DOCSLIB.ORG

SFU Library Thesis Template

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SFU Library Thesis Template Floral and honeydew foraging ecology of select mosquito species by Daniel Peach B.Sc. (Dist.), Simon Fraser University, 2012 Associate of Arts, Douglas College, 2008 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science © Daniel Peach 2019 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2019 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Daniel Peach Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Floral and honeydew foraging ecology of select mosquito species Examining Committee: Chair: Jim Mattsson Associate Professor Gerhard Gries Senior Supervisor Professor Carl Lowenberger Supervisor Professor Margo Moore Supervisor Professor Emerita Sheila Fitzpatrick Examiner Research Scientist Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Woodbridge Foster External Examiner Faculty Emeritus Department of Entomology The Ohio State University Date Defended/Approved: April 26, 2019 ii Abstract Both male and female mosquitoes exploit a wide variety of plant sugar resources, including floral nectar and aphid honeydew, as important sources of carbohydrates. Mosquitoes are generally considered nectar thieves that do not pollinate the flowers they visit, and volatile semiochemicals are believed to be the primary driver of mosquito attraction to plant sugar sources. Using the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens, and its nectar host the common tansy, Tanacetum vulgare, we showed mosquito-induced seed-set. We found that semiochemicals from T. vulgare flowers are attractive to Cx. pipiens and the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, that visual and olfactory inflorescence cues in combination attract more mosquitoes than olfactory cues alone, and that plant CO2 enhances the attractiveness of a 20-component synthetic blend of tansy inflorescence odourants. This blend included 9 odourants found in human odour, which are also attractive. Electroretinograms revealed that Cx. pipiens eyes can sense ultra-violet (UV) wavelengths, with peak sensitivity at 335 nm. Experiments found that UV inflorescence cues of T. vulgare and the common hawkweed, Hieracium lachenalii, enhance the attractiveness of inflorescence odour to female Cx. pipiens through floral patterns of UV-absorption and UV-reflection. We then established the attraction of Ae. aegypti to honeydew odourants from the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, feeding on fava bean, Vicia faba. We collected and analyzed headspace odourants from honeydew of A. pisum feeding on V. faba. An 8- component synthetic blend of these odourants and synthetic odourant blends of crude and sterile honeydew we prepared from literature data all attracted female Ae. aegypti. The synthetic blend containing microbial odour constituents proved more effective than the blend without these constituents. Our data support the hypotheses that mosquitoes are pollinators, that the entire inflorescence Gestalt of olfactory, CO2 and UV cues is more attractive to mosquitoes than floral odourants alone, that olfactory cues attract mosquitoes to honeydew, and that microbe-emitted volatiles play a role in mosquito attraction to honeydew. Keywords: Mosquitoes; Aedes aegypti; Culex pipiens; Pollination; Chemical Ecology; Sensory Ecology iii Acknowledgements I give my deepest gratefulness and appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Gerhard Gries, for support, guidance, and a shared fantastic sense of humour. He is an amazing person and mentor who has immensely aided me in my development as a scientist, teacher, and communicator. Thank you for your encouragement, collegiality, being open to unorthodox ideas, the passion you enkindle in others, and the opportunities you have provided me with. I also express sincere gratitude to Dr. John Borden and to Regine Gries for so much lively and productive discussion, mentorship, and constructive criticism. Your guidance, whether solicited or unsolicited, is always welcome. I extend thanks to my committee members for their support and advice. Dr. Carl Lowenberger for his insightful (and often humbling) questions and critiques, which have kept me on my toes with a smile on my face. Dr. Margo Moore for her piercing questions, unwavering optimism, and encouragement and embracement of my zany ideas. I thank Dr. Jim Mattsson for chairing the committee. I also thank Dr. Sheila Fitzpatrick for agreeing to serve as my internal examiner, and Dr. Woodbridge Foster for agreeing to serve as my external examiner. My research was assisted by the contributions of several undergraduate researchers that worked on many of the projects associated with this dissertation. I thank them all for their hard work! Specifically, I thank Elton Ko (now a graduate student), Nathan Young, Sanam Meraj, Max Almond, Sujani Gomes, April Balcita, and Leon Li. I would also like to thank my mentors and friends Dr. Peter Belton, Elspeth Belton, Karen Needham, Tammy McMullan, and Dr. Sean McCann for their guidance over the years and for always listening to, and encouraging, my rants about mosquitoes and other topics. The members of the Gries lab have contributed immensely to my professional development. Thank you all for providing thought-provoking conversations, amazing collaborations, and for such a cheerful and supportive