DOCSLIB.ORG

Railway Crossings: Encounters in Ottoman Lands

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Railway Crossings: Encounters in Ottoman Lands RAILWAY CROSSINGS: ENCOUNTERS IN OTTOMAN LANDS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Elvan Cobb August 2018 © 2018 Elvan Cobb RAILWAY CROSSINGS: ENCOUNTERS IN OTTOMAN LANDS Elvan Cobb, Ph. D. Cornell University 2018 Railway Crossings: Encounters in Ottoman Lands focuses on the production of railway spaces in western Anatolia during the second half of the 19th century, with an emphasis on how spatial practices were altered with the advent of railways in the region. Understanding the railroads as a cultural as well as a material phenomenon, this work approaches the western Anatolian railways through a series of interdisciplinary vignettes that juxtapose the histories of the built environment with histories of technology, archaeology, travel, and the senses. In an effort to modernize its transportation infrastructure, the Ottoman government granted the first railway concessions in Anatolia to two British companies. The Izmir-Aydın and Izmir-Kasaba lines connected the port city of Izmir to the fertile river valleys of the Gediz, Küçük and Büyük Menderes rivers. The construction of railways was an intensely material act, requiring not only the laying of tracks and the construction of station buildings, but the alteration of a whole landscape. Beyond this physicality, the railroads were harbingers of new modes of interaction with space. They altered the commercial transportation networks of the region that had depended for centuries on camel caravans traveling along well-established but flexible pathways. People also found a new mobility in the train. In addition to the thousands of local inhabitants of the region, masses of tourists arrived to partake in the ready access to some of the best known ancient and Biblical places of archaeological significance. The railways incited new archaeological explorations that expanded knowledge, and facilitated the acquisition of antiquities for museums, private collections and even as construction materials. Additionally, railroads brought with them novel sensory perceptions. From the moment when the first locomotive whistle was heard in Izmir to the illumination of the night with a thousand flickering lights in the celebration of Sultan Abdulaziz's visit to the city and its railway, a new and industrial sensorium was woven onto the existing sensory geography of the region. Thus, through such explorations, this dissertation foregrounds how the experiences of space were altered with the advent of railways in western Anatolia. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Prior to completing her doctoral degree at Cornell University in the history of architecture and urban development, Elvan Cobb obtained a master’s degree in historic preservation from the University of Pennsylvania and a bachelor’s degree in city and regional planning from the Middle East Technical University. In addition to serving as a teaching assistant at Cornell, she has taught classes at Syracuse University and at Koç University in İstanbul. She is an active participant in archaeological projects in Turkey, Armenia and Laos. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Penning a note of gratitude is one of the last acts of bringing a dissertation to completion and it provides an opportunity to reflect upon one’s intellectual and personal networks. Since I returned to graduate school a decade ago, I have been supported by an incredible community and, while writing a dissertation is a task done somewhat in isolation, in reality its completion can only be achieved with enormous help. First, I must acknowledge my doctoral committee at Cornell University for their ongoing support. Medina Lasansky has been an incredible advisor and mentor over the years, encouraging me to pursue a path that was in many ways unorthodox. It has been a great comfort to have her unwavering backing throughout my doctoral studies. I will always appreciate her scholarly acumen as well as her wit and kindness. Mostafa Minawi and Ziad Fahmy both played a crucial role in my time as a graduate student and in the completion of this work. I appreciate both of their close attention to my work and constructive feedback. I similarly thank them for always