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UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title History of Egypt in Palestine Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8t4796p0 Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Cohen, Susan Publication Date 2016-11-06 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California HISTORY OF EGYPT IN PALESTINE ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﯿﻦ Susan Cohen EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford WOLFRAM GRAJETZKI Area Editor Time and History University College London JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Cohen, 2016, History of Egypt in Palestine. UEE. Full Citation: Cohen, Susan, 2016, History of Egypt in Palestine. In Wolfram Grajetzki and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002k7wp5 8771 Version 1, November 2016 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002k7wp5 HISTORY OF EGYPT IN PALESTINE ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﯿﻦ Susan Cohen Geschichte von Ägypten in Palästina Histoire de l'Égypte en Palestine Egyptian interactions and contact with Palestine began as early as the fourth millennium BCE, and continued, in varying forms and at times far more intensively than others, until the conquest of the ancient world by Alexander the Great. Numerous data—textual, material, archaeological—found in both Egyptian and southern Levantine contexts illustrate the diverse spectrum of interaction and contact between the two regions, which ranged from colonialism, to imperial expansion, to diplomatic relations, to commerce. By virtue of geographic proximity, economic interests, and occasionally political necessity, the respective histories of the two regions remained irreducibly interconnected. In all periods, situations and events in Egypt influenced growth and development in the southern Levant, while at times different societies and political considerations in Palestine also affected Egyptian culture. ﺑﺪأت اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺼ����ﺮﯾﺔ ﺑﻔﻠﺴ����ﻄﯿﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻷﻟﻒ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد ، واﺳ����ﺘﻤﺮت ﻓﻰ أﺷ����ﻜﺎل ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة واوﻗﺎت أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﮫ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺪوم اﻷﺳ������ﻜﻨﺪر اﻷﻛﺒﺮ وﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻢ. اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت – ﻧﺼ���ﯿﺔ ، ﻣﺎدﯾﺔ ، وأﺛﺮﯾﺔ – ﺗﻢ اﻟﻜﺸ���ﻒ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼ���ﺮ وﺟﻨﻮب ﺑﻼد اﻟﺸﺎم ، واﻟﺘﻰ أﻟﻘﺖ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى اﻟﺘﻨﻮع ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺘﯿﻦ ، ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺄرﺟﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻹﺳ���ﺘﻌﻤﺎر ، اﻟﺘﻮﺳ���ﻊ اﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮرى ، اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳ���ﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ. ﻻ ﯾﺰال ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻂ وﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺧﺘﺰاﻟﮫ ، وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﻘﺮب اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ واﻟﻤﺼ������ﺎﻟﺢ اﻹﻗﺘﺼ������ﺎدﯾﺔ وﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن اﻟﻀﺮورة اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ. أﺛﺮت اﻷوﺿﺎع واﻷﺣﺪاث ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻔﺘﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻮ واﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻓﻠﺴﻄﯿﻦ ، ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ أوﻗﺎت أﺧﺮى أﺛﺮت أﯾﻀﺎ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ واﻋﺘﺒﺎرات ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﯾﺔ. s the relationship between ancient particular region is meant by a particular term, Egypt and the southern Levant and whether the reference is meant to identify A changed over time, so too did the an entire area and all its peoples or instead a Egyptian terminology for Palestine vary. (The sub-region and its individual inhabitants, as, for term “Palestine” is used here to refer to the example, in the use of the term Hrjw-S (“sand- southern Levant in the ancient world, which is dwellers”) in the Tale of Weni (Goedicke 1963: understood to include the modern regions of 189; see also Redford 1986) or the mention of the Palestinian Territories, Israel, and portions the “land of Yaa” in the Tale of Sinuhe. The of western Jordan and the Sinai Peninsula: see exact geographic location of regions cited in fig. 1.) As a result, in Egyptian textual material it is often difficult to determine which History of Egypt in Palestine, Cohen, UEE 2016 1 Figure 1. Map of ancient Egypt and Palestine. Egyptian texts thus often remains uncertain; In general, synchronisms between the this imprecision has ramifications for Egyptian Predynastic and Early Dynastic understanding the relationship between Egypt periods and the Palestinian Chalcolithic and and Palestine, a problem which is then further Early Bronze Age I are fairly well established. compounded by difficulties in establishing However, recent 14C analyses have resulted in clear chronological synchronisms