The Egyptian Presence at Tel Erani

Aegyptus est imago caeli. Studies Presented to Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz on His 60 th Birthday

Marcin Czarnowicz, Martin Pasternak, Agnieszka Ochał-Czarnowicz, Jakub Skłucki

Tel Erani is one of the most important sites dated to the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant, Israel. It is known as one of the first places where the Egyptian presence at the end of EB IB was recognized. Unfortunately, the lack of proper publication, especially of the first excavations, lead to a situation when scholars have more questions than answers. After more than 20 years the archaeologists came back to excavate Tel Erani hoping to find the answers to the questions about the Egyptian presence at the site.

The northern Negev in the Late Chalcolithic es by M. Czarnowicz and A. Ochał-Czarnowicz and Early Bronze (EB) period, belonged to the and the flint analyzes by J. Skłucki. most dynamic regions of the Southern Le- vant, Israel. Tel Erani is situated in a liminal History of research at Tel zone between the Negev, the Coastal Plain Erani, Area D and the Shepelah. Today the site consists of an elevated acropolis (16.180 m2) located in the northeastern corner and two terraces. The site of Tel Erani was first mentioned by C. The upper terrace is about 20 m bellow the Conder and H. Kitchner in the Western Pales- acropolis and covers 161.840 m2. The lower tine Survey, where it was identified as Libnah terrace is about 10 m below the upper one (Conder and Kitchener 1883: 259, 261-262). and its southern edge is cut by the Askhelon- Later W. Albright proposed to identify it as a Beit Guvrim 35 road. The whole terraced area Philistine city of Gath (Albright 1921/1922: 10- hides an outstanding Early Bronze settlement 12). In the mid 1950s the government of Israel with a strong Egyptian component. started a project to provide work to new im- From the first excavations (see below) migrants and the rest of the population of vari- at the site, the importance of Tel Erani for ous cities. Kiryat Gat was one of such places so the understanding of the socio-political pro- Shamuel Yeivin, the first director of the Israeli cesses, as well as the foreign relations of the Department of Antiquities, with the permis- Southern Levant in the 4th Millennium BC is sion of the Department of Labor and the Mu- well known to scholars. Unfortunately, the nicipality of Kiryat Gat, started a new excava- results of this first and – so far – largest ex- tion project in a neighboring archaeological cavation project located at Tel Erani have site known then as Tel Gat (Yeivin 1961: 3). The never been fully published, leading to many purpose of that task was to identify the Philis- misunderstandings (see e.g., Weinstein 1984: tine town, according to W. Albright’s expecta- 61). In order to get a clear view of – in partic- tions (Albright 1921/1922: 10-12). ular – the cultural complexity of the region Yeivin opened eight areas well located in of the Southern Levant and northern Negev strategic points of the tell. The first result of in EB. A more precise research based on ar- works in the acropolis area was the identifi- chaeological material from Tel Erani must be cation of Iron Age pottery included the well done (Fig. 1). known LMLK jars. Thanks to them S. Yeivin This article shows the point of view of the could confirm the layer of Iron Age occupa- Erani Area D3 Field Supervisors. The history tion, approximately at the same period that of the research was prepared by M. Pasternak W. Albright proposed, but connected with a and A. Ochał-Czarnowicz, pottery and analyz- different ethnic group (Yeivin 1961: 9-10).

235 Marcin Czarnowicz, Martin Pasternak, Agnieszka Ochał-Czarnowicz, Jakub Skłucki

Fig. 1. General plan of Area D (drawing: M. Czarnowicz)