being available with a sympathetic ear, an open door as well as with some good humor. Christian Otto had great expectations from his students and I am grateful to have had the opportunity to have worked with him even if only for a few short years. I have also been lucky to have the ongoing support of an academic community at the University of Pennsylvania. While I only spent two short years at UPenn as a student, I have always felt welcome in Philadelphia. I am particularly grateful to Renata Holod and Robert Ousterhout for sparking my interest in travel in the Ottoman Empire. The seeds of this dissertation were sown in many ways through a curatorial seminar I took with them. I am also vi grateful to my advisor at UPenn, Randall Mason, for all the ways he has supported me since my graduation from Penn. As much as one needs great mentors, the making of a dissertation also requires resources. This dissertation has been supported by a number of institutions and fellowships. I am grateful to the Cornell University Graduate School, Cornell’s Society for the Humanities, Koç University’s Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) as well as SALT Research for providing funds that enabled my dissertation research. Cornell University’s Graduate School additionally supported my participation at a variety of conferences. Cornell’s Department of Architecture and the History of Architecture and Urban Development program have provided resources that facilitated my scholarly agenda by providing generous and dependable support for conference and research travel. The A. Henry Detweiler Fund, the Helen O. and Stephen Jacobs Fund as well as the Robert D. MacDougall Memorial Fellowship have all been instrumental in ensuring that I could be an active participant in a variety of scholarly venues around the world, including an idyllic summer spent on the island of Cunda learning Ottoman Turkish. I must also thank Cynthia Bowman, our graduate field coordinator, for generously and consistently helping me with many things at Cornell while I was away from Ithaca. I am indebted to a number of archives, archivists and librarians for their support of my research. They have assisted me on-site and from afar in locating and acquiring a variety of crucial materials. I especially want to thank the archivists at the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul, the Republican Archives in Ankara, the Ahmet Priştina City Archive in Izmir, the National Archives of the United Kingdom in Kew, the Archives of the British Museum and the British Library in vii London and the Library of Congress in Washington DC. I am also grateful to the employees of the Archives of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Getty Research Institute and the Lincolnshire (UK) Archives for remotely providing me with key archival documents when I could not visit in person. I have also greatly benefited from the online collections of SALT Research, the Atatürk Kitaplığı and the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Additionally, I thank the archivists and librarians at Cornell University and Syracuse University for assisting me in acquiring materials when all else failed. Along this journey, I found many great friends and colleagues. It has been a great privilege to be part of the HAUD community with all its formal and informal means of supporting its members. Margot Lystra has been a wonderful friend and colleague and I am so thankful that we were able to go through the trials and tribulations of graduate school together. Thanks also to Margot, Joe, and more recently, to Zephyr, for welcoming me in their home whenever I found myself back in Ithaca. I have also had the good fortune to have the friendship, collegiality and support of Sophie Hochhäusl, Chad Randl and Lawrence Chua and since my time at UPenn, Emily Neumeier. I was at the Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations in Istanbul during the AY2014-15. It was a great pleasure to be part of such a great cohort of scholars. While so many of them are very dear to me, I must mention Ayşe Hilal Uğurlu, who is at my side daily, albeit virtually, not only reading and commenting on my work but also always being there to listen to whatever life throws at me. Mehmet Kentel, who has read chapters of this dissertation overnight when I was at my most desperate, has