Somaliland: an Overview of the 2021 Parliamentary and Local Council Elections

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Somaliland: an Overview of the 2021 Parliamentary and Local Council Elections Somaliland: An Overview of the 2021 Parliamentary and Local Council Elections Mohamed Abdirahman Hassan Muhammed Yasir Okumuş POLICY BRIEF COPYRIGHT © 2021 by ISIR Think Tank & Africa Foundation All rights reserved. No part of this policy brief may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISIR THINK TANK ISIR Think Tank The Institute for Strategic Insights and Off Airport Raod Masala Hargeisa Research (ISIR) is an independent, non- SOMALILAND partisan organization that uses research Phone: +252634796383 to inform its policy advocacy work. www.isirthinktank.org | [email protected] | Twitter: @IsirThinktank It undertakes impartial policy research, training and analysis to organizations and decision-makers in the horn AFRICA FOUNDATION of African region who are working Mutlukent Mahallesi 1920. Cadde toward innovative thinking to stimulate No: 31 Beysukent Çankaya 06800 Ankara formulation of sound public policies TURKEY leading to positive outcomes in the Phone: +90 312 235 05 10 fields of peace & security, good governance, safeguarding human www.afrikavakfi.org | [email protected] | rights and democracy Twitter: @afrikavakfi Africa Foundation Africa Foundation, founded in 2015, is an independent and non-profit non- governmental organization based in Ankara, Turkey. Africa Foundation conducts research and various training programs to contribute to Turkey’s human capital development and aims to raise awareness of Africa. Somaliland: An Overview of the 2021 Parliamentary and Local Council Elections Mohamed Abdirahman Hassan Muhammed Yasir Okumuş POLICY BRIEF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Somaliland is going to the ballots to elect members of the House of Representatives, mayors, and members of the Local Councils. National Electoral Commission has completed the voter registration process, and with more than 1 million registered voters will be able to vote on May 31, 2021. The elections are important as there were successive delays in the electoral process and the elections for the House of Representatives and Local Councils will be done together for the first time. ISIR Think Tank and Africa Foundation jointly prepared this policy brief for the experts and the general reader interested in the electoral process in Somaliland as well as the current situation en route to the May 2021 elections. The policy brief provides fundamental information on Somaliland’s political system and actors involved in the electoral process such as the political parties, electoral bodies, and the civil society; presents in-depth analyses on the contemporary issues ahead of the elections such as the participation of women and ethnic minorities, elections funding, and the role of diaspora; and finally, it offers recommendations to various election-related actors. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 01. OVERVIEW OF SOMALILAND’S POLITICAL CONTEXT AND HISTORY OF ELECTIONS 02. Hybrid Political System Impedes Democratic Progress 06. Sustained Term Extensions 07. Lack of Diversity of Candidates: Marginalization of Women and Ethnic Minorities 08. THE ISSUES AHEAD OF 2021 ELECTIONS 09. Parliamentary Elections 09. Local Council Elections 10. ACTORS 10. The Political Parties 10. Party Profiles 12. Bodies Managing the Election: SLNEC 13. Elections Funding 14. Other Actors: Role of CSOs, Diaspora, and International Community 15. THE NEED FOR ELECTORAL REFORMS 15. RECOMMENDATIONS 16. Somaliland An Overview of the 2021 Parliamentary and Local Council Elections INTRODUCTION n Somaliland, citizens are expected representation for people from minority clans to go to the polls in May 2021 to and women. Conversely, there is a myriad of elect legislators and local councilors challenges facing the newly elected members for the first time in 15 and 8 years, of parliament (hereon, MPs) and councilors respectively. These will be the seventh on ways to tackle corruption, fix the stagnant Ielections since 2002 and the introduction of economy, and create jobs for the rising youthful multiparty democracy. Somaliland was praised population. for conducting timely elections ever since and gained the reputation of a peaceful and A major issue on the agenda of Somaliland growing democracy within the region of the politics is the relations with Somalia. The Horn of Africa, which is marked by hostilities upcoming 2021 parliamentary elections, in and autocratic regimes. However, Somaliland is particular, will have an impact on the relations yet to graduate into a mature democracy and between Somaliland and Somalia. As there has drawn condemnation in recent years amid is no consensus between both sides on the sustained term extensions1 despite the fact that political status of Somaliland3, the newly the Somaliland constitution clearly limits office elected parliament has a high potential of terms for elected officials to five years. influencing Somaliland’s future. In addition, the Somalia government