The rest of the excavation work was locat- of Aharon Kempinski and Isaac Gilead from the ed in the high and low terraces. The archaeo- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. The pur- logical material found there gave strong evi- pose of this new project was to identify and dence that the principal occupation period of understand “Late Chalcolithic” activity at the the tell belonged not to the Iron but to the site; to investigate the essence of the relation- Early Bronze Age. Early Bronze II presence ship with Egypt and to re-examine S. Yeivin’s was especially visible in the high terrace results (Kempinski and Gilead 1991: 167). (Yeivin 1960: 193-194). For a better understanding of the stratig- In 1957, Yeivin opened a new area in the raphy sequence analyzed by S. Yeivin a new lower terrace– Area D. Here, in stratum V he Area D2 was opened and located east from S. found another significantly different type of Yeivin’s D (Kempinski and Gilead 1991: 167). In pottery. It was cylindrical, burnished shred the 1987season, building 232, a major complex with white slip, incised and looked surpris- built of mud brick material that corresponds ingly similar to an Egyptian Predynastic type to the Early Bronze Age I, was discovered there (Yeivin 1959: 270). (Kempinski and Gilead 1991: 167-168). Still in the same Area D in 1959, S. Yeivin During these excavations two main layers C discovered an element that marked a new and D were separated. Most of the finds includ- case of study: a piece of pottery with the ed a massive structure that belongs to Layer C serekh of the first king of a unified Egypt – dated to the Early Bronze Age I b1 period. The Narmer (Yeivin 1960: 195-199). The works pottery assemblage from Layer C was divided during the following year also gave inter- into two groups: group A with local examples esting finds. In the north-west corner of the and group B – 21% of assemblage composed tell (Area N), S. Yeivin uncovered a part of a with Egyptian and Egyptian-like pottery. These significant wall made of mud brick material vessels were made of fine yellow-brown silt (Yeivin 1960: 202-203). With these discoveries rich in organic remains. Although many exam- S. Yeivin posed to the archaeological world a ples seem to have been produced locally, the new question about the dynamic and nature shapes clearly suggested Egyptian influence. A of the relationship between Egypt and South- red slip and burnish were common (Kempinski West Canaan and the importance of Tel Erani, and Gilead 1991: 177, 179). The layer D deposits which is far from being Tel Gat. contain pottery assemblage similar to Layer C, In the mid-1980s a new expedition started but with a much higher proportion of Egyptian work at Tel Erani. Short excavations between and Egyptian-like pieces, including the local 1985 and 1988 were opened under the direction imitations of burnished and black-topped ves-

236 The Egyptian Presence at Tel Erani

sels (Kempinski and Gilead 1991: 174). The EB after the end of the A. Kempinski and J. Gilead Ib2 period was not present in Area D2 (Kem- project, were excavated. None of the squares pinski and Gilead 1991: 174) and Chalcolithic was excavated to bedrock. At Area D3H, due to finds were rare: an insignificant number of the slope, every square shows a different chron- cornets and V-shaped bowls were found with- ological unit starting from early EB II (Square out an archaeological context (Kempinski and G12) to late EB I (J12). At D3L a part of the large Gilead 1991: 171). building was found dating to the middle of EB These excavations opened up new ground I. It was adjacent to the street previously exca- for analysis of the archeological material from vated in the most western square of D2 and vis- the tell, and its importance in the second half ible also in easternmost located square of D3L. of the Fourth Millennium BC. The analysis was That led its excavators to the conclusion that subsequently re-evaluated (Yekutieli 2006) to both constructions – the building excavated by give new horizons to future excavations. A. Kempinski and J. Gilead and the one by our team represent the same phase. A new project – the joint Israeli-Polish expedition General situation at Area D3H In November 2012 a delegation from the Ben- Gurion University of the Negev (Y. Yekutieli, The area of D3H was previously flattened, pos- E. Cohen-Sasson, M. Pasternak and O. Shalev) sibly during S. Yeivine’s works (this is area of met with the representatives of the Jagiellon- his squares B8-B9) and does not reassemble the ian University in Cracow (K. Ciałowicz and M. original slope of the tell. The edge of this little Czarnowicz; also E. Braun and A. Mączyńska artificial plateau was chosen for placing three from Poznan Archaeological Museum took squares called H12, G12 and J12. They were part in the meeting) to discuss the frames of placed in a row on the W-E axis. At this place further co-operation and plans to excavate the terrain slopes down slowly towards the the site. Both sides with great enthusiasm east. The westernmost square, and at the same agreed to run a joint archaeological project fo- time the highest placed, was G12. Above only a cused on two main topics – relations between thin layer of modern date occurred (Layer I). In Egypt and the Levant and the chronology of the NE corner a row of stones was found (Layer the city wall, discovered by S. Yeivin. With II), possibly the remains of an earlier construc- finances from the National Science Centre of tion excavated by S. Yeivin. It may be a foun- Poland granted on the basis of decision no. dation of the building wall but we need to be Dec-2012/07/B/HS3/03381 season 2013 took aware that in this region S. Yeivin excavated place. Two of S. Yeivin’s areas were re-opened: some Late Roman/Byzantine cist graves. It is D and N. Following the earlier terminologies worth underlining, however, that no human we decided to name our excavation Areas D3 bones were found in connection with this wall. and N3. In this paper we will focus on the finds Below Layer II we identified mud brick walls from Area D, where imports from the Nile Val- and the collapse of Layer III. This layer is very ley together with a possibly locally produced complex. Here, the remains of the EB II build- Naqadan pottery were found. There our effort ing with a series of floors were found. A de- was mainly divided between two sub-areas: struction excavated at G12 possibly represents Area D3 Lower (D3L) and Area D3 Higher (D3H; the two-storey-construction with an internal low and high reflect the current topography). wall. It was built over an earlier structure. A These two sub-areas are separated by about part of it – a narrow mud brick wall and a stone 30 meters. Squares of the D3H were located in foundation of another wall started to be visible the high point of Area D in the SW part of S. just at the very last days of excavations (Layer Yeivin’s trench, while D3L was placed in the IV dated to EB Ib/EB II) (Fig. 2). lower part in the corner between Area D (ex- At the next square – H12 the destruction of cavated by Yeivin) and D2 (excavated by Kem- Layers III and IV continues. pinski and Gilead). Like in Area D2 a new grid Just below the surface a thick layer of scat- was set according to the cardinal directions. tered fallen bricks, burned and ashy material During the first season, five squares were -ex was found. This collapse is a mixture of Layers cavated: three on D3H (G12, H12 and J12) and III and IV – both of which consisted mud brick two on D3L (O8 and P8). Some works were also structures, which collapsed south-eastwards. conducted in Area D2, where balks, still visible A detailed study of the balks enabled us to dif-

