Urban Food Policies in Ede and Ljubljana Comparative Case Study Analysis on Rural-Urban Linkages

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Urban Food Policies in Ede and Ljubljana Comparative Case Study Analysis on Rural-Urban Linkages 10 JULI 2020 URBAN FOOD POLICIES IN EDE AND LJUBLJANA COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY ANALYSIS ON RURAL-URBAN LINKAGES ROELEVELD, ROOS 961001700100 Wageningen University Information page Master thesis Urban Food Policies in Ede and Ljubljana – Comparative case study in times of COVID-19 December 2019 – July 2020 Author: Roos Roeleveld Student number: 961001700100 Mail: [email protected] Education program: Master Organic Agriculture Specialization: Sustainable Food Systems Chair group: Rural Sociology Thesis code: RSO-80433 Wageningen University & Research Supervisor: Henk Oostindie Date: 10-07-2020 Place: Beuningen 1 Preface I want to present you my thesis: ‘Urban Food Policies in Ede and Ljubljana’. It is a comparative case study between the municipality of Ede and the municipality of Ljubljana, carried out in times of COVID-19. This research stemmed from my interest in food systems and urban-rural relations, and my passion for developing better food policies at a regional level. I am in favor of a holistic approach, and that is where urban food policies are often about. It is a relatively new policy field, which asks for investigation, evaluation and comparison between different places. My curiosity about different cultures attract me to the Balkan. Unfortunately, my stay only could last for two weeks. The thesis is part of my master program Organic Agriculture (specialization Sustainable Food Systems) at Wageningen University & Research. I also hope that this report can provide the municipality of Ede and Ljubljana some new interesting insights which they can use in the development of their Urban Food Policy. I want to thank my supervisor Henk Oostindie for the guidance during my research process. I am also grateful to all the people that found the time for an interview with me, although they were very busy and it was not possible in person. Lastly, I want to give a big thanks to Mojca Hrabar from Slovenia. She really helped me a lot by organizing my trip to Ljubljana, providing information and documents if I needed, and made me feel welcome in the city. Although I was only able to stay for two weeks in Slovenia, I got a good impression of the country, and became inspired by the way of living of the Slovenian people; enjoying life, valuing nature, taking time for good food, and the still existing connection between the people and the farmers and the rural areas. I hope you enjoy reading the thesis. Roos Roeleveld Beuningen, 14 july 2020 2 Summary (English) There are many challenges in nowadays food systems related to health, environment, and economy. Because of this multi-dimensionality, there is a need for integration of domains to come up with better solutions. Urban Food Policies (UFP) are emerging to create more sustainable food systems at local level. Rural-urban linkages are important in the development of a region. However, there is much unclear about these rural-urban linkages and how to govern them. There are three perspectives on these relations; absolute, relative, and relational. You need all the three types to be able to really understand the urban-rural relations. This research explores how Urban Food Policies influence rural-urban linkages in different socioeconomic contexts, by carrying out a comparative case-study analysis between Ljubljana (Slovenia) and Ede (the Netherlands). A multi-method approach was used in which first an assessment of the food systems and the rural-urban linkages of both cases were indicated. Secondly, a content analysis of the UFP documents was carried out. Thirdly, in- depth, semi-structured interviews were carried out by different stakeholders to indicate the challenges and opportunities to sustain regional rural-urban relations by the UFP. The food system in the Netherlands turned out to be more modern and industrialized, with a small rural population, compared to a more traditional and local food chain in Slovenia with a relatively large rural population. The municipality of Ede has the ambition to strengthen its position as an important food and agricultural region with (inter)national connections. In Ljubljana there are still strong regional rural-urban linkages present, and food origin plays a much more prominent role in their food culture compared to the Dutch food culture. In the UFP of Ede they try to integrate multiple policy domains and different actors. In Ljubljana the UFP is formed by the rural development section of the municipality and creating a sustainable SFSC within their region is the most important goal. In Ede the continuity of the UFP on the long term and integrating the different domains and stakeholders in a holistic vision is a main challenge. In Ljubljana increasing the local food supply, improving the efficiency in the chain, and gaining trust in collaboration are main challenges. At many aspects the regions seem opposites, but there are dynamics visible in which they grow towards each other. Also synergistic relations can be found in terms of business, recreation, and