is currently in the There are only 3 political parties and over 990 process of electing members of parliament candidates in total contesting the elections for and a president through indirect elections.4 The seats in the House of Representatives (hereon, post-election term is expected to be a new era HoR) and Local Councils (hereon, LC).2 The in establishing the nature of relations between HoR comprises 82 seats, all of which are Somaliland and Somalia. directly elected, with no seats reserved for women and minority groups. With over 90% The objective of this policy outlook is to present of the candidates expected to be newcomers, an overview of the context, history, and political the elections could see the emergence of a settings on the upcoming 2021 Somaliland new wave of young and homegrown leaders, elections, as well as the various political actors despite the absence of affirmative action to and issues driving the race. enhance 1 British Embassy Mogadishu. (2019, November 27). Joint statement on delays to Somaliland parliamentary and local council elections. Gov.UK. Retrieved 12 31, 2020, from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statement-on-delays-to-somaliland-parliamentary-and-local-council-elections 2 Haji, O., Saed. (2021, January 16). Personal Interview. Hargeisa. 3 Askar, A. (2020, June 29). The Future of the Negotiation Track between Somalia and Somaliland: Chances and Challenges. Emirates Policy Centre (EPC). Re- trieved 12 31, 2020, from https://epc.ae/topic/the-future-of-the-negotiation-track-between-somalia-and-somaliland-chances-and-challenges 4 Crisis Group Africa. (2020, November 10). Staving off Violence around Somalia’s Elections. Reliefweb. Retrieved December 21, 2020, from https://reliefweb.int/ report/somalia/staving-violence-around-somalia-s-elections-crisis-group-africa-briefing-n-163-10 1 Somaliland An Overview of the 2021 Parliamentary and Local Council Elections OVERVIEW OF SOMALILAND’S POLITICAL CONTEXT AND HISTORY OF ELECTIONS Somaliland was a region of the former Somali In 1993, the clans of Somaliland gathered in the Republic between1960 and1990.5 It declared its Grand Borama Conference and signed a national independence from Somalia in 1991 and has since charter.7 This was followed by the 1997 conference in been seeking to attain international independence. Hargeisa, where indirectly elected representatives Somaliland has undergone relatively successful approved a more detailed interim constitution. stages of nation and state-building since 1991. It These representatives finalized a draft constitution, has a functioning government, an army, a currency which was voted in a public referendum in 2001.8 of its own, and an infrastructural presence in Before the first legislative elections were held in most of its territories. Following the Civil War 20059, the 2001 constitution laid the framework for that overthrew the military regime of Siad Barre Somaliland’s transition from a clan-based political in 1991 and the declaration of Somaliland as an system to a multiparty system. independent state from the rest of Somalia, the Somali National Movement (hereon, SNM) militia Somaliland passed through a less anarchic forces, who defeated Siad Barre’s forces and path among political actors10 in contrast to the declared Somaliland’s withdrawal from the union of rest of Somalia during the introduction of the 1960, initiated a two-year transitional government multiparty system.11 The first elections contested in led by its then chairperson, Abdirahman Ahmed independent Somaliland were those for LC(2002 Ali. This was followed by a peaceful transfer of and 2012), followed by three election cycles for the power between five presidents in less than three presidency (2003, 2010, and 2017)and one term for decades. the bicameral legislature (2005).12 Besides Somaliland’s successful endeavor in peacebuilding,6 the process of constitution-making was also taking shape. 5 BBC. (2017, December 14). Somaliland Profile. BBC News. Retrieved December 21, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14115069 6 Soon after the resistance against the Barre regime ended and the SNM fighters emerged triumphant, the prominent figures in Somaliland society, such as the clan elders, managed to form ad hoc committees to mediate disputes, administer justice, and basically lead the stateless society. See Ibrahim, M. H., & Terlinden, U. (2010). Somalil- and:‘Home Grown Peacemaking and political reconstruction. Accord Conciliation Resources, 21, 76-79. Also see Eubank, N. (2010, January 11). Peace-Building
Recommended publications
  • September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report
