阿片受体激动剂研究进展advances in Research on Opioid Receptor

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537 543 PROGRESS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2018,42 (7):537-543 537 阿片受体激动剂研究进展 朱良瀚,崔芷莹,朱启华,徐云根 * (中国药科大学药学院,江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室,江苏 南京 210009) [摘要] 疼痛是机体在受到伤害时的一种反馈而产生令人不快的主观感受,起到警示机体存在实质性或潜在的组织损伤的作用。治疗和缓解疼 痛的主要药物是阿片受体激动剂,而传统的阿片受体激动剂存在阿片样副作用(包括成瘾性、耐受性、呼吸抑制性等),从而限制其广泛应用。 科研工作者寻找出许多规避副作用的策略,着重介绍在 μ- 阿片受体激动剂的设计和应用中消除阿片样副作用的传统策略和新型策略,简要介 绍 κ- 阿片受体激动剂的最新研究进展,以期为镇痛药的研发及临床治疗提供新的思路。 [ 关键词 ] 镇痛;阿片受体 ; 激动剂;副作用 [ 中图分类号 ] R971 [ 文献标志码 ] A [ 文章编号 ] 1001-5094(2018)07-0537-07 Advances in Research on Opioid Receptor Agonists ZHU Lianghan, CUI Zhiying, ZHU Qihua, XU Yungen (School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University; Key Laboratory of Drug Molecular Design and Pharmacology Optimization in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210009, China) [Abstract] Pain is a kind of feedback of body injury which produces unpleasant subjective feelings, alerting the individual of actual or potential tissue damage. The mainstream drugs for the treatment and relief of pain are opioid receptor agonists. However, opioid-like side effects (addiction, tolerance, respiratory depression, etc.) of traditional opioid agonists limit their widespread use. Researchers have developed many effective strategies to avoid the side effects. In this article, the traditional and novel strategies to eliminate opioid side effects during the design and application of μ-opioid receptor agonists were highlighted, and the recent research progress of κ-opioid receptor agonists was briefly introduced, so as to provide new ideas for the development of analgesics and clinical treatment of pain. [Key words] analgesia; opioid receptor; agonist; side effect 疼痛是一种伴有恐惧、紧张、不安等不愉快的情绪, 具有各自的局限性,一些药物还面临着药物滥用的问 并且伴随着心血管和呼吸方面变化的痛苦感觉。当人 题。因此,寻找安全、有效、副作用小的镇痛药物机 体受到伤害时,会产生痛觉信号给人以警告,使机体 遇与挑战并存。 感受到伤害,从而引起一系列防御性保护反应。研究 Martine 等 [2] 于 1976 年首次提出阿片受体的概念, 表明,70% ~ 90% 的晚期癌症患者会长期受到疼痛的折 并将阿片受体分为 μ 受体和 κ 受体,次年 Kosterlitz 磨 [1]。长期的疼痛会导致抑郁症和焦虑等更为严重的神 课题组发现 δ 受体 [3]。孤儿受体,也即孤啡肽受体 经疾病。 (nocicepin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor,NOP)被研究 2012—2017 年市场数据显示镇痛药物在中国的销 者证实存在于脑内 [4]。人体内至少存在 8 种亚型阿片受 售额稳步增长(见图 1)。鉴于镇痛药物的巨大市场 体,其中,在中枢神经系统内至少存在 4 种亚型:μ、κ、δ、 需求量,开发新的镇痛药物刻不容缓。目前市售的镇 σ [5]。目前已明确阿片类药物的镇痛作用机制 [6]:痛觉向 痛药物按照作用机制可分为阿片受体激动剂、非甾体 中枢传导过程中,痛觉刺激感觉神经末梢并释放谷氨酸 抗炎药物以及抗惊厥剂等。由图 1 可知,2017 年阿片 (Glu),作用于相应受体而完成痛觉冲动向中枢的传 受体类镇痛药物的市场销售额占 50%,非甾体抗炎药 递引起疼痛。外源性阿片物质或内源性阿片肽激动感觉 占 30%。