a professional and methodical approach. They have engaged with the 3I approach of ISU to prepare a broad scoped impact study. On behalf of the ISU faculty, I am happy to commend both the students and the TP TerraSPACE final report to you. Dr. Barnaby Osborne v Student Preface The oil and gas sector represents a significant portion of the global economy, and drives the livelihoods of millions, if not billions, of people. Whether or not people are directly involved in the sector, the impact of these corporations can be far reaching, and can be felt in seemingly unrelated ways. In recent years, the negative impact had by oil and gas operations has caused backlash from employees, investors and communities, and as such, companies have needed to raise themselves to a higher standard. Now, through the outreach and investment by oil and gas companies, numerous people’s lives have been improved through safer working conditions, better environmental management, and investment in social and physical infrastructure. It is the purpose of our team, and this report, to describe the space-based and space-inspired means by which these processes can be improved. This project began with a wide scope, having analyzed the needs, trends, and gaps in the mining, forestry, and fisheries sectors. Unfortunately, the nature of this project required us to greatly refine our focus, and attempt to address the gaps experienced by a single sector: oil and gas. Through our research, we identified that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was a common trend throughout this sector, and that relatively little space-based and space-inspired technologies were being used. This is where TerraSPACE was established. CSR is an important facet of the contemporary oil and gas sector, and also happens to integrate well with ISU’s International, Intercultural, and Interdisciplinary approach. Clearly, engineering and issues are at the forefront of many space activities, and this is not different. However, there are pivotal considerations for culture, science, policy, law, and human health. Fortunately, our team of 22 people, from 13 different countries, with numerous educational, cultural, and social backgrounds has allowed us to address this topic from a truly 3Is perspective. With a practical and egalitarian approach to team management, and with a strong emphasis placed on mutual respect and understanding, Team TerraSPACE has been able to deliver a high-caliber and impactful report. While our findings will undoubtedly be interesting for oil and gas companies, we also present considerations that would be useful for communities affected by the industry, or even those interested in the ways that space-based and space-inspired technologies can be used outside of their traditional means. Our team has consulted and reviewed numerous journals, agency publications,
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