237 Marcin Czarnowicz, Martin Pasternak, Agnieszka Ochał-Czarnowicz, Jakub Skłucki

The dramatic events which resulted in the destruction of the mud brick structure hap- pened, according to preliminary pottery analyzes, at the end of EB Ib2 period. Across the north side of the square we identified the - re mains of Layer IV’s original structure, which included a part of the room with crushed pitoi on the floor and a tiny part of another room with a circular, possibly later add-on located to the S from the main room. It is worth mentioning that within the loci of Layer IV hardly any Egyp- tian pottery was found. This structure sits over Layer V which was excavated at square J12. Naqadan occupation, J12 square

As mentioned above, the remains of the Egyp- tian presence at Tel Erani were found mainly at square J12. Excavations at the square started by removing the remains of Layer IV in its NW corner. At other parts of the square, just below the top soil, an outline of a mud brick wall started to appear. This new wall (W112) was completely different than any other found at D3H. It was much thicker and built in a slight- Fig. 2. ferentiate between destruction characteristic ly different technique using different size of Aerial photography of Square for Layers III and IV. The main wall of Layer bricks (Fig. 3). It was shaped like the letter ‘z’ G12. © Joint Israeli-Polish III at G12, going E-W continues in square H12, starting from the SW corner almost reaching Expedition but its outline was hard to trace due to the the SE corner and then hiding in the E balk. The brick destruction, which covered literally the wall divided the whole square into two parts – whole square. Layer IV is better visible and the first one, smaller triangular in shape in the Fig. 3. Detail of bricks used to erect distinguished in this square by a major fire, S part of the square and the larger one to the walls at Square J12 (photo: which left thick ashy deposits between its N from the wall (Fig. 4). There, a sequence of M. Czarnowicz) collapsed bricks. floors connected with the wall was observed. Two shallow pits filled up with ash were- lo cated in the central part of the J12 square. In both of them the characteristic features of the Naqada culture pottery was found. In the pit located more to the N, a rim of a wine jar was found. It lay just under a grinding stone. In the second pit, parts of bread molds were noted. This pit has an interesting construction: in the middle of it a row of flat stones was visible. A similar structure was found at the En Be- sor site (Gophna and Gazit 1985) (Fig. 5). This was probably a kind of branch used to put on the bread molds. Such pits are well known in Predynastic Egypt. A very interesting installation was located behind the main wall. Within the abovementioned triangular space, an oven with traces of fire was excavated. Unfortu- nately, its large part remains hidden in the S balk of the square, which cuts the installation diagonally, but it seems that it is rectangular in shape. Again, such rectangular ovens are a