尽管镇痛药物的研发和临床使用已经日趋成 神经突触前、后膜上的阿片受体,通过 G- 蛋白偶联机制, 熟,但是无论是用于轻度和中度疼痛的非甾体解热镇 抑制腺苷酸环化酶降解腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(ATP)生成 痛抗炎药,还是用于重度疼痛的阿片受体激动剂,都 环磷酸腺苷(cAMP),从而抑制突触前膜神经递质如 P 物质、乙酰胆碱等的释放,同时促进 K+ 外流、减少 接受日期:2017-05-08 Ca2+ 内流,最终减弱或阻滞痛觉信号的传递,产生镇痛 项目资助:江苏高等学校优秀科技创新团队(2015年) *通讯作者:徐云根,教授; 作用(见图 2)。在上述提及的中枢神经系统内 4 种阿 研究方向:新药分子设计与合成,药物合成技术与新工艺; 片受体亚型中,μ 和 κ 亚型的激动剂具有镇痛效果,下 Tel: 025-83271244;E-mail: [email protected] 面着重对其进行介绍。 2018年7月 第42卷 第7期 Prog Pharm Sci Jul. 2018 Vol. 42 No. 7 538 朱良瀚,等:阿片受体激动剂研究进展 45.00 40.00 35.00 其他 喷他佐辛(阿片类镇痛药) 30.00 布洛芬+可待因,复方 吗啡(阿片类镇痛药) 25.00 曲马多(阿片类镇痛药) 对乙酰氨基酚+羟考酮,复方 羟考酮(阿片类镇痛药) 20.00 金额/亿元 丙帕他莫(非甾体抗炎药) 牛痘疫苗致炎兔皮提取物 15.00 芬太尼(非甾体抗炎药) 舒芬太尼(非甾体抗炎药) 14.00 瑞芬太尼(非甾体抗炎药) 地佐辛(阿片类镇痛药) 5.00 0.00 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 年份 来源:药物综合数据库(PDB) 图1 2012 — 2017年中国市场镇痛药物销售情况 Figure 1 Sales of analgesic drugs in the Chinese market from 2012 to 2017 (Source: PDB Pharmaceutical Database) G蛋白偶联受体 Ca2+ K+ 进一步优化获得了 4-氨基哌啶类(4-anilinopiperidines, 5)。对吗啡的结构改造卓有成效,既获得了不少更易 合成、镇痛效果更强、副作用更小的镇痛新药,另一方 面也基本明确了吗啡类镇痛药物的药效团及构效关系, μ κ 为今后新型镇痛药物的开发奠定了基础。 GDP δ GTP 核苷酸环化酶 ATP cAMP 中枢神经递质传输减弱 1 2 图2 阿片类药物与阿片受体结合后的阿片受体的生理变化及 镇痛机制 Figure 2 Physiological changes of opioid receptor after its binding with opioids and relavent analgsic mechanisms 1 μ- 阿片受体激动剂 3 4 5 作为 μ-阿片受体激动剂的吗啡,在镇痛领域一直 长期使用 μ-阿片受体激动剂会诱导其表达的下调 扮演着很重要的角色 [7]。研究者们对吗啡(morphine,1) 和反馈调节机制,从而产生耐受性。过度服用 μ-阿片 的改造主要集中在其结构简化上,首先对含氧五元环(D 受体激动剂会产生一系列阿片样副作用(opioid-induced 环)进行简化得到吗啡烃类(morphinan,2)衍生物, adverse effects, OIAEs)[5],如成瘾、呼吸抑制、便秘等, 继而对 C 环进行简化得到苯吗喃类(benzomorphan, 从而影响了 μ-阿片受体激动剂的广泛使用,因此,现 3)衍生物,然后对 B 环进行简化得到苯基哌啶类 阶段 μ- 阿片受体激动剂的研究方向主要集中在消除或 (phenylpiperidines,4)衍生物,对苯基哌啶类结构的 者减轻阿片样副作用方面。经过不懈的努力,研究者 Prog Pharm Sci Jul. 2018 Vol. 42 No. 7 2018年7月 第42卷 第7期 朱良瀚,等:阿片受体激动剂研究进展 539 总结了 8 种消除阿片样副作用的策略:1)将短时强效 7)等。14-O-甲基羟吗啡酮的 6 位氨基酸取代衍生物 给药转变为缓释制剂,降低药物峰浓度;2)个性化给 由于其极性太大而基本不能通过血脑脊液屏障,对外 药;3)改变给药方式,降低给药剂量,使其在靶器官 周炎症性疼痛的减轻程度强于吗啡,而且作用时间更 达到最佳镇痛效果;4)与低剂量拮抗剂合用;5)开发 长,明显优于吗啡 [8]。洛哌丁胺能与存在于血脑脊液屏 外周选择性 μ-阿片受体激动剂;6)开发偏向性 μ-阿片 障中的 P-gp 结合,而被其转运出中枢,所以进入脑中 受体激动剂(选择性不激活 β-arrestin2 通路)。其中前 的浓度特别低。洛哌丁胺通过作用于肠壁的阿片受体, 3 种策略分别是药物制剂研究人员、临床药师和医生需 抑制肠蠕动,延长肠溶物在胃肠道的滞留时间,同时 努力解决的方向,本文简要介绍第 4、5 种策略,并着 通过增强肛门括约肌的张力,缓解腹泻症状。 重介绍第 6 种策略。 1.1 与低剂量的拮抗剂联用 Crain 等 [7] 于 1995 年发现如果将吗啡与少量 μ-阿 片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮联合使用则可以降低吗啡对感受 神经元的兴奋作用,实验数据显示阿片样副作用明显 降低。基于此原理,美国 Pain Therapeutics 公司研究开 6 7 发了羟考酮混合超低剂量的纳曲酮组成的复方制剂 [9], 1.3 偏向性μ- 阿片受体激动剂 该制剂可缓解关节炎引发的中度疼痛。将阿片受体激 通过对 μ-阿片受体敲除小鼠的研究发现,这些 动剂与低剂量的拮抗剂联用是一种降低阿片样副作用 小鼠的镇痛活性和阿片样副作用同时消失 [10]。在 μ- 行之有效的策略。 阿片受体与配体结合并激活过程中,G 蛋白偶联受 1.2 外周选择性的μ- 阿片受体激动剂 体(GPCR)磷酸激酶使得 GPCR 磷酸化,随后激活 一般来说,阿片样副作用如成瘾性、呼吸抑制等 β-arrestin2 通路,β-arrestin2 是 G 蛋白偶联受体信号通 都是激活中枢阿片受体而产生。