    International Republican Institute Suite 700 1225 Eye St., NW Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 408-9450 (202) 408-9462 FAX www.iri.org International Republican Institute Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report Table of Contents Map of Somaliland……………………………………………………………………..….2 Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………….....3 I. Background Information.............................................................................................…..5 II. Legal and Administrative Framework………………………………..………..……….8 III. Pre-Election Period……………. …...……………………………..…………...........12 IV. Election Day…………...…………………………………………………………….18 V. Post-Election Period and Results.…………………………………………………….27 VI. Findings and Recommendations……………………………………………………..33 VII. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..38 Appendix A: Voting Results in 2005 Presidential Elections…………………………….39 Appendix B: Voting Results in 2003 Presidential Elections…………………………….41 Appendix C: Voting Results in 2002 Local Government Elections……………………..43 Appendix D: Voting Trends……………………………………………………………..44 IRI – Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report 1 Map of Somaliland IRI – Somaliland September 29, 2005 Parliamentary Election Assessment Report 2 Executive Summary Background The International Republican Institute (IRI) has conducted programs in Somaliland since 2002 with the support of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. Department of State, and the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). IRI’s Somaliland
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICA Somaliland: Peaceful Elections in an Unrecognized Country
    AFRICA Somaliland: Peaceful Elections in an Unrecognized Country OE Watch Commentary: No country recognizes Somaliland’s claim to sovereignty. However, Source: Omar S. Mahmood, as the accompanying article notes, with yet another “presidential election” just completed (the “Somaliland’s New President Has Work third in 14 years), the self-declared country is hoping its peaceful transition of power will garner to Do,” Institute for Security Studies additional international respect and perhaps even the recognition it so desires. (South Africa), 10 January 2018. https:// For many this Somaliland election was particularly noteworthy. Besides a successful issafrica.org/iss-today/somalilands-new- voter registration effort that for the first time ever used an iris-scanner system in Africa, the president-has-work-to-do unrecognized nation also held its first ever presidential debate. This is not to say that Somaliland’s With the inauguration of Muse Bihi “democracy” is perfect. Its presidential election was postponed for two years, and personal Abdi on 13 December 2017, Somaliland’s tensions between the challengers, along with accusations of voter fraud, led to protests which oft-delayed presidential election led to three deaths. Despite these setbacks, the actual overall process was largely peaceful, and process officially ended. The Kulmiye international observers declared there were no significant election day voting irregularities. party retained power, but the president Clan loyalty, as has happened in previous elections, largely shaped the voting. Isaaq sub-clans changed for the third time in 14 years Habar Awal and Habar Jeclo came together to provide Muse Bihi Abdi from the Peace, Unity, and – impressive for an unrecognized Development Party, also known as the Kulmiye Party, with the presidency.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracking Conflict Worldwide
    8/4/2020 CrisisWatch Print | Crisis Group CRISISWATCH Tracking Conflict Worldwide CrisisWatch is our global conict tracker, a tool designed to help decision- makers prevent deadly violence by keeping them up-to-date with developments in over 80 conicts and crises, identifying trends and alerting them to risks of escalation and opportunities to advance peace. Learn more about CrisisWatch July 2020 Global Overview JULY 2020 Trends for Last Month July 2020 Outlook for This Month Deteriorated Situations August 2020 Mali, Democratic Republic of Congo, Conflict Risk Alerts Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, Yemen, Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, Iraq, Libya Tunisia Resolution Opportunities Improved Situations Afghanistan None https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/print?t=Crisiswatch+July+2020&crisiswatch=14628&date=July+2020 1/51 8/4/2020 CrisisWatch Print | Crisis Group The latest edition of Crisis Group’s monthly conict tracker highlights deteriorations in July in 11 countries and conict situations, the overwhelming majority of them in Africa. In Ethiopia, the killing of popular Oromo singer Hachalu Hundessa sparked a wave of protests, which left over 200 dead. In Sudan, the government struggled to advance the transitional agenda amid continuing delays in nalising a peace accord with rebel groups and escalating deadly violence in Darfur. In South Sudan, intercommunal violence surged in the east, while the partnership between President Salva Kiir and VP Riek Machar suffered setbacks. In Mali, clashes between anti-government protesters and security forces in the capital Bamako killed at least 14 people. Looking ahead to August, CrisisWatch warns of three conict risks. In Libya, Egypt took preparatory steps toward a direct military intervention, which could escalate the war dramatically, while heavy clashes in Yemen’s north between the government and the Huthis could intensify.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Settlement in Somaliland: a Gendered Perspective
