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Home , 2020 in science

VO. 2. NO. 1 (2021) E-ISSN: 2715-2634

EFFECT OF PROBLEM BASED: -LONG EDUCATION IN INDUSTRIAL AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Nurlela Baco1 , Elihami Elihami2

1,2 Nonformal Education Department, Muhammadiyah University of Enrekang Corresponding email: [email protected]

Article info Abstract Article History To explore how well graduates of self-directed, problem- based undergraduate curricula (USA, Vietnam, Taiwan, Received : RRC, and Japan) who go on to primary care careers 25/03/2021 adhere to current clinical practice guidelines. Lifelong education is education that does not stop until it Accepted : becomes an individual to become an adult, but continues 29/03/2021 throughout life. Lifelong education is of higher urgency at this because humans need to continually adjust Published : themselves so that they live naturally in an ever changing 02/04/2021 society. Lifelong education in industrialized and developing countries is indispensable in order to increase equality in the distribution of educational services, has pleasant economic implications, and essential in dealing with changing social structures there are vocational reasons for determining it will deliver an increase in the quality of life. Although the concept of lifelong education in industrialized and developing countries is different, the goal remains the same”. Keywords: Lifelong education; industrialized countries; developing countries

INTRODUCTION naturally, (Elihami, E., 2016), the Lifelong education is understood as process does not always require a concept which states that the teachers, tutors or educators. The educational process can be carried out process may not be realized anywhere and anytime without being by a person or group that he or they limited by age. This shows that are always involved in it. Lifelong education takes place from the time a learning activities are manifested human is born until he dies. Lifelong when there is an urge in a person to education is a human act naturally and meet learning needs and satisfaction

1 and if there is awareness and DISCUSSION enthusiasm to learn while life is still in The role of lifelong education: the body. 1. Life long education allows a person According to the concept of lifelong to develop their potential according to education, educational activities are their needs, because basically all considered as a whole. The entire human beings born into the world education sector is an integrated have the same rights, especially to get system, (Elihami, E., & Saharuddin, A, education and increase their 2017). This concept must be adapted knowledge and skills (Asrianti, et.al., to the and needs of the 2021). With the potential, the community concerned. An advanced knowledge and skills possessed are society will have different needs from then developed as life goes on. And an underdeveloped society. If most of with this potential, it can encourage the people of a nation are still people to work harder in living life, illiterate, then efforts to eradicate with this knowledge humans are not illiteracy among adults will get easily fooled, with these skills humans priority in the lifelong education can make new and useful things, system, (Elihami, E., & Syahid, A. , (Agusriandi, et.al., 2021). 2018). But in industrialized countries 1. Through lifelong education, is the that have developed rapidly, the most effective way to get out of a problem of how to fill the free time to circle of ignorance and poverty. get on this system. Lifelong education enables a Lifelong education provides person to: opportunities for people to learn 2. Increase their productivity so flexible and broadly according to their that they can maximize their interests, ages and needs. With abilities. lifelong education, humans can 3. Maintain and develop the continue to develop their potential resources they have for the wherever and according to their development of themselves and portion. The implementation of others around them. lifelong education in every country 4. It is possible to live in a healthier cannot be the same, (Djafar, S., Nadar, and more enjoyable environment N., Arwan, A., & Elihami, E, 2019). The because of the education we have aim aimed at industrial and been taught when we were developing countries in general is to young. increase human resources. However, 5. Have motivation in caring for and the interests of a country of course educating their children different. Industrial countries focus on appropriately, so that family maintaining the progress of the nation education is very important and and improving human resources. of great significance. While developing countries aim to 6. In general, in developing improve welfare and improve the countries there are still many quality of life of their people, (Zhang, parents who are not aware of the et.al., 2021). importance of formal education for their children. Therefore,