科研工作者开发了一系 路中关键的负调节蛋白,其介导了受体脱敏和内吞, 列外周选择性 μ-阿片受体激动剂,如 14-O-甲基羟吗啡 β-arrestin2 通路是介导阿片样副作用的主要原因(见图 酮(6)的 6 位氨基酸取代衍生物和多药耐药转运蛋白 3)[11-12]。因此,减少激活 β-arrestin2 通路是设计新型 μ- (P-glycoprotein,P-gp)转运底物洛哌丁胺(loperamide, 阿片受体激动剂的重要方向。 Gi G蛋白信号通路 无镇痛活性 A 耐受性,成瘾性和呼吸抑制性 GPCR 没有出现 β-arrestin2通路 Gi G蛋白信号通路 出现镇痛活性 B 耐受性,成瘾性和呼吸抑制性 GPCR 伴随出现 β-arrestin2通路 Gi G蛋白信号通路 镇痛活性得到保持 C 耐受性,成瘾性和呼吸抑制性 GPCR β-arrestin2通路 得到一定程度的抑制 A:正常生理状态下机体在受到外部伤害刺激时,出现疼痛的机制;B:服用吗啡后疼痛抑制和阿片样副作用产生的机制;C:选择性不激活 β-arrestin2通路时,镇痛效果得到保持,阿片样副作用得到抑制 图3 激活μ-阿片受体的GPCR和β-arrestin2通路所介导的药理作用 Figure 3 Pharmacological effects mediated by GPCR andβ-arrestin2 pathways when activatingμ-opioid receptors 2018年7月 第42卷 第7期 Prog Pharm Sci Jul. 2018 Vol. 42 No. 7 540 朱良瀚,等:阿片受体激动剂研究进展 Hothersall 等 [13] 将 μ-阿片受体与3 种 μ- 阿片受 而减少了服药后的阿片样副作用(依赖性和呼吸抑制 体激动剂 [ 具有 μ-阿片受体高选择性的合成阿片肽 性)的产生;2)鉴于体外的 μ-阿片受体并无 β-arrestin2 (DAMGO)、吗啡、甲基吗啡 ] 进行对接,发现位于 通路,体内外的实验中却都产生了抑制胃肠道蠕动的 μ-阿片受体蛋白的第 7 个跨膜螺旋中的 2 个氨基酸残基 作用,表明该作用并非通过 β-arrestin2 介导;3)重复 Trp320 和 Try328 在受体与配体结合的过程中发挥了关 使用 TRV130 也会增强滥用相关效应的表达,表明以 键作用。这 2 个氨基酸残基和其他一些重要的氨基酸 TRV130 为代表的偏向性 μ- 阿片受体激动剂并不能解 残基形成了受体与配体结合的口袋 [14-15]。 决药物滥用问题;4)TRV130 的(+)-异构体具有镇痛 在内源性 μ-阿片受体和 W320、Y328 基因敲除的 作用且副作用小,其(-)-异构体无镇痛作用,但如 μ-阿片受体的 cAMP 测试(当配体与 μ-阿片受体结合 果服用外消旋体会增加副作用,表明(-)-异构体会 时,会激活 G 蛋白家族中的 Gi 蛋白,从而使 cAMP 下 产生阿片样副作用,而(+)-异构体为偏向性 μ-阿片 调)和 β-arrestin2 通路测试(介导阿片样副作用)中发 受体激动剂。 现 [13]:与内源性的 μ-阿片受体相比,Trp320、Try328 Schneider 等 [22] 基于对接研究对 TRV130 和 μ-阿 基因敲除会影响 μ-阿片受体激动剂的镇痛活性以及 片受体的识别和结合方式作出了一个合理的假设: β-arrestin2 通路介导的副作用之间的平衡。选用不同的 TRV130 首先识别 μ-阿片受体的前部识别区,紧接着, 配体(DAMGO、吗啡肽)进行测试时,呈现出不同的 其转换成能量最优构型,再结合到 μ- 阿片受体的活性 偏向性(选用 DAMGO 为配体时,Trp320 基因敲除会 结合区。后续通过比较 TRV130 和吗啡与 μ- 阿片受体 使副作用增强,Try328 基因敲除则会使副作用显著降 的对接研究发现了一些规律:Try1062.42、Trp133(ECL) 和 低;选用吗啡肽为配体时,作用与 DAMGO 相反)。 Phe434(H8)(上标代表氨基酸残基在蛋白分子中的位置) 因此,在设计化合物时,控制好其在 μ-阿片受体口袋 在 TRV130 和吗啡与 μ-阿片受体对接中都是重要的氨 中的位置偏向性是获得副作用小的 μ-阿片受体激动剂 基酸残基,而 Asp1643.49 和 Phe1082.44 氨基酸残基仅在 的一种策略。 吗啡与受体结合时激活。 1.3.1 TRV130 DeWire 等 [16] 合计合成了一个全新骨架 TRV130 的构效关系总结如下:1)将环戊烷结构 的 μ-阿片受体偏向性激动剂 TRV130(8),该药于 替换为二甲基、二乙基或甲基乙基时,cAMP 激动活性 2018 年 1 月被美国 FDA 批准上市,Schneider 等 [17] 和 下降(镇痛活性下降),有些化合物(如甲基乙基取代) Cheng 等 [18] 对 TRV130 进行了后续的生物学活性研究。 的 β-arrestin2 通路激动活性增强(阿片样副作用增强); 在细胞活性实验中,TRV130 的 cAMP 测试的数据与吗 2)吡啶-2-基取代的化合物镇痛活性优于 4-氟苯基和 4- 啡相比略有下降(镇痛活性稍强于吗啡),TRV130 的 甲氧基苯基取代的化合物;3)氨基上有以下取代基时 β-arrestin2 测试的数据明显低于吗啡(阿片样副作用显 活性依次降低:3-甲氧基噻吩-2-基> 4,5-二甲基噻吩-2- 著降低)。动物实验也显示出与细胞实验一样的特征, 基> 3,5-二甲基噻吩-2-基> 4-甲基呋喃-2-基;4) 与吗啡相比,TRV130 镇痛活性略有增强,呼吸抑制、 TRV130 结构由 R 构型转变为 S 构型时,阿片样副作用 成瘾性等阿片样副作用显著降低,但是 TRV130 会产生 增强 [20]。 抑制胃肠道蠕动的作用,进而产生便秘等副作用 [19-20]。 1.3.2 PZM21 基于对 μ-、δ-、κ- 阿片受体晶体复合物的 深入研究,人们可以通过受体配体对接的方法设计全 新的阿片受体激动剂 [23-25]。Manglik 等 [26] 通过对接研 究设计了一系列全新骨架的 μ-阿片受体激动剂。通过 虚拟筛选化合物库发现了 23 个候选化合物,进一步的 药理活性和副作用筛选发现了活性最好、副作用最小 8 的化合物 PZM21(9),目前尚处于临床前研究阶段。 