eco-systems. The ability to establish mutual positive relations between UFP and other synergy fields will co- determine the overall potential of the Urban Food Policies. The UFP in both cities help to work on the food challenges that they experience in their specific socioeconomic context. Their visions are partly formed by their history and societal values. The UFP help to actively work on improving the situation and getting domains and stakeholders more interlinked. In Ljubljana, it is because of several reasons easier to sustain the existing food system through their UFP. To know what the influence of the UFP on rural- urban relations is, you have to determine which perspective on rural-urban relations and space you use. In Ede the outcomes on absolute, relative, and relational perspective are different. This makes it difficult to discuss to which extent Ede can contribute to sustaining the urban-rural relations, because it is not complete clear at which linkages they target. In Ljubljana these three perspectives correspond better with each other and their vision is more unambiguous. The use of several methods increased the validity of the research. A limitation is that because of COVID-19, it was not possible to interview stakeholders from a societal/practical perspective in Ljubljana. Therefore, this perspective is not fully covered for Ljubljana in this research. 3 Summary (Dutch) In de huidige voedselsystemen zijn verschillende uitdagingen zichtbaar gerelateerd aan onder andere gezondheid, het milieu, en de economie. Door deze multidimensionaliteit, is integratie van domeinen nodig om tot betere oplossingen te komen. Er is een groei in Stedelijk Voedsel Beleid (SVB) om tot duurzamere voedselsystemen te komen op een lokale schaal. Stad- platteland relaties zijn belangrijk in de ontwikkeling van een regio. Echter is er nog veel onduidelijk over deze stad-plattelandsrelaties en hoe je ze kunt sturen. Er zijn drie perspectieven op deze relaties; absoluut, relatief, en relationeel. Je hebt alle drie de varianten nodig om in staat te zijn om de stad-plattelands relaties daadwerkelijk te begrijpen. In deze thesis is er onderzocht hoe SVB stad-plattelandsrelaties beïnvloed in verschillende sociaaleconomische contexten. Dit is gedaan door het uitvoeren van een comparatieve casus analyse tussen Ljubljana en Ede. Een multi-methode benadering is gebruikt waarin een assessment van de voedsel systemen en de stad-plattelands relaties van beide casussen werd uitgevoerd, een content analyse van SVB documenten is uitgevoerd en interviews zijn gehouden met verschillende belanghebbenden. Het voedselsysteem in Nederland bleek moderner en meer geïndustrialiseerd te zijn, met een kleine rurale populatie, tegenover een traditionelere voedselketen in Slovenië, met een relatief grote rurale populatie. Gemeente Ede heeft de ambitie om haar positie als belangrijke food en agri regio te versterken met (inter)nationale connecties. In Ljubljana zijn nog steeds sterke stad-plattelandsrelaties aanwezig, en voedselherkomst speelt een belangrijke rol in hun voedselcultuur. In het SVB van Ede proberen ze verschillende beleidsdomeinen en actoren te integreren. In Ljubljana is het SVB gevormd door het gemeentelijke domein voor Rurale Ontwikkeling. Hierbinnen is het creëren van een duurzame korte voedselketen in hun regio het belangrijkste doel. In Ede is de continuïteit van het SVB op de lange termijn en het integreren van verschillende domeinen en actoren de grootste uitdaging. De grootste uitdagingen in Ljubljana zijn het vergroten van de lokale voedselproductie, het verbeteren van de efficiëntie in de keten en het realiseren van vertrouwen in samenwerking. De regio’s lijken op veel aspecten tegenstellend, maar er zijn wel degelijk dynamieken zichtbaar waarin ze naar elkaar toegroeien. Ook zijn er synergie relaties te herkennen op o.a. het gebied van bedrijvigheid, recreatie en ecosystemen. Het vermogen om wederzijdse positieve relaties tussen het SVB en andere synergie thema’s te creëren, zal de potentie van het SVB bepalen. In het SVB in beide gemeenten werken ze aan voedsel gerelateerde uitdagingen die ze ervaren in hen specifieke sociaaleconomische context. De visies zijn gedeeltelijk gevormd door hun geschiedenis en maatschappelijke waarden. Het SVB helpt om actief te werken aan het verbeteren van de situatie en het linken van verschillende domeinen en actoren. In Ljubljana is het om verschillende redenen makkelijker om bestaande voedselsystemen door te zetten middels het SVB. Om te kunnen weten wat de invloed van het SVB op stad-plattelands relaties is moet er bepaald worden op welk perspectief je doelt voor de stad-plattelandsrelaties. In Ede zijn de uitkomsten bij een absoluut, relatief, en relationeel perspectief anders. Dit maakt het moeilijk om te bediscussiëren in hoeverre Ede kan bijdragen aan het versterken van stad- plattelands relaties, omdat het niet geheel duidelijk is op welke relaties wordt gedoeld. In Ljubljana komen de drie perspectieven beter overeen en is hun visie eenduidiger. Het gebruik van verschillende onderzoeksmethoden heeft de validiteit van het onderzoek vergroot. Door COVID-19 is het niet mogelijk geweest om in Ljubljana actoren uit de praktijk kant te interviewen.
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