238 The Egyptian Presence at Tel Erani

Fig. 4. typical Naqadan settlement feature. Hundreds attested by the presence of a quite signifi- Square J12 with the pit with of them were excavated at the Tell el-Farkha cant amount of imported pottery, including stone bench, of the ‘younger site (Fig. 6). Moreover, next to the oven con- cylindrical jars, basins and others, in loci of Naqadan phase’ in comparison to struction, a broken Naqadan flint knife was Layer V. A very important find was the base the example from Tell el-Farkha (photo: M. Czarnowicz) found (see below), similar to other Naqadan of a lentoid jar. A similar vessel was found by flint knives known from the Southern Levant: S. Yeivin during his works at Area D (Brandl one found at the Yevne-Yam site (Anđelković 1989: Fig. 9) while other examples come from 1995: 55-57), another in Tell es-Sakan (Miro- sites such as: En Besor (Gophna 1990: 157) schedji personal communication). Basing on these finds we can assume that the younger phase of the Naqadan occupation can be dated to the late EB IB/Naqada IIIC1. Underneath, another phase connected with the Naqadan presence at site was found (Layer VI). It was manifested by the presence of the oven full of ash and bread molds, and a circular pit located in the central part of the square near the N balk (Fig. 7). The precise date of this earlier phase is not at present certain. On the current state of research we can only estimate it as a later part of EB IB/Naqada IIIB (late)/IIIC1. Pottery

The presence of Naqadan – in its character – settlement in the area of square J12 is further

Fig. 5. A pit with stone bench (photo: M. Czarnowicz)

Figs 6a and b. A fire installation visible in balk (photo: A. Ochał- Czarnowicz) in comparison with example from Tell el-Farkha (photo: R. Słaboński)

239 Marcin Czarnowicz, Martin Pasternak, Agnieszka Ochał-Czarnowicz, Jakub Skłucki

typical of Naqadan culture in Upper Egypt was found (Fig. 8). Also at Area N some amount of imported pottery was noted. It belongs to the mixed layers located outside the city wall. Flint assemblage

The Egyptian influence is also recognized in the flint assemblage which has been collected during the excavations at D3H area. The num- bers of this assemblage are shown in Tab. 1. More than 30% of the material show signs of burnout. The high percentage of burnt elements corresponds well with the several epi- sodes of destruction visible within the excavated layers. Two lithic artefacts: a knife with edge retouching and a bi-truncated blade were recognized as Egyptian tools (Fig. 9).

Fig. 7. Knife with edge retouching An oven from the ‘older Naqadan phase’ with fragments of bread molds (photo: A fragment of a knife with a handle was made A. Ochał-Czarnowicz) from rather non-local, very fine grain, light brown flint with a non-transparent body. Delicate traces of thermal treatment were ob- Fig. 8. served, which is very often noted on Egyptian Upper Egyptian Tube handle knives e.g., from the Tell el-Farkha site, where from Tel Erani it is interpreted as an intentional treatment (photo: M. Czarnowicz) (Kabaciński 2012). The dimensions of the piece are: 54×37×7 mm. Retouch places around a pe- rimeter of the artefact, in addition to a frac- ture site. The character is variable. A small preserved fragment of back was formed by a neat abrupt retouch on the dorsal side. The working edge was formed by a flat retouch on ventral side and semi abrupt on dorsal side. A handle was formed by an abrupt retouch on the right edge and tip on ventral side. A handle runs obliquely in relation to the rest of the knife. Given the raw material, it seems that it is an import, not a local imitation. Fig. 9. Egyptian flints from Square J12 (drawing: J. Skłucki) Bi-truncated blade

The middle part of the blade was made from a and Amatzya (Milevski et al. 2012) in the Le- light brown, fine grain flint. The dimensions vant, and Tell el-Farkha, Gerzeh and Ballas in of the piece are: 24×10×3 mm. It is triangular Egypt (Czarnowicz 2009). Of great importance in a cross section and incurved in a longitudi- are the three examples from Tell el-Farkha, nal section. The tool was knapped from a sin- because they were found in a grave dated gle platform core. All truncations are straight, thanks to a wine jar with the serekh of Narmer and abrupt on the dorsal face. On both edges to Naqada IIIC1 (Czarnowicz 2009). In other a few random negatives are noted, probably trenches potsherds from imported storage resulting from the depositional processes. vessels and small to medium size bread molds Compared to the number of lithic assem- parts were found sporadically. It is worth un- blages collected during the older excavations derlining that at square P8 (Locus 146, basket which were Egyptian in character (Rosen no. 1390) an almost complete tube handle 1988; Kempinski and Gilead 1991), only two