always been a great colleague and I am looking forward to many viii more collaborations on infrastructures in the Ottoman Empire. Federica Gigante, with whom I spent a summer teaching at Koç University, has been the best afternoon tea companion whenever I find myself in London. I have known Caitlin Curtis for many years, but our time together at ANAMED reiterated our friendship and I especially appreciate her support as I was finalizing this dissertation in the mountains of Armenia. My extended families, both in Turkey and in the United States, have always been a source of love and support. They have provided me with homes, bed, food and childcare whenever it was most needed and I am very fortunate to call them family. My parents and my siblings have always supported me without ever questioning my path that took me so far away from my home. My partner, Peter Cobb, has always been at my side whatever the circumstances since I first met him in Diyarbakır a lifetime ago. Without his unwavering love and support, none of this would have been possible. Our daughter, Nehir, also known to all who love her as Çilek, has brought so much love and joy to our lives. She has been my ultimate motivation to see this work to completion, despite the fact that she might have unintentionally caused some delays along the way.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geçmişten Günümüze Meles Deresi
    ZKÜ Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi Yıl: 2006 Cilt:8 Sayı:9 GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE MELES DERESİ Çiğdem KILIÇASLAN1, Bülent ÖZKAN2 1Muğla Üniversitesi Ortaca Meslek Yüksekokulu 2Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü ÖZET İzmir Kenti’yle ilgili tarihi kitaplar incelendiğinde, Meles Deresi adına sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. Antikçağdan yirminci yüzyıla gelinceye kadar önemini koruyan Meles Deresi’nden yazarlar; ‘kutsal kabul edilen dere’ olarak bahsetmekte, Homeros’un adının Meles ile birlikte anıldığını bildirmektedir. Meles Deresi, seyyahların İzmir’e geldiklerinde uğramadan geçmediği, ticari yolların üzerinden yer aldığı bir dere olarak 19. yüzyılda önemini korumaya devam etmiştir. 20. yüzyıla gelindiğinde, hızlı kentleşmeden Meles Deresi’nin de etkilendiği, çevresini gecekondular ve sanayi binalarının kuşattığı, suyunun kirlendiği ve kanal içine alınarak dere görüntüsünden uzaklaştığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada Meles Deresi’nin öneminin geri kazandırılması, kentin simge alanlarından biri haline dönüştürülmesi ve kullanılırlığının arttırılması gerekliliği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Akarsu, Meles Deresi, İzmir, Akarsu – Kent etkileşimi FROM PAST TO EXTANT THE RIVER MELES ABSTRACT As the historical books on Izmir Province are studied, it is seen that ‘The River Meles’ have been frequently mentioned. The river preserving its importance from Ancient Ages to the 20th century, have been discussed by the writers as the ‘holy river’ and the name Homers have been mentioned with the river. In the 19th century, the River Meles preserved its importance as a river that the voyagers visited and the commercial accesses intersected. In the 20th century, the river was overwhelmed by urbanization, surrounded by the squatter houses and the industrial buildings and its water has been polluted; besides, by being involved in a channel, it does not look like a stream.
    [Show full text]
  • Manisa Ili Münhal Müdür Kadrolari
    MANİSA İLİ MÜNHAL MÜDÜR KADROLARI S.N. İlçe Adı Kurum Kodu Kurum Adı İhtiyaç Ahmetli Anaokulu 1 AHMETLİ 971906 1 2 AHMETLİ 966925 Ahmetli Mesleki Eğitim Merkezi 1 3 AKHİSAR 725063 Hanpaşa Ortaokulu 1 4 AKHİSAR 752586 Şehit Yüzbaşı Necdi Şentürk Anaokulu 1 5 AKHİSAR 760962 Akhisar Bilim ve Sanat Merkezi 1 6 AKHİSAR 974309 Yırcalı Anaokulu 1 7 AKHİSAR 750988 Zeytinliova Anadolu Lisesi 1 8 AKHİSAR 725110 Dağdere Ortaokulu 1 9 AKHİSAR 972069 Zehra Muhittin Kavaklı Anaokulu 1 10 AKHİSAR 724986 Yayakırıldık Reşat Öztürk Ortaokulu 1 11 AKHİSAR 763489 Namık Oğul İlkokulu 1 12 ALAŞEHİR 761692 Alaşehir İmam Hatip Ortaokulu 1 13 DEMİRCİ 964570 Demirci Abdurrahman Şeref Bey Anaokulu 1 14 DEMİRCİ 725504 75.Yıl Alime Paşa Ortaokulu 1 15 DEMİRCİ 725482 İcikler Ortaokulu 1 16 DEMİRCİ 725479 Kargınışıklar Basri Koçyiğit Ortaokulu 1 17 DEMİRCİ 725742 Mahmutlar Ortaokulu 1 