    The Bartlett Development Planning Unit Political Settlement in Somaliland: A gendered perspective Michael Walls, Marie-Luise Schueller and Amina-Bahja Ekman with Amina-Milgo Mohamoud Warsame, Suad Ibrahim Abdi, Kinzi Hussein Kowden, Haroon Ahmed Yusuf and Omer Eid Qalonbi March 2017 dpu Development Planning Unit Political Settlement in Somaliland: A gendered perspective By Michael Walls, Marie-Luise Schueller and Amina-Bahja Ekman with Amina-Milgo Mohamoud Warsame, Suad Ibrahim Abdi, Kinzi Hussein Kowden, Haroon Ahmed Yusuf and Omer Eid Qalonbi UCL Ethical Approval Project ID: 8171/001 Cover photo: © Kate Stanworth, Hargeysa, 2016 Financial support from ESRC and DFID is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and not necessarily those of ESRC or DFID. Political Settlement in Somaliland: A gendered perspective Michael Walls, Marie-Luise Schueller and Amina-Bahja Ekman with Amina-Milgo Mohamoud Warsame, Suad Ibrahim Abdi, Kinzi Hussein Kowden, Haroon Ahmed Yusuf and Omer Eid Qalonbi March 2017 dpu Development Planning Unit 2 Political Settlement in Somaliland: A gendered perspective About the authors Michael Walls is a Senior Lecturer at University College London’s (UCL) Bartlett Development Planning Unit (DPU) and, for the past thirteen years, his research has focused on the political economy of the Somali Horn of Africa, including the evolving political settlement in Somaliland. He was part of the coordination team for international election observations to Somaliland elections in 2005, 2010 and 2012, as well as for the 2016/17 voter registration process. Marie-Luise Schueller is the Policy and Campaigns Manager at Progressio where she works on issues of gender and governance concerning Southern Africa and the Horn of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • A Week in the Horn 19.1.2018 News in Brief President Dr. Mulatu
    A Week in the Horn 19.1.2018 News in brief President Dr. Mulatu Teshome’s State Visit to Cuba The Sixth High-level Ethiopian-Egyptian Joint Ministerial Commission meets in Cairo Foreign Minister Dr. Workneh’s visit to Khartoum The 30th African Union Summit starts next week IGAD Revitalization to continue despite concern over at ceasefire violations Al-Shabaab continues to recruit 8-year-old children as fighters… …and the President of Somaliland in Ethiopia for a three-day working visit A UN Security Council briefing on Darfur News in Brief Africa and the African Union The 30th Summit of the African Union (AU) starts on Monday next week (January 22) with the opening of the Permanent Representatives’ Committee. This will be followed by the Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of Foreign Ministers on Thursday and Friday (January 25-26), and the 30th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the African Union will take place on Sunday and Monday (January 28-29). The theme of this year’s Summit is: “Winning the Fight against Corruption: A Sustainable Path to Africa’s Transformation”. (See article) Ambassadors and Representatives of Member States of IGAD held an informal consultation meeting on Thursday (January 18) at the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Chaired by Ethiopia’s State Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mrs. Hirut Zemene, the emphasized disappointment at violations of the Ceasefire Agreement, but underlined the next phase of the Revitalization Process, covering power sharing and transitional security arrangement would continue at the beginning of February.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the 2017 Somaliland Presidential Election by Dr Adan
    CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................ 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 Somaliland Elections ........................................................................................... 4 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 5 November 2017 presidential election................................................................... 7 Citizens’ concerns ................................................................................................................. 7 Citizens’ expectations ........................................................................................................... 9 Election dynamics ............................................................................................... 9 NEC as a key actor ................................................................................................................. 9 Political parties: views on electoral process ....................................................................... 10 The Media ........................................................................................................................... 13 Civil society actors ............................................................................................................... 14 International election observers ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Somaliland Opinion Survey