240 The Egyptian Presence at Tel Erani

tools are a small addition. However, these ar- of Egyptian tool present in the Levant, while tefacts represent a very clear Egyptian com- bi-truncated blades are the most numerous ponent. The knives are the most obvious type type of tools within Egyptian flint assemblag-

D3H No. % No. of burnt (%) Tab. 1. The flint assemblage G12 100 27.93 29 (29) from D3H area H12 139 38.83 46 (33.09) J12 119 33.24 46 (38.66) Total 358 100 121 (33.80) Flint assemblage No. % No. of burnt (%) Debitage 173 48.32 22 (12.72) Debris 142 39.66 92 (64.79) Tools 34 9.50 5 (14.71) Cores 9 2.51 2 (22.22) Total 358 100 121 (33.80) Debitage No. % No. of burnt Primary elements 16 9.25 5 Core trimming elements 1 0.58 Flakes 125 72.25 9 Blades 23 13.29 5 Bladelets 7 4.05 2 Canaanean blades 1 0.58 1 Total 173 100 22 Debris No. % No. of burnt Chunks 139 93.44 91 Chips 3 6.56 1 Total 142 100 92 Tools No. % No. of burnt Retouched flakes 2 5.88 Retouched bladelets 1 2.94 1 Retouched blades Retouched blades 5 14.70 Truncated blades 3 8.82 Bitruncated blades 1 2.94 Total 9 26.46 Sickles Sickle segments 5 14.71 2 Truncated sickle segments 4 11.76 Backed sickle segments 2 5.88 Canaanean sickle segments 6 17.65 1 Total 17 49.80 3 Notched flakes 1 2.94 Tabular scrapers 1 2.94 1 Knives with edge retouching 1 2.94 Varia 1 2.94 Hammerstones 1 2.94 Total 34 100 5 Cores No. % No. of burnt Flake cores 9 100 2 Total 9 100 2

241 Marcin Czarnowicz, Martin Pasternak, Agnieszka Ochał-Czarnowicz, Jakub Skłucki

es. They occur in two types – with glossy, as used and without gloss, as a blank. In this case we have a blank type. Conclusions

The renewed archaeological excavations carried out by the Jagiellonian University in Cracow and the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev uncovered a part of a large Naqadan structure with some characteristic domestic installations, Egyptian pottery and Egyptian lithic tools. This part of the Tel Erani settlement is similar in its character to the courtyard of the building from En Besor, which is also connected with the Naqadan occupation in the Southern Levant. At least two phases of the Egyptian presence at Tel Erani Area D3H can be distinguished, both dating to the later part of EB IB/Naqada IIIB/C. After finishing the 2013 season, the top plans for the UJ-BGU excavations were compared with the general plan of Area D excavated by S. Yeivin. It seems that a large “Z” shape wall was previously found by him. It was a part of a lager rectangular structure (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10. Aerial view of Area D with the Yeivin plan superimposed. © Joint Israeli-Polish Expedition

Fig. 11. Tell el-Farkha administrative- cultic center (drawing: M. Czarnowicz)

242 The Egyptian Presence at Tel Erani

Such a structure recalls the administra- el-Farkha played a vital role in the trade re- tive-cultic center known from Tell el-Farkha, lations with the Levant. One cannot exclude where the buildings were erected around a the possibility that one of the most important central courtyard. Between them, storage fa- Naqadan trading posts in the Levant was built cilities were also constructed. Undoubtedly in a similar manner as the center of goods re- the administrative-cultic center from Tell distribution in the Nile Delta (Fig. 11).

