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Osmanli'dan Cumhuriyet'e Gaziantep Ermenileri T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi OSMANLI’DAN CUMHURİYET’E GAZİANTEP ERMENİLERİ Hazırlayan Ramazan Erhan GÜLLÜ 2501060106 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Ali ARSLAN İstanbul 2009 ÖZ Bir yerleşim yeri olarak, mevcudiyeti tarih öncesi çağlara kadar uzanan Antep şehri, içinde birçok uygarlığın izlerini barındırır. Halife Hz. Ömer devrinde İslam coğrafyasına katılan, 11. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren çeşitli Türk aşiretlerinin bölgeye yerleşmeye başlamasıyla da bir Türk yurdu haline gelen Antep’e, sayıları oldukça az olmakla beraber, 16.-17. yüzyıllardan itibaren Ermeniler de yerleşmeye başlamışlardır. Şehrin coğrafî konumu ve ekonomik durumu gibi çeşitli sebeplerle yıllar içinde aldığı göçlere paralel olarak Ermeni nüfus da zamanla artmış ve 19. yüzyıla gelindiğinde şehrin toplam nüfusunun yaklaşık beşte biri Ermeni olmuştur. Ülkenin diğer kesimlerinde olduğu gibi Antep’te de 19. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar Türkler ve Ermeniler karşılıklı kültürel etkileşimde bulunan oldukça uyumlu iki toplumsal grup olarak yaşamışlardır. 1850’li yıllara kadar Antep’te Ermeniler ve Müslüman komşuları arasında etnik ve dinî ayrımdan kaynaklanan herhangi bir probleme rastlanmaz. Ancak bu tarihlerden itibaren çeşitli nedenlerle tüm Osmanlı ülkesinde yaşanmaya başlayan kimi sıkıntılar Antep’te yaşayan Müslümanlar ve Ermeniler arasında da başlar. Bu sıkıntılar iki toplum arasında bir soğukluğun başlamasına neden olsa da; yaşanan sıkıntılar 1895 yılına kadar karşılıklı çatışmaya dönüşmemiştir. 1895 yılında ise ülkenin birçok yerinde olduğu gibi Antep’te de Ermeniler bir isyan başlatır ve ilk kez Türkler ve Ermeniler arasında silahlı bir mücadele yaşanır. 1895 isyanına rağmen iki toplum ilişkileri kopmamıştır. Çünkü isyana tüm Ermeniler katılmadığı gibi Müslümanlar da bazı komiteciler tarafından çıkarılan karışıklıkları tüm Ermeni toplumuna mal etmemişlerdir. Fakat ilişkiler bundan böyle sürekli olarak olumsuz bir seyir takip edecektir. 1915 yılına gelindiğinde yine benzer bir isyan teşebbüsü bu kez yetkililer tarafından önceden tespit edilerek önlenmiş ve yeni bir çatışmaya meydan verilmemiştir. Antep Ermenileri başlangıçta, Osmanlı Hükümeti’nin aynı yıl yürürlüğe koyduğu “sevk ve iskân” kanunundan da muaf i tutulmuşken, benzer bir kargaşa endişesi yüzünden daha sonra bir kısmı sevke tâbi tutulmuştur. Sevke tâbi tutulan Antep Ermenileri 1918 yılı sonlarında tekrar şehre dönmüşler ancak İngiliz işgali altındaki şehre İngilizlerin baskısıyla Antep Ermenileri dışında, aslen başka şehirlerden olan, binlerce Ermeni daha getirilmiştir. Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonunda başlayan işgaller Antep’te Türk-Ermeni ilişkilerinin son safhasını oluşturur. İngiliz işgali sırasında işgalcilerin rehberlik ve tercümanlık işlerini tamamen yerli Ermeniler üstlenmişlerdir. Fransız işgal dönemi ve Ermenilerin Fransız ordusuna katılmaları ise, Antep’te Türklerle Ermeniler arasındaki tüm bağları koparan nihai gelişmedir. Antep Ermenilerinin hemen hemen tamamı savaş sırasında Fransızların safında yer aldığı gibi, Ermeni mahalleleri de Türk mahallelerine karşı birer cephe haline getirilmiştir. Milli Mücadele sırasında Fransızlarla birlikte Türklere karşı savaşan Ermeniler, 1921 Ankara Anlaşması’yla Fransızların bölgeden çekilmesinin ardından, 1922 yılında Antep’i terk ederek önce Suriye’ye, oradan da dünyanın değişik yerlerine göç etmişlerdir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Antep, Ermeni, İsyan, Fransız, Milli Mücadele ii ABSTRACT As a settlement place, Aintab whose roots date back to the prehistory accommodates the traces of many civilizations in itself. During the 16th and the 17th centuries the Armenians, though in small numbers, also began to settle down to Aintab which joined to the Islamic geography in the period of the Caliph Ömer and became a Turkish territory with several Turkish tribes getting established in the region beginning from the 11th century. The Armenian population increased in time, in paralel with the migrations it received in years and various reasons such as the geographical situation of the city and the economic condition; moreover, by the 19th century, approximately, one out of five of the city’s total population had became Armenian. The Turks and the Armenians lived as two harmonious groups who presented cultural interaction mutually in Aintab until the middle of the 19th century as well as the other parts of the country. It isn’t come across any problem, which stems from either religious or ethnical reasons between the Armenians and their Muslim neighbours in Aintab until the 1850s. However, beginnig from these years, some troubles, which broke out throught the Ottoman Empire owing to several reasons, began to ocur between the Muslims and the Armenians who lived in Aintab. Despite of the