Ahmad 等 [21] 在啮齿动物中对 TRV130 进行了药 具体的对接示意图见图 4。 理研究,并做了如下总结:1)在服用 TRV130 后,由 通过分析 PZM21 与 μ-阿片受体的对接图可以总 于 TRV130 激活 μ-阿片受体,而不激活 β-arrestin2,因 结出以下规律:1)PZM21 的 N,N-二甲基氨基与受 Prog Pharm Sci Jul. 2018 Vol. 42 No. 7 2018年7月 第42卷 第7期 朱良瀚,等:阿片受体激动剂研究进展 541 体的关键位点氨基酸残基的相互作用对保持镇痛活 果显示:1)脲结构片段中的 2 个 NH 如被甲基取代, 性规避阿片样副作用是重要的(如 Asp1473.23 氢键作 镇痛活性显著降低,表明脲结构片段(特别是羰基两 用,Trp2936.48 和 Met1511.36 范德华力相互作用);2) 侧的 NH)为镇痛活性所必需;2)将二甲胺基团中的 苯环上的羟基与受体 Try1483.33 和 His2976.52 通过氢键 甲基替换成乙酰基、环 S 丙基等,镇痛活性显著降低; 结合是必需的;3)脲结构中 2 个 NH 与 Try3267.43 和 3)如将右侧与脲结构中氨基相连碳上的甲基除去或构 Gln1242.60 的氢键相互作用不可替代 [25]。 型反转,镇痛活性也显著下降;4)如将对羟基苯基上 而后,Manglik 等 [26] 依据对接结果,合成了一系 的羟基除去,镇痛活性变化不大,这与对接图中羟基 列衍生物,并对 PZM21 和衍生物进行了药理实验,结 与受体蛋白之间存在弱氢键作用相符。 9 图4 PZM21和μ-阿片受体结合方式(PDB: 5C1M)[26] Figure 4 The binding of PZM21 with μ-opioid receptor (PDB: 5C1M) 2 κ- 阿片受体激动剂 动 κ-阿片受体,对 μ-阿片受体有弱的拮抗作用,其镇 μ-阿片受体激动剂存在阿片样副作用的弊端,迫使 痛效力为吗啡的 3.5 ~ 7 倍,可缓解中度和重度的疼痛。 研究者们开始寻找高效、低副作用的新型镇痛作用靶 地佐辛(dezocine,12)是中国销售额最高的镇痛药物(见 点,其中 κ-阿片受体因具有在镇痛方面的潜力而逐渐 图 1),镇痛作用强于喷他佐辛,是 κ-阿片受体激动剂, 成为研究者们的新宠。κ-阿片受体激动剂与 κ-阿片受 也是 μ-阿片受体拮抗剂,其成瘾性小,用于术后痛及 体结合后可以产生强效的镇痛作用,更重要的是还可 癌性疼痛。2017 年,中国台湾地区批准上市了针对 κ- 以免除 μ-阿片受体激动后所伴随的如成瘾性、依赖性、 阿片受体激动剂的长效前药:纳布扶林(dinalbuphine [30] 便秘等副作用 [27]。此外,研究发现 κ-阿片受体不参与 sebacate,13) ,该前药用于治疗中度至重度术后疼痛, 吗啡的奖赏效应,表明其能减轻受试者的戒断症状 [28], 且作用时间长。 而且研究发现其可用于可卡因滥用的治疗,能有效阻 Difelikefalin(14)是新型多肽类 κ-阿片受体激动 止可卡因引起的中脑边缘多巴胺神经递质的变化,阻 剂,其是作用于外周 κ-阿片受体的长效激动剂,2018 滞可卡因诱导的行为敏感的发生 [29],因此其也可能成 年 4 月进入Ⅲ期临床。已有临床研究表明 difelikefalin 为药物滥用治疗的新选择。 不会产生胃肠道副作用或诱发成瘾性。 临床上应用的首个 κ-阿片受体部分激动剂为喷他 佐辛(pentazocine,10),其主要激动 κ-阿片受体, 3 结语 对 μ-阿片受体有弱的拮抗作用,可以产生与吗啡、 目前,临床上治疗和缓解长期剧烈疼痛的药物主 盐酸哌替啶等阿片类药物相近的镇痛作用。布托啡诺 要是阿片受体激动剂,但是成瘾性、呼吸抑制等阿片样 (butorphanol,11)与喷他佐辛作用机制相似,主要激 副作用限制了其广泛使用。本文介绍了规避副作用的 6 2018年7月 第42卷 第7期 Prog Pharm Sci Jul. 2018 Vol. 42 No. 7 542 朱良瀚,等:阿片受体激动剂研究进展 种策略,其中开发偏向性的 μ-阿片受体激动剂(激活 μ- 用中是否会出现其他副作用还有待发现。因此研究者 阿片受体,但不激活 β-arrestin2 通路)是近年来镇痛药 们需要对偏向性 μ-阿片受体激动剂的机制进行深入的 物的研究热点,而偏向性 μ-阿片受体激动剂在临床应 研究。 10 11 12 13 14 [ 参考文献 ] [1] Addington-Hall J, McCarthy M. Dying from cancer: results of a dose naltrexone to oxycodone enhances and prolongs analgesia: a national population-based investigation[J]. Palliat Med, 1995, 9(4): randomized, controlled trial of oxytrex [J]. Pain, 2005, 6(6): 392-399. 295-305. [9] Furst S, Riba P, Friedmann T, et al. Peripheral versus central [2] Martin W R, Eades C G, Thompson J A, et al. The effects of antinociceptive actions of 6-amino acid-substituted derivatives of morphineand nalorphine-like drugs in the nondependent and morphine- 14-O-methyloxymorphone in acute and inflammatory pain in the rat [J].
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  • Ong Edmund W 201703 Phd.Pdf (5.844Mb)