Bibliography

Albright W. 1921/1922. Contributions to the Histor- Kempinski A. and Gilead I. 1991. New Excava- ical Geography of Palestine. The Annual of the American tions at Tel Erani: A Preliminary Report of the School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem 2/3, 1-46. 1985-1988 Seasons. Tel Aviv 18, 164-191. Andelković B. 1995. The Relations between Early Milewski I., Braun E., Varga D. and Yisrael Y. Bronze Age I Canaanites and Upper Egyptians. Bel- 2012. A newly-discovered Early Bronze Age settle- grade. ment and silo complex at Amaziya, Israel. Antiquity 86/331: http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/mi- Brandl B. 1989. Observations on the Early Bronze levski331/ (access 29.01.2014). Age strata of Tel ‘Erani. In P. de Miroschedji (ed.), L’urbanisation de la Palestine à l’âge du Bronze ancient Rosen S. 1988. A Preliminary Note on the Egyptian (BAR IS 52). Oxford, 357-387. Component of the Chipped Stone Assemblage from Tel ‘Erani. Israel Exploration Journal 38, 105-116. Conder C. and Kitchener H. 1883. The Survey of Weinstein J. 1984. The significance of Tell Areini Western Palestine. Memoirs of the Topography, Orog- for Egyptian-Palestinian relations at the beginning raphy, Hydrography and Archaeology, III Judaea. Lon- of the Bronze Age. BASOR 256, 61-69. don. Yeivin S. 1959. Notes and News: Tell Gath (Tell Czarnowicz M. 2009. Tell el- Farkha 2006 oval- Sheikh el-’Areini). Israel Exploration Journal 9, 269- shaped pottery from grave no. 9. SAAC 13, 97-102. 271. Gophna R. 1990. The Egyptian Pottery of ‘En Be- Yeivin S. 1960. Early Contacts between Canaan sor. Tel Aviv 17, 144-162. and Egypt. Israel Exploration Journal 10, 193-203. Gophna R. and Gazit D. 1985. First Dynasty Egyp- Yeivin S. 1961. First Preliminary Report on the Exca- tian Residency at En Besor. Tel Aviv 12, 9-16. vations at Tel Gat (Tell Sheykh ‘Ahmed el-’Areyny), Sea- sons 1956-1958. Tel Gat Expedition. Jerusalem. Kabaciński J. 2012. Selected aspects of lithic pro- ductions. In K.M. Ciałowicz, M. Chłodnicki and Yekutieli Y. 2006. The Ceramics of Tel ‘Erani, A. Mączyńska (eds), Tell el-Farkha I. Excavations 1998- Layer C. Journal of the Serbian Archaeological Society 2011. Poznań-Kraków, 323-344. 22, 225-242.

Marcin Czarnowicz Department of Egyptian and Near Eastern Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków [email protected]

Agnieszka Ochał-Czarnowicz Department of Classical Archaeology and Department of Egyptian and Near Eastern Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków [email protected]

Jakub Skłucki Department of Stone Age Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków [email protected]

Martin Pasternak Department of Bible, Archaeology and Ancient Near East Ben-Gurion University of the Negev [email protected]

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The Egyptian Presence at Tel Erani

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Studies Presented to Krzysztof M. Cialowicz on His 60th Birthday photo: R. Słaboński Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków

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AEGYPTUS EST IMAGO CAELI

Studies Presented to Krzysztof M. Cialowicz on is th irthda H 60 B y

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Mariusz A. Jucha, Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin and Piotr Kołodziejczyk

Kraków 2014 Reviewer Paweł Valde-Nowak

Cover design Beata Kulesza-Damaziak

Translation and proofreading Authors, Piotr Godlewski and Aeddan Shaw

layout and setting Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo Magdalena Dzięgielewska

Kraków 2014

ISBN 978-83-934218-8-6 (Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków) ISBN 978-83-941010-0-8 (Archaeologica Foundation)

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Publication financed byArchaeologica Foundation and Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of History

Institute of Archaeology, Archaeologica Foundation Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo Jagiellonian University in Kraków ul. Gołębia 11, 31-007 Kraków, ul. Jurajska 23, ul. Gołębia 11, 31-007 Kraków, Poland Poland 32-087 Pękowice k/Krakowa, Poland tel. +48 12 663 12 79 tel. +48 792 600 971 tel. +48 12 665 10 11 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.archeo.uj.edu.pl www.archaeologica.pl www.pracowniaprofil.pl Contents

Bibliography of Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz 11

Abbreviations 17

Mariusz A. Jucha The Nile Delta Since The End of The Lower Egyptian Culture until The Beginning of Egyptian State 19

Béatrix Midant-Reynes, Nathalie Buchez, Gaëlle Bréand, François Briois, Julien Cavero, Anne- Sophie Coupey, Morgan De Dapper, Nathalie Delhopital, Aline Emery-Barbier, Rachid el-Ha- jaoui, Samuel Guérin, Frédéric Guyot, Christiane Hochstrasser-Petit, Joséphine Lesur, Mathilde Minotti, Ilona Regulski, Jérôme Robitaille, Loic Torchy, Yann Tristant Tell el-Iswid 2006–2010. The Archaeology of The Eastern Nile Delta in The 4th Millennium BC 37