2 many of their children receive change rapidly. In this regard, it less formal education, drop out of is necessary to create a condition school or do not attend school at which constitutes the application all. Thus, lifelong education is a of the principle of lifelong solution to the problem of education. parents because it changes their The concept of lifelong view from being indifferent to education in industrial and developing education to be positive thinking, countries namely that education is able to change attitudes, be more skilled 1. and be more useful for families. The main characteristic of 7. In the current era of education in the United States is that it globalization, it seems that the is decentralized. The federal, state, world is hit by the exploitation of and local governments have very clear and (IPTEK) rules and administrative with the various products it responsibilities. The United States produces. Everyone, including does not have a centralized or national educators, scholars, leaders and education system. However, that does so on, is required to always not mean the federal government is update their knowledge and not provide direction and influence on skills like what is happening in educational problems. The legislature, developed countries, (Hami, E., & judiciary and fedaral Executive are Idris, M. , 2015). Therefore, very active in the decision-making lifelong education provides process regarding education. knowledge that is not yet The appointment of teachers is possessed or which is not yet the authority of the state government. known. Each state has its own provisions 8. The rapid development of science regarding the requirements for and technology has had a major obtaining a teaching certificate. There impact and influence on various are states that require teaching educational concepts, techniques requirements, such as mastering drug and methods. In addition, these counseling, mastering computers and developments are also getting so on. There are also states that wider, deeper and more complex, provide certificates. teaching for which makes it impossible for undergraduate (S.1) graduates, the science to be taught entirely to second certificate stage for Masters students in schools. Therefore, (S.2) graduates. Then providing the main task of school pathway written examinations and teaching education is to teach how to practice as a requirement for teacher learn, instill strong motivation in appointments. The state also issues learning. the 's self to learn certificates for administrative staff of continuously throughout his life, schools-principals and regional providing skills to students educators. effectively so that he is able to adapt in a society that tends to 2. Lifelong learning in Vietnam

3 Education in Vietnam in the fields of agriculture, industry, basically occurred before the country trade, performing arts, economics and became independent, namely during households, health and marine the French government, but was very production. However, the method limited to the elite. As a result, the used in state institutions does not use illiteracy rate reached 90% after the traditional methods, so it is not establishment of an administrative suitable for adult needs, (Elihami, E., & region in Hanoi in 1945, a program Suparman, S, 2019). So a program to eradicate illiteracy was carried out offered by private institutions was until 1950 and the result was that born that prioritizes the development 90% were literate. After of sustainable learning abilities. independence in 1975 the program Problem solving, critical thinking, and was continued and three years later creativity. But not all people have it was declared complete. participated in the program. Lifelong learning at this time, Lifelong learning in the future, even the complementary education system though there are changes in socio- is held in line with the formal political life, the three principles put education system with the aim of forward by Yat Sen, still survive providing vocational skills for adults, and influence the practice of lifelong (Hasnidar, H., & Elihami, E. , 2020). education. For example, students feel Meanwhile, basic education is that it is the government's obligation intended for community members to provide educational opportunities after literacy education, (Firawati, F. , for all members of society. Besides, 2017). To support the implementation the program that is run must be of these activities, curricula and balanced, not only vocational but also learning materials are compiled personal and social development must nationally , where the material is be developed in the program, (Efendi, adapted to the community A., & Elihami, E. , 2019). environment, (Elihami, E., & Syarif, I. , Another teaching that 2017). Lifelong learning in the future, influences lifelong education is the lifelong education will continue to Confucian teachings. According to this develop. This is indicated by the teaching, respect for adults lies in self- increasing efforts of the government development activities and moral in implementing this education. policies, (Elihami, E., Rahamma, T., Dangnga, M. S., & Gunawan, N. A, 3. Life-long study in Taiwan 2019). This is what encourages adults Lifelong learning in Taiwan is to learn throughout their . strongly influenced by the teachings of Another aspect that affects lifelong Sun Yat Sen, a national movement development is the number of elderly leader. Sun Yat Sen's teachings were people, which is increasing by 7-8% of developed on the basis of political the total population, (Musdalifah, doctrine and Confucian teachings. et.al., 2021). On the other hand, it Lifelong learning today, becomes an educational resource and vocational education is carried out on the other hand it becomes the through public and private education responsibility of education. This group

4 needs educational services to develop themselves and socially.