18 DEMİRCİ 725468 Minnetler Eşref-Hayrettin Akbay Ortaokulu 1 19 DEMİRCİ 725199 Makina Kimya - Hüseyin Çamtepe Ortaokulu 1 20 DEMİRCİ 737860 Minnetler Eşref-Hayrettin Akbay İlkokulu 1 21 DEMİRCİ 973318 Hikmet Arsal Anaokulu 1 22 GÖLMARMARA 724864 Ozanca Köyü Ortaokulu 1 23 GÖLMARMARA 784223 Tahir Ayşe Barutçuoğlu Ana Okulu 1 24 GÖRDES 723212 Çiçekli İlkokulu 1 25 GÖRDES 724852 Yakaköy Ortaokulu 1 26 GÖRDES 724861 Beğel Ortaokulu 1 27 GÖRDES 963732 Ramazan-Tevfik Demirağ Anaokulu 1 28 GÖRDES 972740 Çağdaş Yaşam Arif Sönmez Anaokulu 1 29 KIRKAĞAÇ 749089 Kırkağaç Keskinoğlu Anaokulu 1 30 KIRKAĞAÇ 966507 Hatice Ümmetoğlu Anaokulu 1 31 KIRKAĞAÇ 964112 Kırkağaç Hacı İsmail Dereköy Anadolu Lisesi
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix F Ottoman Casualties
    ORDERED TO DIE Recent Titles in Contributions in Military Studies Jerome Bonaparte: The War Years, 1800-1815 Glenn J. Lamar Toward a Revolution in Military Affairs9: Defense and Security at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century Thierry Gongora and Harald von RiekhojJ, editors Rolling the Iron Dice: Historical Analogies and Decisions to Use Military Force in Regional Contingencies Scot Macdonald To Acknowledge a War: The Korean War in American Memory Paid M. Edwards Implosion: Downsizing the U.S. Military, 1987-2015 Bart Brasher From Ice-Breaker to Missile Boat: The Evolution of Israel's Naval Strategy Mo she Tzalel Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 1945-1947 Hal M. Friedman Native vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa Thomas G. Mitchell Battling for Bombers: The U.S. Air Force Fights for Its Modern Strategic Aircraft Programs Frank P. Donnini The Formative Influences, Theones, and Campaigns of the Archduke Carl of Austria Lee Eystnrlid Great Captains of Antiquity Richard A. Gabriel Doctrine Under Trial: American Artillery Employment in World War I Mark E. Grotelueschen ORDERED TO DIE A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War Edward J. Erickson Foreword by General Huseyin Kivrikoglu Contributions in Military Studies, Number 201 GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Erickson, Edward J., 1950— Ordered to die : a history of the Ottoman army in the first World War / Edward J. Erickson, foreword by General Htiseyin Kivrikoglu p. cm.—(Contributions in military studies, ISSN 0883-6884 ; no.
    [Show full text]
  • European Journal of Turkish Studies, 19 | 2014, « Heritage Production in Turkey
    European Journal of Turkish Studies Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey 19 | 2014 Heritage Production in Turkey. Actors, Issues, and Scales - Part I Producing an Official Heritage in a Time of "Neo-Ottomanism": Critical Approaches La fabrique du patrimoine en Turquie. Acteurs, enjeux, échelles - Partie I Le patrimoine officiel au prisme du « néo-ottomanisme » : approche critique Muriel Girard (dir.) Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4930 DOI: 10.4000/ejts.4930 ISSN: 1773-0546 Publisher EJTS Electronic reference Muriel Girard (dir.), European Journal of Turkish Studies, 19 | 2014, « Heritage Production in Turkey. Actors, Issues, and Scales - Part I » [Online], Online since 17 December 2014, connection on 28 March 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4930 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ejts.4930 This text was automatically generated on 28 March 2020. © Some rights reserved / Creative Commons license 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Ce que nous apprend le patrimoine de l’État et de la société turcs : vue d’ensemble sur ce numéro double English version also available Muriel Girard 1.a. Making of categories, setting-up the instruments Le discours sur la protection du patrimoine en Turquie des Tanzimat à nos jours Stéphane Yerasimos Heritagisation of the “Ottoman/Turkish House” in the 1970s: Istanbul-based Actors, Associations and their Networks Ipek Türeli Insurmountable Tension? On the Relation of World Heritage and Rapid Urban Transformation in Istanbul Vivienne Marquart 1.b. Ottoman heritage as narratives and assets Re-creating history and recreating publics: the success and failure of recent Ottoman costume dramas in Turkish media. Josh Carney Civil Society’s History: New Constructions of Ottoman Heritage by the Justice and Development Party in Turkey Gizem Zencirci 1.c.