research environment! Regine Gries provided invaluable guidance and tutorship on the chemistry-related aspects of my research. Dr. Huiman Zhai and Dr. Santosh Kumar Alamsetti synthesized many of the iv chemicals needed for my research. I would also specifically like to thank current and former lab-mates Adam Blake, Elton Ko, Catherine Scott, Dr. Bekka Brodie, Dr. Sean McCann, Josh Pol, Asim Renyard, Yonathan Uriel, and Jaime Chalissery. I thank my friend, colleague, and co-author Adam Blake for statistical and visual ecology advice, for amazing photography, for sharing his excellent taste in beer, and for being such an all-around fantastic person. I thank my family for their patience and support throughout my entire graduate career. Thank you for always being there for me and embracing my wackiness. My most heartfelt thanks to my beautiful and talented fiancé (and informal research assistant), Grace, for her love, support, encouragement, and the sacrifices she has made on my behalf during the pursuit of my PhD. v Table of Contents Approval .......................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................... x List of Figures................................................................................................................. xi List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................... xvi Chapter 1. Mosquito phytophagy – sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy1 ......................................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Is the term “sugar-feeding” appropriate? ................................................................ 2 1.1.1. Floral nectar .................................................................................................. 2 1.2. Plant-derived food sources sought and consumed by mosquitoes ......................... 5 1.2.1. Floral nectar .................................................................................................. 5 1.2.2. Extrafloral/extrasoral nectaries ...................................................................... 7 1.2.3. Fruit and seedpods ........................................................................................ 8 1.2.4. Plant tissues .................................................................................................. 9 1.2.5. Honeydew ................................................................................................... 10 1.2.6. Ant regurgitate ............................................................................................. 11 1.2.7. Sweet food waste ........................................................................................ 11 1.2.8. Summary ..................................................................................................... 12 1.3. Do mosquitoes have a functional role as pollinators? .......................................... 12 1.3.1. Instances of nectar-theft .............................................................................. 12 1.3.2. Evidence for pollination ................................................................................ 13 1.3.3. Summary ..................................................................................................... 14 1.4. Predation risk of plant-foraging mosquitoes ......................................................... 14 1.5. The role of microbes in attracting mosquitoes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mosquito Species Identification Using Convolutional Neural Networks With
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Mosquito species identifcation using convolutional neural networks with a multitiered ensemble model for novel species detection Adam Goodwin1,2*, Sanket Padmanabhan1,2, Sanchit Hira2,3, Margaret Glancey1,2, Monet Slinowsky2, Rakhil Immidisetti2,3, Laura Scavo2, Jewell Brey2, Bala Murali Manoghar Sai Sudhakar1, Tristan Ford1,2, Collyn Heier2, Yvonne‑Marie Linton4,5,6, David B. Pecor4,5,6, Laura Caicedo‑Quiroga4,5,6 & Soumyadipta Acharya2* With over 3500 mosquito species described, accurate species identifcation of the few implicated in disease transmission is critical to mosquito borne disease mitigation. Yet this task is hindered by limited global taxonomic expertise and specimen damage consistent across common capture methods. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are promising with limited sets of species, but image database requirements restrict practical implementation. Using an image database of 2696 specimens from 67 mosquito species, we address the practical open‑set problem with a detection algorithm for novel species. Closed‑set classifcation of 16 known species achieved 97.04 ± 0.87% accuracy independently, and 89.07 ± 5.58% when cascaded with novelty detection. Closed‑set classifcation of 39 species produces a macro F1‑score of 86.07 ± 1.81%. This demonstrates an accurate, scalable, and practical computer vision solution to identify wild‑caught mosquitoes for implementation in biosurveillance and targeted vector control programs, without the need for extensive image database development for each new target region. Mosquitoes are one of the deadliest animals in the world, infecting between 250–500 million people every year with a wide range of fatal or debilitating diseases, including malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Zika and West Nile Virus1.