    Ong Edmund W 201703 Phd.Pdf (5.844Mb)

    INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF PROLONGED MU OPIOID RECEPTOR ACTIVATION UPON OPIOID RECEPTOR HETEROMERIZATION by Edmund Wing Ong A thesis submitted to the Graduate Program in Pharmacology & Toxicology in the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada March, 2017 Copyright © Edmund Wing Ong, 2017 Abstract Opioid receptors are the sites of action for morphine and most other clinically-used opioid drugs. Abundant evidence now demonstrates that different opioid receptor types can physically associate to form heteromers. Owing to their constituent monomers’ involvement in analgesia, mu/delta opioid receptor (M/DOR) heteromers have been a particular focus of attention. Understandings of the physiological relevance of M/DOR formation remain limited in large part due to the reliance of existing M/DOR findings upon contrived heterologous systems. This thesis investigated the physiological relevance of M/DOR generation following prolonged MOR activation. To address M/DOR in endogenous tissues, suitable model systems and experimental tools were established. This included a viable dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron primary culture model, antisera specifically directed against M/DOR, a quantitative immunofluorescence colocalizational analysis method, and a floxed-Stop, FLAG-tagged DOR conditional knock-in mouse model. The development and implementation of such techniques make it possible to conduct experiments addressing the nature of M/DOR heteromers in systems with compelling physiological relevance. Seeking to both reinforce and extend existing findings from heterologous systems, it was first necessary to demonstrate the existence of M/DOR heteromers. Using antibodies directed against M/DOR itself as well as constituent monomers, M/DOR heteromers were identified in endogenous tissues and demonstrated to increase in abundance following prolonged mu opioid receptor (MOR) activation by morphine.
  • Eluxadoline: a Treatment for IBS with Diarrhoea in Adults

    Eluxadoline: a Treatment for IBS with Diarrhoea in Adults

    ■ NEW PRODUCT Eluxadoline: a treatment for IBS with diarrhoea in adults STEVE CHAPLIN Eluxadoline (Truberzi) KEY POINTS is an oral mixed opioid- receptor agonist/ ■ Eluxadoline is an opioid-receptor agonist/antagonist with low systemic absorption antagonist licensed for ■ It is licensed for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea in the treatment of irritable adults and is recommended by NICE as a second-line agent bowel syndrome with ■ The recommended dosage is 75–100mg orally twice daily diarrhoea in adults. ■ In clinical trials, response rates were 27%–31% with eluxadoline and 19.5% with placebo after 26 weeks’ treatment This article examines its ■ Common adverse effects include constipation, nausea and abdominal pain properties, efficacy in ■ Pancreatitis and sphincter of Oddi spasm were uncommon adverse events clinical trials and side- ■ Treatment with eluxadoline costs £88.20 per month. effects. he initial management of irritable locally within the gastrointestinal tract, Tbowel syndrome (IBS) entails dietary slowing gastrointestinal transit, reducing and lifestyle change and treatment with urgency and improving stool consistency; antispasmodic agents.1 For people with its abuse potential is low. IBS and diarrhoea, loperamide is the anti- Eluxadoline is licensed for the treat- motility agent of first choice, adjusting the ment of IBS with diarrhoea in adults. The dose to achieve optimum stool consist- recommended dosage is 100mg twice ency. If this is unsatisfactory, treatment daily (reduced to 75mg twice daily if with a low-dose tricyclic antidepressant poorly tolerated). Treatment should be should be considered, with an SSRI a initiated at the lower dose in older people further option if this is unsuccessful.
  • Example of a Scientific Poster

