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Latin-Amerika Norge i Latin-Amerika Leiv Marsteintredet (red.) Norge i Latin-Amerika Forbindelser og forestillinger © Leiv Marsteintredet (red). Bidragsyterne har copyright til sitt eget kapittel, 2017. Dette verket omfattes av bestemmelsene i Lov om opphavsretten til åndsverk m.v. av 1961. Verket utgis Open Access under betingelsene i Creative Commons-lisensen CC-BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Denne tillater tredjepart å kopiere, distribuere og spre verket i hvilket som helst medium eller format, og å remixe, endre, og bygge videre på materialet til et hvilket som helst formål, inkludert kommersielle, under betingelse av at korrekt kreditering og en lenke til lisensen er oppgitt, og at man indikerer om endringer er blitt gjort. Tredjepart kan gjøre dette på enhver rimelig måte, men uten at det kan forstås slik at lisensgiver bifaller tredjepart eller tredjeparts bruk av verket. Boka er utgitt med støtte fra Fritt Ord og Universitetet i Oslo. ISBN: 978-82-02-54848-3-PDF Typesetting: Datapage India (Pvt.) Ltd. Cover Design: Cappelen Damm Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP [email protected] Innhold Figurer/Tabeller ........................................................................................................... 11 Forord ............................................................................................................................13 1 Norge i Latin-Amerika: endrede forbindelser og stagnerte forestillinger ............15 Leiv Marsteintredet Hvordan kan Latin-Amerika lære oss noe om Norge? ............................................................16 Latin-Amerika: En lite viktig region for Norge? .........................................................................17 Økende potensial, men dalende offentlig interesse? En dreining i våre forbindelser med Latin-Amerika ..................................................................................................21 En presentasjon av det som kommer .........................................................................................26 Litteraturliste ....................................................................................................................................30 2 Den norske utvandringen til Latin-Amerika mellom 1820 og 1940 .................... 33 Steinar A. Sæther Innvandringen til Latin-Amerika ..................................................................................................34 Den norske utvandringen .............................................................................................................. 37 Faists migrasjonsmodell ................................................................................................................40 Statistikk om nordmenn i Latin-Amerika før 1940 .................................................................42 Den lange pionerfasen, 1820–1920 ............................................................................................46 Sjømenn .............................................................................................................................................49 Ingeniører .......................................................................................................................................... 53 Koloniseringsforsøk .........................................................................................................................61 Klimakset i 1920-årene ..................................................................................................................62 Konklusjon .........................................................................................................................................63 Referanser .........................................................................................................................................64 3 Norske reiseskildringer fra Mexico siden Carl Lumholtz ......................................71 Mieke Neyens, Oversatt til norsk av Bergljot Behrens Norsk reiselitteratur fra Mexico, 1903–2012 ............................................................................ 72 Reiseskildringen ............................................................................................................................... 74 Fortellinger om det ukjente, 1903–1929 .................................................................................... 76 Eventyrlige fortellinger, 1936–2012 .............................................................................................86 Avsluttende bemerkninger ...........................................................................................................96 Referanser ......................................................................................................................................... 97 5 innhold 4 Norske økonomiske forbindelser med Latin-Amerika fra 1945 til i dag. Fra handel til norske investeringer i latinamerikanske naturressurser .............101 Tor Opsvik Handel .............................................................................................................................................. 102 Norske investeringer .....................................................................................................................108 De tre store norske i Brasil og resten......................................................................................... 112 Utenlandske investeringer fra et latinamerikansk perspektiv ............................................. 116 Norske investeringer, interesser og forestillinger ................................................................... 119 Konklusjon ........................................................................................................................................125 Referanser ....................................................................................................................................... 126 5 Norsk bistand til Latin-Amerika .......................................................................... 131 Einar Berntzen Latin-Amerika i norsk utenriks- og bistandspolitikk før kuppet i Chile i 1973 ................132 Radikalisering av den norske bistandsideologien fra 1970-årene: engasjement og kontroversiell politikk overfor Latin-Amerika ..........................................................................135 Chile .................................................................................................................................................. 136 Cuba .................................................................................................................................................. 138 Nicaragua ........................................................................................................................................ 139 Norsk støtte til urbefolkninger ................................................................................................... 147 Norsk bistand gjennom frivillige organisasjoner ...................................................................148 Fredsforhandlinger og bistand ................................................................................................... 149 Guatemala ................................................................................................................................. 149 Colombia .................................................................................................................................... 151 Den rød-grønne regjeringen (2005–13) og Latin-Amerika .................................................153 Brasil ..................................................................................................................................................155 Konklusjon ........................................................................................................................................157 Referanser ....................................................................................................................................... 158 6 Norsk utenrikspolitikk og den latinamerikanske «venstrebølgen»: mellom ideologi og realpolitikk ...........................................................................161 Benedicte Bull Latin-Amerika i norsk utenrikspolitikk: marginal, kontroversiell og gradvis mindre autonom ............................................................................................................................ 163 Fra konform og marginal til kontroversiell ......................................................................... 163 Latin-Amerika og engasjementspolitikken: Fred, bistand og business ...................... 166 Den norske Latin-Amerika-politikken og venstrebølgen ..................................................... 170 Bondevik, Lula og Chávez ...................................................................................................... 170 De rød-grønne og Latin-Amerika .........................................................................................172 Årsakene til dreiningen .....................................................................................................172 Latin-Amerika-satsingen tar form ................................................................................175 Brasil, Brasil, Brasil ............................................................................................................ 178 Ikke bare harmoni ..............................................................................................................180
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