between the significant changes in the chronological two regions, particularly in the earlier eras synchronisms between Old Kingdom Egypt (Table 1). and the Palestinian Early Bronze Age (Regev et al. 2012; Höflmayer et al. 2014). These new data clearly indicate that, rather than being History of Egypt in Palestine, Cohen, UEE 2016 2 EGYPT PALESTINE APPROXIMATE DATES Predynastic Badarian Chalcolithic – Early Bronze Age IA 4500 – 3300 BCE Naqada I Naqada II (early) Predynastic Naqada II (late), III Early Dynastic Early Bronze Age IB 3300 – 3200/2900 Dynasty 0 BCE Early Dynastic Dynasty I Early Bronze Age II – Early Bronze Age 3200/2900 – Dynasty II III 2650/2500 BCE Old Kingdom Dynasty III Intermediate Bronze Age 2650/2500 – 2160 Dynasty IV BCE Dynasty V Dynasty VI First Intermediate Period Intermediate Bronze Age 2160 – 2055 BCE Dynasties VII – XI Middle Kingdom Dynasty XI Intermediate Bronze Age – Middle 2055 – 1773/1650 Dynasty XII Bronze Age I – Middle Bronze Age II BCE Dynasty XIII (early) Dynasty XIV Second Intermediate Period Middle Bronze Age II (late) 1650 – 1550 BCE Dynasties XV - XVII New Kingdom Dynasty XVIII Late Bronze Age I – Iron Age IB 1550 – 1069 BCE Dynasty XIX Dynasty XX Third Intermediate Period Iron Age IB – Iron Age IIB 1069 – 664 BCE Dynasties XXI – XXV Late Period – Persian Period Iron Age IIC – Babylonian destruction – 664 – 332 BCE Dynasties XXVI – XXX Persian Period Table 1. Basic chronological correlations between ancient Egypt and Palestine. coterminous with the Palestinian Early Bronze in flux. Recent studies suggest that the earliest Age III, much of the Old Kingdom was rulers of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom were contemporary with the relatively deurbanized contemporary with the Palestinian period of the Intermediate Bronze Age, which Intermediate Bronze Age, whereas the Middle clearly has significant repercussions for under- Bronze Age proper corresponds to the mature standing Egyptian-Palestinian interactions in Middle Kingdom (starting with the reign of the third millennium. Amenemhat II) and later (Cohen 2012, 2016; see also Marcus, Porath, and Paley 2008; Likewise, the chronological synchronisms Marcus et al. 2008). Finally, recent C14 analyses for the first half of the second millennium are also indicate that the absolute dates for the History of Egypt in Palestine, Cohen, UEE 2016 3 transition to the Palestinian Late Bronze Age lens or pharaonic hubris. The development of must be raised by almost a century from those increasingly sophisticated archaeological in conventional usage (Höflmayer et al. 2016), methodologies and theoretical approaches, thereby affecting understandings of the ceramic typologies, and other technological relationship between New Kingdom Egypt advancements allowed for the historical and and the southern Levant in the Late Bronze biblical material to be examined in conjunction Age. with evidence provided by excavation and accompanying analysis of material remains. Fortunately, relationships and chronologies Thus, as excavation at the important sites of, become more straightforward in the latter for example, Tell el-Dabaa, Jericho, Samaria, centuries of the second millennium, and and Gezer increasingly revealed the continuing into the first millennium through unreliability of biblical material regarding such the beginning of the Hellenistic Period. While key Egyptian-Palestinian events as the sojourn questions remain regarding precise dates and of Israel in Egypt, the Exodus, and the individual events, the general correlations international relationships of the Israelite between the later periods in Egypt and the Iron kingdoms (Silberman and Finkelstein 2002), it Age I-II and Persian periods in Palestine are simultaneously demonstrated the complexity, relatively well established. nuance, and richness of the relationships between inhabitants of the southern Levant Previous Scholarship and Egypt and the myriad ways in which these From the inceptions of both disciplines— individuals and regions interacted. Egyptology and ancient Near Eastern archaeology—in the nineteenth century, Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods scholarship of the relationship between Egypt Egypt’s contact with Palestine began during and the southern Levant relied heavily on the the fourth millennium BCE, during the history of, and relationships between, the Badarian and Naqada I phases, corresponding regions as presented in the biblical text (Díaz- to the Palestinian Chalcolithic Period and Early Andreu 2007; Gange 2013). Likewise, early Bronze Age IA (De Cree 1991). This contact— scholarship in both Egyptology and southern most probably of a commercial nature—is Levantine archaeology placed considerable illustrated by Palestinian ceramics found in emphasis on Egyptian historical sources, Egypt at such sites as Maadi and Minshat Abu stemming partly from a disciplinary bias Omar, among others (Levy and van den Brink toward written text but also, and in large part, 2002: 14, table 1.5; Chłodnicki 2008; see also due to the relative dearth of archaeological data Braun and van den Brink 2008). Likewise, a to support, supplement, or refute these written limited amount of Egyptian material is found data. This rather uncritical approach
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