    Example of a Scientific Poster

    Janet Robishaw, PhD Senior Associate Dean for Research Chair and Professor, Biomedical Science Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine Disclosures and Conflicts • I have no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this program/presentation. • Research support: Robishaw, MPI Robishaw, MPI R01 DA044015 R01 HL134015 Genetic Predictors of Opioid Addiction Genetic Heterogeneity of Sleep Apnea 2017-2022 2016-2021 Robishaw, PI Robishaw, MPI R01 GM114665 R01 GM111913 Novel Aspects of Golf Signaling GPCR Variants in Complex Diseases 2015-2019 2015-2019 Learning Objectives 1. Review the scope and root cause of opioid use disorder 2. Discuss the effects of opioid medications on the brain and body 3. Stress the importance of clinical judgement and discovery to address the opioid crisis 4. Highlight the clinical implications between opioid use disorder and heroin abuse Two Endemic Problems Chronic Pain Opioid Use Disorder Debilitating disorder Chronic, relapsing disorder 100 million Americans 2 million Americans Costs $630 billion dollars per year Costs $80 billion per year #1 presenting complaint to doctors # 1 cause of accidental death #1 reason for lost productivity #1 driver of heroin epidemic #1 treatment –opioid medications ? treatment Pain Relief and “Addiction” Share A Common Mechanism of Action m-Opioid Receptor Brain Regions Involved in Pleasure and Reward Increase dopamine release Brain Regions Involved in Pain Perception Brainstem Involved in Respiratory Control Spinal Cord Involved in Pain Transmission Prevent ascending transmission Turn on descending inhibitory systems These receptors are dispersed Inhibit peripheral nocioceptors throughout the body, thereby accounting for their differential Body effects on pain and reward paths.
  • Biased Versus Partial Agonism in the Search for Safer Opioid Analgesics

    Biased Versus Partial Agonism in the Search for Safer Opioid Analgesics

    molecules Review Biased versus Partial Agonism in the Search for Safer Opioid Analgesics Joaquim Azevedo Neto 1 , Anna Costanzini 2 , Roberto De Giorgio 2 , David G. Lambert 3 , Chiara Ruzza 1,4,* and Girolamo Calò 1 1 Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; [email protected] (J.A.N.); [email protected] (G.C.) 2 Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (R.D.G.) 3 Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; [email protected] 4 Technopole of Ferrara, LTTA Laboratory for Advanced Therapies, 44122 Ferrara, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Helmut Schmidhammer Received: 23 July 2020; Accepted: 23 August 2020; Published: 25 August 2020 Abstract: Opioids such as morphine—acting at the mu opioid receptor—are the mainstay for treatment of moderate to severe pain and have good efficacy in these indications. However, these drugs produce a plethora of unwanted adverse effects including respiratory depression, constipation, immune suppression and with prolonged treatment, tolerance, dependence and abuse liability. Studies in β-arrestin 2 gene knockout (βarr2( / )) animals indicate that morphine analgesia is potentiated − − while side effects are reduced, suggesting that drugs biased away from arrestin may manifest with a reduced-side-effect profile. However, there is controversy in this area with improvement of morphine-induced constipation and reduced respiratory effects in βarr2( / ) mice. Moreover, − − studies performed with mice genetically engineered with G-protein-biased mu receptors suggested increased sensitivity of these animals to both analgesic actions and side effects of opioid drugs.
  • FDA Warns About an Increased Risk of Serious Pancreatitis with Irritable Bowel Drug Viberzi (Eluxadoline) in Patients Without a Gallbladder

    FDA Warns About an Increased Risk of Serious Pancreatitis with Irritable Bowel Drug Viberzi (Eluxadoline) in Patients Without a Gallbladder

    FDA warns about an increased risk of serious pancreatitis with irritable bowel drug Viberzi (eluxadoline) in patients without a gallbladder Safety Announcement [03-15-2017] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning that Viberzi (eluxadoline), a medicine used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), should not be used in patients who do not have a gallbladder. An FDA review found these patients have an increased risk of developing serious pancreatitis that could result in hospitalization or death. Pancreatitis may be caused by spasm of a certain digestive system muscle in the small intestine. As a result, we are working with the Viberzi manufacturer, Allergan, to address these safety concerns. Patients should talk to your health care professional about how to control your symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), particularly if you do not have a gallbladder. The gallbladder is an organ that stores bile, one of the body’s digestive juices that helps in the digestion of fat. Stop taking Viberzi right away and get emergency medical care if you develop new or worsening stomach-area or abdomen pain, or pain in the upper right side of your stomach-area or abdomen that may move to your back or shoulder. This pain may occur with nausea and vomiting. These may be symptoms of pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas, an organ important in digestion; or spasm of the sphincter of Oddi, a muscular valve in the small intestine that controls the flow of digestive juices to the gut. Health care professionals should not prescribe Viberzi in patients who do not have a gallbladder and should consider alternative treatment options in these patients.
  • Peripheral Kappa Opioid Receptor Activation Drives Cold Hypersensitivity in Mice