    [Show full text]
  • İzmi̇r History
    İZMİR HISTORY Project Design Strategy Report First Edition, İzmir, 2016 1 Prof. Dr. İlhan Tekeli Prepared for publication by: Dr. H. Gökhan Kutlu Merve Çalışkan, Gizem Akyıldız, Dr. Çağlayan Deniz Kaplan, Alkın Korkmaz First Edition: September, 2016 İzmir Metropolitan Municipality Department of Survey and Project Directorate of Historic Environment and Cultural Properties İzmir History Project Centre 500 Copies Printed By: Dinç Ofset ISBN: 978-975-18-0201-9 2 CONTENTS I.INTRODUCTION 4 II.THESPATIALDIFFERENTIATIONOFTHEPOPULATIONANDTHEECONOMICGROWTH INIZMIR 7 WHATKINDOFASPATIALDIFFERENTIATIONTHEECONOMICGROWTHOFIZMIRSHOWS? 8 THEFORMATIONOFTHEIZMIRCENTERBUSINESSDISTRICT(CBD)ANDTHEFORMATIONDYNAMICSOFTHEIZMIRͲ HISTORYAREAINTHECHANGINGPROCESSINTHECOURSEOFTIME 15 IIIDETERMINATIONOFTHEIZMIRHISTORYPROJECTAREAANDSUBAREAS 34 THEFORMATIONOFTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECTANDTHELANDUSAGESTATUSESONIT 37 CHANGESTHATWEREEXPERIENCEDDURINGTHEREPUBLICPERIODINTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECTAREA ECONOMICALACTIVITIESPROFILE 47 DETERMINATIONOFTHESUBAREASOFTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECT 53 PROCESSOFTHERIFTFORMATIONINTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECTAREA 66 INFORMATIONABOUTROMANIZMIRINTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECTAREA 68 IV.STRATEGYPROPOSALOFTHEPRESERVATION/DEVELOPMENTOFIZMIRͲHISTORY PROJECTAREA 70 AIMS 71 STRATEGICALORIENTATION 72 STRATEGIESTHATSHALLBEBENEFITEDINDEVELOPINGTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECTASPERTHESUBJECTS 74 1.URBANARCHAELOGYANDPRESERVATIONSTRATEGYTHATSHALLBEIMPLEMENTEDINTHEPROJECTREGION 75 2.STRATEGYOFBRINGINGSOMEPLACESINTHEPROJECTAREAINBEINGAPLACEWHICHREALIZESAN“EXPERIENCE” BEYONDBEINGALIFEAREA.
    [Show full text]
  • A View of the History of the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine
    A VIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE ISTANBUL FACULTY OF MEDICINE Prof. Dr. Nuran Yıldırım The Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, the Department of History of Medicine and Ethics Attributing the roots of the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine to the Fatih Darüşşifa after a great deal of discussion, the 500th anniversary of medical education in Istanbul was celebrated in 1970. The soundest documents showing that medical education was carried out in the Fatih Dârüşşifa were the appointment papers (rüus) of medical students for the dârüşşifa in the 60 years between 1723 and 1783. These nine rüus, which were recently published, clarify that there were positions for six medical students in the dârüşşifa, and that whenever a vacancy came up, a new medical student would be appointed by the chief physician to undergo a systematic medical training. 1-Archival document concerning Ismail Efendi‟s appointment in place of Derviş Mehmet in Fatih Darüşşifa after his death. With the opening of the Süleymaniye Medical Medrese, medical education in Istanbul, which had started with the Fatih Dârüşşifa, became institutionalized. The opening of a medical medrese for the first time in the Ottoman State is accepted as being an important step in our history of medical education. The Süleymaniye Medical Medrese (Süleymaniye Tıp Medresesi) was a medrese for specializing, or a “post-graduate” course, as only students who had completed their classic medrese education could continue. Not only did the physicians that were trained join the scholarly classes, but at the same time they could be qadi or rising even to the level of sheikh-ul-Islam or grand vizier.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography Around the Great Wall
    University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Open Educational Resources Open Educational Resources 2012 Geography around the Great Wall Bob Gilbertson Miller Middle School Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©[2012?] Bob Gilbertson This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/oermaterials Part of the Geography Commons Recommended Citation Gilbertson, Bob, "Geography around the Great Wall" (2012). Open Educational Resources. 119. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/oermaterials/119 This Lesson Plans is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Educational Resources by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Geography Around the Great Wall Background on the MISIC project that produced this model lesson: This model lesson was developed as part of a collaboration between MISIC, the Library of Congress, Teaching with Primary Sources program at Illinois State University, and the Geographical Alliance of Iowa at UNI to provide model lessons for Geography and the CCSS Literacy Standards. The lessons are part of a unit taught by a secondary teacher from a MISIC member district. The learning activities and assessments were designed after reflection about the learning targets (standards), student development (whole child concepts), how students retain and retrieve learning, and common misunderstandings of the content in the lessons. The lessons model the two pillars of the Iowa Core literacy standards: standard 1dealing with evidence and standard 10 dealing with text complexity and varied text sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Tire (İzmir)'De Turizm Türlerini Bütünleştirme Olanakları: Kültür