fact that these troubles caused to begin a chilliness between two communities, it did not turn into a reciprocal clash until 1895. In 1895; however, the Armenians gave a start to a revolt in Aintab besides to many places of the country; thus, it lead to an armed battle between the Turks and the Armenians for he first time. The affairs of two communities did not seperate despite of the revolt in 1895. Because, not only did all the Armenians not participate in the revolt, but the Muslims did not attribute all the troubles created by some comiteers to whole Armenian community. However, the affairs would follow always an unfavourable course from that time. In 1915, this time, a similar revolt attempt was prevented by the authorities having found out beforehand; thus, they did not let a new clash. Initially, the iii Armenians of Aintab were excused from the law of “dispatch and settling” put out by the Ottoman Goverment at the same year; but afterwards, they were made to dispatch in apprehension of a similar chaos. The Armenians of Aintab, who were made to dispatch, returned to the city in 1918; yet, apart from them thousands of Armenians, who were originally from different cities, were also brought to the city which were under English invasion by English pressure. The invasions which began at the end of World War I were the last stage of the Turk-Armenian affairs in Aintab. During English invasion, local Armenians took on the guidance and translation stuff of the invadors completely. French invasion period and the Armenian’s joining to the French army was the eventual event which broke off all the relations between the Turks and the Armenians in Aintab. Almost all the Armenians of Aintab took part on the line of French during the war; besides, the districts of Armenian were turned into front lines against the Turkish ones. After the French’s retreat from the region with the Covenent of Ankara in 1921, the Armenians who battled with the French against the Turks during the Turkish National Struggle, having left Aintab, in 1922 migrated firstly to Syria and then to various parts of the world. Key Words: Aintab, Armenian, Revolt, French, National Struggle iv ÖNSÖZ Bugün dünyanın en sorunlu bölgeleri olan Ortadoğu, Kafkaslar ve Balkanlar’da uzun yıllar hüküm süren Osmanlı Devleti’nin sınırları içinde farklı din ve ırklardan birçok millet yüzyıllarca huzur içinde yaşadı. Ancak 19. yüzyıla gelindiğinde içten ve dıştan etkili olan çeşitli sebepler yüzünden bu huzur ortamı bozulmaya başladı. Devlet içindeki Hristiyan halkların bağımsız olma ümidiyle çıkardıkları, önce Balkanlar’da başlayıp sonra Anadolu’ya yayılan ayrılıkçı isyanlar ülkedeki huzur ortamının bir kargaşa ortamına dönüşmesine yol açtı. Anadolu’daki olayların temelinde Hristiyan-Ermeni toplumunun faaliyetleri yer alıyordu. Özellikle 1878 Berlin Anlaşması ile devlet üzerindeki kimi talepleri konusunda Avrupalı devletlerin de resmen desteğini alan Ermenilerin talep ve faaliyetleri Müslüman halkla olan ilişkilerinin de soğumaya başlamasına ve zamanla iki toplumun da birbirine olan güvenini yitirmesine sebep oldu. Bu çalışmada Antep şehrinin tarihî gelişimi içinde, Ermeni halkın; genel hatlarıyla sosyal, siyasî, dinî ve kültürel konumu ve faaliyetleri ile Müslüman-Türk komşularıyla olan ilişkilerini incelemeye çalıştık. Son dönemlerde birçok tarihî konuda olduğu gibi, Ermeni meselesi konusunda da yerel çalışmalara ağırlık verilmeye başlanmasının olayların daha sağlıklı değerlendirilmesi açısından son derece faydalı olacağı kuşkusuzdur. Çünkü bir bölgeye dıştan gelen müdahalelerin (misyoner faaliyetleri, işgaller vs. gibi) bölge halkının yaşamı üzerindeki tesirleri bu çalışmalarda çok daha net görülebilmektedir. Böylece yıllarca yan yana yaşayan insanların zamanla nasıl birbirlerine düşman hale geldikleri de daha kolay anlaşılabilir. Bu çalışmanın tamamlanma sürecinde benden ilgi ve desteklerini esirgemeyen, başta, maddî-manevî yardımlarıyla beni sürekli destekleyen, üniversitemizin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Ana Bilim Dalı Başkanı sayın hocam Prof. Dr. Ali Arslan olmak üzere; kıymetli hocalarım, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi v Başkanı Prof. Dr. Cezmi Eraslan; Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdür Yardımcısı Doç. Dr. Mustafa Budak; Doç. Dr. Halil Bal ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Muhammet Erat Beylere öncelikle teşekkürü borç bilirim. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü’nün “açıklık prensibi”ni temel alarak yaptığı çalışmaları ve araştırmacılara gösterdiği kolaylıkları da burada özellikle zikretmek gerekir. Son dönemlerde yapılan bir takım yeni düzenlemelerle hem araştırmacılara daha rahat bir çalışma ortamı hazırlanmış hem de birçok konudaki tasnif çalışmaları tamamlanarak belgeler kolaylıkla, hiçbir kısıtlama olmadan araştırmacıların hizmetine sunulmuştur. Bu bağlamda tüm Başbakanlık Osmanlı
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