    International Republican Institute Survey of Somaliland Public Opinion – Baki District June 29 – July 4, 2013 Methodology • The fieldwork was conducted from June 29–July 4, 2013 by Data and Research Solutions, a survey research company located in Hargeisa, Somaliland. • Questionnaire design, sample design, analysis of the data and overall supervision of the project was performed by Bob Carpenter of Chesapeake Beach Consulting, an international opinion research and consulting firm. • The population studied was registered voters in Baki District (16+). A representative random sample was designed based on the number of individuals who cast ballots in the November 2012 local elections. • Enumeration areas within each sub-district were randomly selected from a list of established polling centers; households within each sampling point were then identified using a random walk method and a skip pattern; respondents were randomly chosen using a Kish grid. • The sample size was 496. The questionnaire was offered in Somali language only. • The total number of registered voters casting ballots in the 2012 local elections in the sample universe is equal to 17,408 (SOURCE: Somaliland National Elections Commission). The margin of error for the total sample is +/- 4.5 percent. Please note that the margin of error for subsets (i.e. clans/age/education/etc.) is significantly higher and should be treated as indicative only. • The overall response rate (defined as the number of successful interviews divided by eligible houses visited) is 86 percent. To complete
    [Show full text]
  • The Economics of Elections in Somaliland the Financing of Political Parties and Candidates
    RIFt valley INStItUtE RESEARcH pApER 3 The Economics of Elections in Somaliland The financing of political parties and candidates ALY VERJEE, ADAN Y. ABOKOR, HAROON A. YUSUF, AMINA M. WARSAME, MUHAMMAD A. FARAH AND MOHAMED F. HERSI rift valley institute research paper 3 The Economics of Elections in Somaliland The financing of political parties and candidates ALY verJee, aDan y. aBOKOr, harOOn a. yusuf, aMina M. WarsaMe, MuhaMMaD a. FARAH anD MOhaMeD f. hersi Published in 2015 by the Rift Valley Institute (RVI) 26 St Luke’s Mews, London W11 1DF, United Kingdom. PO Box 52771, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. tHE RIFt VALLEY INStItUtE (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in Eastern and Central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political and economic development. tHE NAIROBI FORUM The RVI Nairobi Forum is a venue for critical discussion of political, economic and social issues in the Horn of Africa, Eastern and Central Africa, Sudan and South Sudan. tHE autHORS Aly Verjee is a Senior Researcher with the Rift Valley Institute who has observed more than 20 elections, including the 2005, 2010 and 2012 polls in Somaliland. Adan Abokor organized international election observation missions in several Somaliland elections and was a member of the Electoral Monitoring Board of Somaliland from 2003 to 2012. Haroon Yusuf is the Programme Coordinator for the Nagaad network, which focuses on women’s rights, democratization and governance in Somaliland. Amina Warsame was one of the first women in Somaliland to run for election in 2005 for a seat in Somaliland’s arliament.P She is a former chair of Nagaad, and is founder of the Somaliland Women’s Research and Action Group (SOWRAG).
    [Show full text]
  • Gericht Entscheidungsdatum Geschäftszahl Spruch Text
    12.10.2018 Gericht BVwG Entscheidungsdatum 12.10.2018 Geschäftszahl W254 2104666-1 Spruch W254 2104666-1/10E W254 2115448-1/8E W254 2153524-1/9E W254 2192540-1/7E W254 2110879-1/13E Schriftliche Ausfertigung des am 12.10.2018 mündlich verkündeten Erkenntnisses: IM NAMEN DER REPUBLIK! I. Das Bundesverwaltungsgericht hat durch die Richterin Dr.in Tatjana CARDONA als Einzelrichterin über die Beschwerden der 1) XXXX , geb. XXXX 2) XXXX , geb. XXXX , 3) XXXX , geb. XXXX , 4) XXXX , geb. XXXX , alle StA. Somalia und vertreten durch die ARGE Rechtsberatung, gegen die Spruchpunkte I. der Bescheide des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl vom 1) 06.03.2015, Zl. XXXX , 2) 27.08.2015 Zl. XXXX , 3) 08.03.2017 Zl. XXXX , 4) 06.03.2018 Zl. XXXX , nach Durchführung einer mündlichen Verhandlung, zu Recht erkannt: A) Die Beschwerden werden als unbegründet abgewiesen. B) Die Revision ist nicht zulässig. II. Das Bundesverwaltungsgericht hat durch die Richterin Dr.in Tatjana CARDONA als Einzelrichterin über die Beschwerde des XXXX , geb. XXXX , StA. Somalia, vertreten durch ARGE Rechtsberatung, gegen Spruchpunkt I. des Bescheides des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl vom 29.06.2015, Zl. XXXX , nach Durchführung einer mündlichen Verhandlung, beschlossen: A) Das Beschwerdeverfahren wird wegen Zurückziehung der Beschwerde eingestellt. B) Die Revision ist nicht zulässig. Text ENTSCHEIDUNGSGRÜNDE: www.ris.bka.gv.at Seite 1 von 17 Bundesverwaltungsgericht 12.10.2018 I. Verfahrensgang: Die Beschwerdeführerin XXXX (BF1) stellte am 04.07.2014 einen Antrag auf internationalen Schutz in Österreich. Bei ihrer Erstbefragung am selben Tag gab sie an, Probleme mit ihrer Familie wegen ihrer traditionellen Ehe zu haben.