    Tire (İzmir)’de Turizm Türlerini Bütünleştirme Olanakları: Kültür Turizmi, Kırsal Turizm, Agroturizm ve Gastronomi Turizmi 153 Tire (İzmir)’de Turizm Türlerini Bütünleştirme Olanakları: Kültür Turizmi, Kırsal Turizm, Agroturizm ve Gastronomi Turizmi Emre ATABERKa a Ege Üniversitesi, Bergama Meslek Yüksekokulu, Turizm ve Otel İşletmeciliği Programı, Bergama, İZMİR Öz Günümüzde turizm türleri çok artmış, onlara ait mekânlar da çok çeşitlenmiştir. Turizmde bütünleştirme yoluyla, hem rekabet gücü zayıf destinasyonların tanıtım ve pazarlamasına katkı verilmekte hem de turizm türlerinin birbirini tamamlaması sağlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; Tire ilçesinde kültür turizmi, kırsal turizm, agroturizm ve gastronomi turizminin bütünleştirilmesi, birbirini tamamlayabilme ve aralarında bütünleşebilme olanaklarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu doğrultuda adı geçen turizm türleri arasında benzerlikler, ilişkiler, etkileşimler ve geçişlerin var olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, sosyal bilimlerin niteliksel yöntemleri kapsamında veri analizi, gözlem, görüşme ve alan araştırmasına gidilmiştir. Çalışmada önce kültür turizmi, kırsal turizm, agroturizm ve gastronomi turizmi kuramsal olarak işlenmiştir. Daha sonra Tire ilçesinin doğal ve kültürel özellikleri ana hatlarıyla açıklanmıştır. Bu temel üzerinde adı geçen turizm türlerinin bir bütün olarak Tire’de nerelerde ve nasıl geliştirilebileceği ortaya konmuş, bazı örnekler verilmiş ve öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; Tire’nin kentsel ve kırsal çekiciliklerinin, tarım ve mutfak özelliklerinin, bir bütün halinde turizme kazandırılabileceği sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunun için Tire’de turizmle ilgili bir örgütlenmeye gidilmeli, plan-proje, tanıtım ve pazarlama çalışmaları yapılmalıdır. Ayrıca kültürel yapılar, pazar, mutfak ve el sanatları Tire’nin marka değerleri olarak öne çıkarılmalı ve muhakkak konaklamalı paket turlar yaratılmalıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Turizm Türleri, Bütünleştirme, Tire. Abstract Today, many types of tourism have increased and also places that belong to them have diversified.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 6.1 Air Quality
    6 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 6.1 Air Quality 6.1.1 Sources of Air Pollution The sources of air pollution in İzmir are industrial plants, traffic, and burning facilities used in the winter season for heating purposes. “İzmir Clean Air Plan”, prepared in 2001 states that, sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted by industrial plants, airbone particles (PM10) generated by residential heating, nitrogen oxide (NO, NO2, NOx) released by traffic, volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide (CO) are the main factors of air pollution.221 The air quality levels are constantly surveilled at the city centre within IMM boundaries, at 4 spots (Alsancak, Bornova, Konak-Guzelyali, and Karsiyaka) by IMM, via fully-automated stationary measurement devices. The stations located in Bornova, Karsiyaka and Guzelyali measure only PM10 and SO2. The station located in Alsancak 219 measures PM10, SO2, CO, nitrogen oxides and ozone (O3) levels. Also there is an air measurement station station of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in Gaziemir districts which began operating in 2007.213 However, stabile measurements could not be performed yet due to calibration works of PM10 and SO2 devices. Measurement results of Stable Air Surveillance Stations installed in all cities in Turkey within the scope of Air Quality Surveillance Network work of Ministry of Environment and Forestry can be followed up in the internet environment from “http://www.çevreorman.gov.tr/” address of Ministry.214 Table 91, Table 92 show monthly and yearly mean values of PM10 and SO2 levels measured in station
    [Show full text]
  • Architectural and Historic Preservation of Old Houses Baltazzi's Old
    ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION OF OLD HOUSES BALTAZZI’S OLD PROPERTIES IN ISTANBUL Houses- Appartments - Mansions-Yalis - Hans and Farms Introduction I am happy to have concluded this research which I had in mind for a long time. I was of course encouraged by the positive trend of continuing group research on the history of Levantines. This work is also aimed as a message to encourage the preservation of the architectural and historical heritage of the city of Istanbul and I am grateful for the help from friends and the efficient assistance of my offices in both cities. The Baltazzi famiy, although since the XVIIIth century were living in Izmir have also maintained close relations from that time with the capital Istanbul due to their business activites in finance and banking as well as due their close relations with the Ottoman Court. Some other Levantive and Greek families such as the Whittals, the La Fontaines, the Mavrogordato, the Sevastopoulos to cite a few also acquired a range of proprieties and hade members of these numerous families resident in both cities and various neighbourhoods. 