4. Lifelong study in Lifelong learning in PRC systematically and conceptually became known only when the Learning To Be document was launched by Unesco, although practically this has been done for a long time in the community. The development of lifelong learning in China is more supported by private institutions than the government. The government is more focused on 9 years of basic education which is planned and will be completed by the end of the 30th century, (Jabri, et.al., 2019). The development of lifelong learning is closely related to the factors of the development of science and technology, , community culture, and education itself, (Syaparuddin, et.al., 2020). In science and technology there have been extraordinary developments. The industry has used new technology so that workers who have lost their jobs or need training In the economic field, the PRC has entered the world market so that it inevitably has to compete with other countries. Besides these needs, society also needs self- development and culture, which is no less important is education itself. In this case the government does not have sufficient funds to finance all the needs of the community. Until high school level, the number of students that must be accommodated reaches 200 million or 25% of the total Figure.1 VOS Viewer number of students worldwide. The main priority is the fulfillment of basic Since 2009, VOSviewer has education needs been in active development.

5 VOSViewer employs van Eck and education system that is more flexible Waltman's VOS (Visualization of and open. Similarities) algorithm to depict the relationship between entities in such a way that both direct and indirect connections between entities result in those entities being placed closer together on a map. Bibliometrics is often presented in the context of data management in the library science literature, often as a service provided by research data management departments in large research universities. Bibliometrics is also used as a tool for post-processing data collected through other means, such as the content management system used for virtual reference transactions.

5. Life-long study in Japan There are three main factors driving the development of lifelong learning in Japan. These three factors are internationalization, the reform era and the elderly society. Internationalization occurs in three stages, namely importing raw materials and processing them as finished goods for export. The transfer of industry to other countries, and the Figure 2. VOS Viewer emigration of Japanese professional The VOSviewer software makes workers abroad and the immigration it simple to access bibliometric of foreign manual labor to Japan. The mapping using Dimensions, Scopus, reform era has changed the and Web of Science data. Citation data organizational system from that is properly formatted and centralized to decentralized, strict structured, as well as the ease with management control pyramid to which it can be exported, opens up horizontal arrangement. Besides, new avenues for use during citation Japan will enter the age of the elderly. searches and reference interviews. It is estimated that in 2025 the This paper describes specific population aged 65 years and over techniques for using advanced will reach 27%. These three Dimensions searches, exporting conditions require changes in the citation data, and gaining insights from VOS Viewer maps. These search

6 techniques and data export practices human resources. While developing are quick and accurate enough to countries aim to improve welfare and incorporate into reference interviews improve the quality of life of their for graduate students, faculty, and people. post-doctoral researchers. Problem-based learning differs from problem solving in that the BIBLIOGRAPHY patient's problems are used as a springboard for learning; solving the problem, while important, is not an [1] Agusriadi, A., Elihami, E., end in itself. Consideration and Mutmainnah, M., & Busa, Y. (2021, analysis of a specific problem is February). Technical Guidance for intended to raise awareness of the big Learning Management in a Video picture and its variations, which may Conference with the Zoom and lead to changes in the proposed Youtube application in the Covid- solutions. Students in the MU 19 Pandemic Era. In Journal of curriculum learn through inquiry to establish clear learning objectives Physics: Conference Series (Vol. from the study of health care 1783, No. 1, p. 012119). IOP problems and early contact with Publishing. patients. Students must identify areas [2] Asrianti, A., Baas, I. B., Elihami, E., of deficiency in their own & Yusfika, Y. (2021). Islamic performance, locate appropriate educational resources, critically Monumental Works is important evaluate these resources, and evaluate for politic and educational their own performance, (Shin, J. H., psychology: Key Issues and Recent Haynes, R. B., & Johnston, M. E. , 1993). developments in Indonesia. EduPsyCouns: Journal of CONCLUSION Education, Psychology and Lifelong education provides Counseling, 3(1), 146-153. opportunities for people to learn [3] Djafar, S., Nadar, N., Arwan, A., & flexible and broadly according to their Elihami, E. (2019). Increasing the interests, ages and needs. With Mathematics Learning through the lifelong education, humans can Development of Vocational continue to develop their potential wherever and according to their Mathematics Modules of STKIP portion. The implementation of Muhammadiyah Enrekang. ICONSS lifelong education in every country Proceeding Series, 246-251. cannot be the same. The aim aimed at [4] Efendi, A., & Elihami, E. (2019). industrial and developing countries in GUIDE-LINING FOR LEARNING TO general is to increase human resources. However, the interests of a OPTIMIZING LEARNING country of course different. Industrial ACHIEVEMENT. JURNAL EDUKASI countries focus on maintaining the NONFORMAL, 1(1), 56-62. progress of the nation and improving

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