    Peripheral Kappa Opioid Receptor Activation Drives Cold Hypersensitivity in Mice

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.04.325118; this version posted October 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Peripheral kappa opioid receptor activation drives cold hypersensitivity in mice Manish K. Madasu1,2,3, Loc V. Thang1,2,3, Priyanka Chilukuri1,3, Sree Palanisamy1,2, Joel S. Arackal1,2, Tayler D. Sheahan3,4, Audra M. Foshage3, Richard A. Houghten6, Jay P. McLaughlin5.6, Jordan G. McCall1,2,3, Ream Al-Hasani1,2,3 1Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. 2Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, USA 3Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Center, Washington University. St. Louis, MO, USA. 4 Division of Biology and Biomedical Science, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA 5Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 6Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA Corresponding Author: Dr. Ream Al-Hasani Center for Clinical Pharmacology St. Louis College of Pharmacy Washington University School of Medicine 660 South Euclid Campus Box 8054 St. Louis MO, 63110 [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.04.325118; this version posted October 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
  • Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets, USP) 5 Mg, 10 Mg Rx Only

    Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets, USP) 5 Mg, 10 Mg Rx Only

    ROXANE LABORATORIES, INC. Columbus, OH 43216 DOLOPHINE® HYDROCHLORIDE CII (Methadone Hydrochloride Tablets, USP) 5 mg, 10 mg Rx Only Deaths, cardiac and respiratory, have been reported during initiation and conversion of pain patients to methadone treatment from treatment with other opioid agonists. It is critical to understand the pharmacokinetics of methadone when converting patients from other opioids (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Particular vigilance is necessary during treatment initiation, during conversion from one opioid to another, and during dose titration. Respiratory depression is the chief hazard associated with methadone hydrochloride administration. Methadone's peak respiratory depressant effects typically occur later, and persist longer than its peak analgesic effects, particularly in the early dosing period. These characteristics can contribute to cases of iatrogenic overdose, particularly during treatment initiation and dose titration. In addition, cases of QT interval prolongation and serious arrhythmia (torsades de pointes) have been observed during treatment with methadone. Most cases involve patients being treated for pain with large, multiple daily doses of methadone, although cases have been reported in patients receiving doses commonly used for maintenance treatment of opioid addiction. Methadone treatment for analgesic therapy in patients with acute or chronic pain should only be initiated if the potential analgesic or palliative care benefit of treatment with methadone is considered and outweighs the risks. Conditions For Distribution And Use Of Methadone Products For The Treatment Of Opioid Addiction Code of Federal Regulations, Title 42, Sec 8 Methadone products when used for the treatment of opioid addiction in detoxification or maintenance programs, shall be dispensed only by opioid treatment programs (and agencies, practitioners or institutions by formal agreement with the program sponsor) certified by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and approved by the designated state authority.
  • Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorder Research Report

    Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorder Research Report

    Research Report Revised Junio 2018 Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorder Research Report Table of Contents Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorder Research Report Overview How do medications to treat opioid use disorder work? How effective are medications to treat opioid use disorder? What are misconceptions about maintenance treatment? What is the treatment need versus the diversion risk for opioid use disorder treatment? What is the impact of medication for opioid use disorder treatment on HIV/HCV outcomes? How is opioid use disorder treated in the criminal justice system? Is medication to treat opioid use disorder available in the military? What treatment is available for pregnant mothers and their babies? How much does opioid treatment cost? Is naloxone accessible? References Page 1 Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorder Research Report Discusses effective medications used to treat opioid use disorders: methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone. Overview An estimated 1.4 million people in the United States had a substance use disorder related to prescription opioids in 2019.1 However, only a fraction of people with prescription opioid use disorders receive tailored treatment (22 percent in 2019).1 Overdose deaths involving prescription opioids more than quadrupled from 1999 through 2016 followed by significant declines reported in both 2018 and 2019.2,3 Besides overdose, consequences of the opioid crisis include a rising incidence of infants born dependent on opioids because their mothers used these substances during pregnancy4,5 and increased spread of infectious diseases, including HIV and hepatitis C (HCV), as was seen in 2015 in southern Indiana.6 Effective prevention and treatment strategies exist for opioid misuse and use disorder but are highly underutilized across the United States.
  • Summary Analgesics Dec2019