1- HOUSES The emminent authority on Ottoman Banking History Pr. Haydar Kazgan and many other authors mention that the first permission to a foreigner to own a house was given in recognition of the services rendered to the Sultan to my great great grand father the Banker Emanuele Baltazzi around 1850 whereas the official permission for foreigners to own real-estate was granted only in 1867. Where was this house situated? Akylas Millas in his “Pera Crossroads of Constantinople” gives as location the Bonmarche at Istanbul Grand Rue de Pera (today Istiklal Caddesi of Beyoğlu) saying “The Bartoli brothers famous for Au Bon Marche department store occupied the ground floor of a neo-classical building erected in 1870 on the site of the residence of Manolaki Valtadji efendi which burnt in the frequent fires which occurred in Pera”.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Approach for Defining the Conservation Status of Early Republican Architecture Case Study: Primary School Buildings in Izmir
    A NEW APPROACH FOR DEFINING THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF EARLY REPUBLICAN ARCHITECTURE CASE STUDY: PRIMARY SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN İZMİR A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY FATMA NURSEN KUL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN RESTORATION IN ARCHITECTURE MARCH 2010 Approval of the thesis: A NEW APPROACH FOR DEFINING THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF EARLY REPUBLICAN ARCHITECTURE CASE STUDY: PRIMARY SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN IZMIR submitted by FATMA NURŞEN KUL in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Department of Architecture, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen ______________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Assoc. Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın ______________ Head of the Department, Architecture Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emre Madran ______________ Supervisor, Department of Architecture, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elvan Altan Ergut ______________ Co-Supervisor, Department of Architecture, METU Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. C. Abdi Güzer ______________ Department of Architecture, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emre Madran ______________ Department of Architecture, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Can Binan ______________ Department of Architecture, YTU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suavi Aydın ______________ Department of Anthropology, HU Asst. Prof. Dr. Güliz Bilgin Altınöz ______________ Department of Architecture, METU Date: 15.03.2010 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Gunpowder Empires : Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals / Douglas E
    “Douglas Streusand has contributed a masterful comparative analysis and an up-to- S date reinterpretation of the significance of the early modern Islamic empires. This T book makes profound scholarly insights readily accessible to undergraduate stu- R dents and will be useful in world history surveys as well as more advanced courses.” —Hope Benne, Salem State College E U “Streusand creatively reexamines the military and political history and structures of the SAN Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. He breaks down the process of transformation and makes their divergent outcomes comprehensible, not only to an audience of special- ists, but also to undergraduates and general readers. Appropriate for courses in world, early modern, or Middle Eastern history as well as the political sociology of empires.” D —Linda T. Darling, University of Arizona “Streusand is to be commended for navigating these hearty and substantial historiogra- phies to pull together an analytical textbook which will be both informative and thought provoking for the undergraduate university audience.” GUNPOWDER EMPIRES —Colin Mitchell, Dalhousie University Islamic Gunpowder Empires provides an illuminating history of Islamic civilization in the early modern world through a comparative examination of Islam’s three greatest empires: the Otto- IS mans (centered in what is now Turkey), the Safavids (in modern Iran), and the Mughals (ruling the Indian subcontinent). Author Douglas Streusand explains the origins of the three empires; compares the ideological, institutional, military, and economic contributors to their success; and L analyzes the causes of their rise, expansion, and ultimate transformation and decline. Streusand depicts the three empires as a part of an integrated international system extending from the At- lantic to the Straits of Malacca, emphasizing both the connections and the conflicts within that AMIC system.
    [Show full text]