Natalia Małecka-Drozd The Settlement Landscape in The Nile Delta of The 3rd Millenium BC 57

Bartosz Adamski, Piotr Kołodziejczyk Grain Storing and Bread Making during Formative Period and in The Old Kingdom Times: Case of Tell el-Farkha 63

Agnieszka Mączyńska Some Remarks on The Chronology of The Oldest Graves from Minshat Abu Omar 73

Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin, Karolina Rosińska-Balik Provincial Subsidiary Burials in Northern Egypt. Two Cases of Tell el-Farkha Cemeteries in a Three- Dimensional View 85

Renata Abłamowicz Deposit of Animal Remains from Grave 86 in Tell el-Farkha 95

Karol Myśliwiec The Dead in The Marshes – Reed Coffins Revisited 105

Renée Friedman The Masks of Hierakonpolis Cemetery HK6 115

5 Stan Hendrickx, Marleen De Meyer, Merel Eyckerman On The Origin of The Royal False Beard and its Bovine Symbolism 129

Michał Kurzyk Predynastic Ivory Artefacts in The Museum Collections in Victoria (Australia) 145

Ulrich Hartung An Unusual Bone Comb From Cemetery U at Abydos, Umm el-Qaab 151

Edwin C.M. van den Brink Another Protodynastic Storage Jar from The Area of Sheikh Zuweid, Northern Sinai 157

Magdalena Kazimierczak Meidum Bowls from Tell el-Murra, Trench T5 (season 2013) 161

Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka Palestinian Dipper-Juglet from Aphek-Antipatris in The Jagiellonian University Collection and its Egyptian Connections 167

Magdalena Sobas The Pottery Path Today and in The Past. A Walk Through The al-Nazla Workshop and Tell el-Farkha Settlement Site 171

Grzegorz Bąk-Pryc Some Miniature Stone Vessels from Deposits of Western Kom at Tell el-Farkha 179

Marek Chłodnicki Graves with Mace-Heads from Kadero (Sudan) 187

Marcin Czarnowicz Egyptian Mace-Heads from The Southern Levant 195

Małgorzata Winiarska-Kabacińska, Jacek Kabaciński Between Typology and Function. Remarks on The Utilization of Flint Tools from The Predynastic and Early Dynastic Site of Tell el-Farkha 203

Michał Kobusiewicz Sickle Blades of The Old Kingdom in Egypt 211

Heiko Riemer, Karin Kindermann What’s That Tool for? An Unusual Flint Knife from The Egyptian Western Desert 217

Eliot Braun Observations on Contacts between The Nile Valley and The Southern Levant in Late Prehistory Prior to Dynasty 0 223

Marcin Czarnowicz, Martin Pasternak, Agnieszka Ochał-Czarnowicz, Jakub Skłucki The Egyptian Presence at Tel Erani 235

Piotr Kołodziejczyk The Bronze Age in Southern Jordan – Remarks on The Need for Research 245

Andrzej Niwiński Did The Pat-People and The Rekhyt-People Have Different Burial Ceremonies? 253

Monika Dolińska Small Head, Little Mystery 261

6 Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner Harpocrates with The Horn of Plenty. Depictions of The God from Marina El-Alamein 265

Ewa Laskowska-Kusztal Ergamenes II in The Ptolemaic Temple of Kalabsha 273

Jarosław Bodzek Naval Supremacy Propaganda on The Coins of Ptolemy I 281

Mariusz Mielczarek New Coin Finds and The Problem of The Inflow of Ptolemaic Coins into Central Europe 291

Anna Longa Archaeology of The Fourth Nile Cataract: The Cemetery at El Ar 295

Katarzyna Juszczyk-Futkowska Pattern and Diversity in Early Makuria Burial Shafts 301

Tomasz Maria Herbich How Deep Can we See? Practical Observations on The Vertical Range of Fluxgate Gradiometers when Surveying Brick Structures in The Nile Valley 307

Janusz A. Ostrowski Polski szlachcic świadkiem prac przy ustawianiu egipskiego obelisku na watykańskim placu św. Piotra 319

Agnieszka Fulińska Some Remarks Concerning Napoleon’s Egyptian Campaign Medals 329

Joachim Śliwa Emperor Napoleon and a Pyramid in Greater Poland 339