    Summary Analgesics Dec2019

    Status as of December 31, 2019 UPDATE STATUS: N = New, A = Advanced, C = Changed, S = Same (No Change), D = Discontinued Update Emerging treatments for acute and chronic pain Development Status, Route, Contact information Status Agent Description / Mechanism of Opioid Function / Target Indication / Other Comments Sponsor / Originator Status Route URL Action (Y/No) 2019 UPDATES / CONTINUING PRODUCTS FROM 2018 Small molecule, inhibition of 1% diacerein TWi Biotechnology / caspase-1, block activation of 1 (AC-203 / caspase-1 inhibitor Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa Castle Creek Phase 2 No Topical www.twibiotech.com NLRP3 inflamasomes; reduced CCP-020) Pharmaceuticals IL-1beta and IL-18 Small molecule; topical NSAID Frontier 2 AB001 NSAID formulation (nondisclosed active Chronic low back pain Phase 2 No Topical www.frontierbiotech.com/en/products/1.html Biotechnologies ingredient) Small molecule; oral uricosuric / anti-inflammatory agent + febuxostat (xanthine oxidase Gout in patients taking urate- Uricosuric + 3 AC-201 CR inhibitor); inhibition of NLRP3 lowering therapy; Gout; TWi Biotechnology Phase 2 No Oral www.twibiotech.com/rAndD_11 xanthine oxidase inflammasome assembly, reduced Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS) production of caspase-1 and cytokine IL-1Beta www.arraybiopharma.com/our-science/our-pipeline AK-1830 Small molecule; tropomyosin Array BioPharma / 4 TrkA Pain, inflammation Phase 1 No Oral www.asahi- A (ARRY-954) receptor kinase A (TrkA) inhibitor Asahi Kasei Pharma kasei.co.jp/asahi/en/news/2016/e160401_2.html www.neurosmedical.com/clinical-research;
  • The Opioid Epidemic: What Labs Have to Do with It?

    The Opioid Epidemic: What Labs Have to Do with It?

    The Opioid Epidemic: What labs have to do with it? Ewa King, Ph.D. Associate Director of Health RIDOH State Health Laboratories Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Overview • Overdose trends • Opioids and their effects • Analytical testing approaches • Toxicology laboratories Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Opioid overdose crisis 1 Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Opioid overdose crisis 2 Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Opiates and Opioids • Opiates vs. Opioids • Opiates: Naturally occurring, derived from the poppy plant • Opioids: “Opiate-like” drugs in effects, not chemical structure Includes opiates • Narcotic analgesics • CNS depressants • DEA Schedule I or II controlled substances • Additive effect with other CNS depressant drugs Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Efficacy of Opioids • How do opioids work? • Bind with opioid receptors • Brain, spinal cord, GI tract, and throughout the body • Pain, emotion, breathing, movement, and digestion Opioid Receptor Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Effects of Opioids Physiological Psychological • Pain relief • Drowsiness/ sedation • Cough suppression • Mental confusion • GI motility • Loss of memory • Respiratory depression • Lethargy/ apathy • Pupillary constriction • Euphoria/ tranquility • Itching • Mood swings • Constipation • Depression • Dependence • Withdrawal • Dependence Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Opiates 1 Opiates • Naturally occurring alkaloids Opium • Latex from the opium poppy plant Codeine: • Mild to moderate pain • Antitussive Morphine: • Severe pain • Metabolite of codeine and heroin Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Opiates 2 Semi-synthetic Opiates: • Synthesized from a natural opiate Heroin: • Schedule I narcotic Hydrocodone (Vicodin): • Mild to moderate pain • Metabolizes to hydromorphone (Dilaudid) Oxycodone (Oxycontin/Percocet): • Moderate to severe pain • Metabolizes to oxymorphone (Opana) Analysis. Answers. Action.
  • Dezocine Exhibits Antihypersensitivity Activities in Neuropathy Through

    Dezocine Exhibits Antihypersensitivity Activities in Neuropathy Through

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Dezocine exhibits antihypersensitivity activities in neuropathy through spinal Received: 09 November 2016 Accepted: 19 January 2017 μ-opioid receptor activation and Published: 23 February 2017 norepinephrine reuptake inhibition Yong-Xiang Wang1, Xiao-Fang Mao1, Teng-Fei Li1, Nian Gong1 & Ma-Zhong Zhang2 Dezocine is the number one opioid painkiller prescribed and sold in China, occupying 44% of the nation’s opioid analgesics market today and far ahead of the gold-standard morphine. We discovered the mechanisms underlying dezocine antihypersensitivity activity and assessed their implications to antihypersensitivity tolerance. Dezocine, given subcutaneously in spinal nerve-ligated neuropathic rats, time- and dose-dependently produced mechanical antiallodynia and thermal antihyperalgesia, significantly increased ipsilateral spinal norepinephrine and serotonin levels, and induced less antiallodynic tolerance than morphine. Its mechanical antiallodynia was partially (40% or 60%) and completely (100%) attenuated by spinal μ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonism or norepinephrine depletion/α2-adrenoceptor antagonism and combined antagonism of MORs and α2-adenoceptors, respectively. In contrast, antagonism of spinal κ-opioid receptors (KORs) and δ-opioid receptors (DORs) or depletion of spinal serotonin did not significantly alter dezocine antiallodynia. In addition, dezocine- delayed antiallodynic tolerance was accelerated by spinal norepinephrine depletion/α2-adenoceptor antagonism. Thus dezocine produces antihypersensitivity activity through spinal MOR activation and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition (NRI), but apparently not through spinal KOR and DOR activation, serotonin reuptake inhibition or other mechanisms. Our findings reclassify dezocine as the first analgesic of the recently proposed MOR-NRI, and reveal its potential as an alternative to as well as concurrent use with morphine in treating pain.