    [Show full text]
  • Somaliland 2021 Special Pre-Election Report-FINAL UPDATED
    A VOTE FOR CHANGE: Somaliland’s Two Decades Old Electoral Democracy May 2021 cademy for Peace and Development kaademiga Nabadda iyo Horumarka 1 A Vote for Change: Somaliland’s Two Decades Old Electoral Democracy Contents 1. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 2 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 3. Background ...................................................................................................................... 4 4. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 5 5. Politics of Extension: Formal Rules of the Game ........................................................... 6 6. The Eastern Factor: Creating More Inclusive Politics .................................................... 9 Context .............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Table 1: Regional Distribution of Votes in Somaliland’s elections (2002-2017). ............................. 9 Table 2: Seat Distribution between Isaaq and Non-Isaaq communities, 1960, 1998, 2005 ..... 10 What has changed now? ....................................................................................................................................... 10 7. The Elephant in the Room: Informal
    [Show full text]
  • Warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud Ee Ku Saabsan Soomaaliya
    United Nations S/2020/121 Security Council Distr.: General 13 February 2020 Original: English Situation in Somalia Report of the Secretary-General I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 22 of Security Council resolution 2461 (2019) and paragraph 33 of Council resolution 2472 (2019) and provides updates on the implementation of those resolutions, including on the mandates of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) and the United Nations Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS). The report covers major developments in Somalia during the period 5 November 2019 to 4 February 2020. II. Political, security, and economic overview A. Political developments 2. Preparations for national elections in 2020 gradually proceeded, as the House of the People of the Federal Parliament of Somalia debated and agreed on the electoral bill and submitted it to the Upper House for further revision. On 27 November 2019, the ad hoc parliamentary committee mandated to review the bill had tabled its report to the House of the People following consultations, including with federal member states. On 28 December, the House of the People passed the bill, with 172 votes in favour, 5 against and 2 abstentions. On 2 January 2020, following the receipt of the electoral bill from the House of the People, the Speaker of the Upper House appointed a seven-member ad hoc committee to review it. Plenary debates on the report of the ad hoc committee are continuing. 3. The Federal Parliament passed some of the priority legislation identified in the Mutual Accountability Framework, including the Public Financial Management Act and the Company Act.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Political Legitimacy Amidst International Intervention in Haiti in Comparative Perspective
    UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO Ph.D. Programme in Political Studies 32nd Cohort GRADUATE SCHOOL IN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES Ph.D. Dissertation Unpacking Peacebuilding – Assessing Political Legitimacy Amidst International Intervention In Haiti In Comparative Perspective Mariana dos Santos Parra Academic Year 2018-2019 UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO Ph.D. Programme In Political Studies 32nd Cohort GRADUATE SCHOOL IN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES Ph.D. Dissertation Unpacking Peacebuilding – Assessing Political Legitimacy Amidst International Intervention In Haiti In Comparative Perspective Mariana dos Santos Parra Supervisor: Prof. Fabrizio Coticchia Director: Prof. Matteo Jessoula Academic Year 2018-2019 To the people of Haiti, especially to those who daily resist and struggle to survive, to those who dream and struggle for a better future, despite the many forces that conspire against it. 3 Acknowledgments I am grateful, first of all, to my grandmother Amparo de Jesus (in memoriam), as her love and education made me who I am. To my husband Raphael, who was always there for me, in moments of happiness and insight, and in the dark hours of doubt, insecurity and confusion. He was there to support me and to make me laugh when there was nothing else to do. I thank my supervisor, Fabrizio Coticchia, for the constant support, for challenging me to deliver my best. I thank my advisor during the visiting research period at the University of Bremen, Klaus Schlichte, for our fruitful intellectual exchanges, and for his moral support, which was very important and meaningful for me, in the midst of my constant moves, and the permanent feeling of being an outsider.
    [Show full text]