    [Show full text]
  • Operations and Disease Surveillance
    VECTOR CONTROL DISTRICT COUNTY OF SANTA CLARA MONTHLY REPORT MAY 2020 SAVE WATER. NOT MOSQUITOES. DON’T CREATE MOSQUITO HABITAT BY ACCIDENT. Over watering lawns and plants is a large contributor to mosquito breeding. Help fight the bite by: • Fixing leaky faucets and broken sprinklers. • Only apply as much waster as your plants and soil need. Visit SCCVector.org for more information. IN THIS ISSUE MANAGER'S MESSAGE 2 SERVICES AVAILABLE 3 OPERATIONS DATA 4 - 6 WEST NILE 7 - 8 SURVEILLANCE PUBLIC SURVICE 9 REQUESTS VECTOR CONTROL DISTRICT COUNTY OF SANTA CLARA CONSUMER & ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY PAGE 2 | OPERATIONS AND SURVEILLANCE REPORT MESSAGE FROM THE MANAGER Warm weather is here and that means vectors such as ticks are more active. May was Lyme Disease Awareness Month, and the County of Santa Clara Vector Control District celebrated by participating and advertising the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Lyme Disease Awareness Month Lunch and Learn Series. The weekly series offered interactive presentations on tick surveillance, tick collection, tick bite prevention, and other activities. The District reminds the public to practice preventative measures to avoid coming into contact with ticks. Use insect repellent approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, avoid areas with high grass, and check gear, pets, and children for ticks during and after being in tick habitat. Warm months also mean other vectors such as mosquitoes are more active as well. The District is hard at work monitoring for diseases, such as West Nile virus and Nayer Zahiri eliminating mosquito breeding in areas like marshes, neglected pools, curbs, catch basins, and ponds.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Orchids in Southeast Alaska
    Native Orchids in Southeast Alaska Marlin Bowles & Bob Armstrong 2019 Preface Southeast Alaska's rainforests, peatlands and alpine habitats support a wide variety of plant life. The composition of this vegetation is strongly influenced by patterns of plant distribution and geographical factors. For example, the ranges of some Asian plant species extend into Southeast Alaska by way of the Aleutian Islands; other species extend northward into this region along the Pacific coast or southward from central Alaska. Included in Southeast Alaska's vegetation are at least 27 native orchid species and varieties whose collective ranges extend from Mexico north to beyond the Arctic Circle, and from North America to northern Europe and Asia. These orchids survive in a delicate ecological balance, requiring specific insect pollinators for seed production, and mycorrhizal fungi that provide nutrients essential for seedling growth and survival of adult plants. These complex relationships can lead to vulnerability to human impacts. Orchids also tend to transplant poorly and typically perish without their fungal partners. They are best left to survive as important components of biodiversity as well as resources for our enjoyment. Our goal is to provide a useful description of Southeast Alaska's native orchids for readers who share enthusiasm for the natural environment and desire to learn more about our native orchids. This book addresses each of the native orchids found in the area of Southeast Alaska extending from Yakutat and the Yukon border south to Ketchikan and the British Columbia border. For each species, we include a brief description of its distribution, habitat, size, mode of reproduction, and pollination biology.
    [Show full text]
  • A PDF of the Presentation
    Plymouth County Extension Blake Dinius Entomologist Educator [email protected] 774-773-3404 Introduction Introduction What is a mosquito? • Diptera: Two wings • Family: Culicidae • Scaled wings Richard Migneault Not mosquitoes Robber fly Midge Crane fly Mosquitoes are old • Oldest fossils: ~30-60 mya • Probably, older than birds and mammals (70-230 mya) Mosquitoes are diverse • 3,500 species of mosquitoes worldwide • 6,495 species of mammals worldwide • ~51 mosquitoes in MA Ae. albopictus Ae. canadensis An.Ps. feroxquadrimaculatus Anopheles sergenti Siwa-oasis, Egypt Günter C. Müller and Yosef Schlein Shehata, M., Kenawy, M., Said, S., Beier, J., Gwadz, R., and Shaaban, M. (1989). Anopheles sergenti (Theobald) a potential malaria vector in Egypt. Annales de parasitologie humaine et comparée. 64. 72-6. Ochlerotatus pullatus 2300-3400 m West, David & Black, W. (1998). Breeding structure of three snow pool Aedes mosquito species in northern Colorado. Heredity. 81 ( Pt 4). 371-80. Wyeomyia smithii Purple pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea) Tom Murray Tom Murray But, they all require water! Eggs Laid in or near water Larva “Wrigglers” Develop in water Algae, plankton, fungi, bacteria, and other micro-organisms Some eat other mosquitoes! Pupa (active) “Tumblers” Also, develop in water Adult Emerge from water and lay eggs in/near water Ever wonder why there are never mosquitoes in Disney? Basically a swamp William “Joe” Potter • Governor of the Panama canal zone • Engineer • Knew A LOT about mosquitoes Food for other animals • Dragonflies • Damselflies • Fish • Other insects! Jakob, C. and Poulin, B.. (2016). Indirect effects of mosquito control using Bti on dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) in the Camargue.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mosquitoes of Alaska
    LIBRAR Y ■JRD FEBE- Î961 THE U. s. DtPÁ¡<,,>^iMl OF AGidCÜLl-yí MOSQUITOES OF ALASKA Agriculture Handbook No. 182 Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE U < The purpose of this handbook is to present information on the biology, distribu- tion, identification, and control of the species of mosquitoes known to occur in Alaska. Much of this information has been published in short papers in various journals and is not readily available to those who need a comprehensive treatise on this subject ; some of the material has not been published before. The information l)r()UKlit together here will serve as a guide for individuals and communities that have an interest and responsibility in mosquito problems in Alaska. In addition, the military services will have considerable use for this publication at their various installations in Alaska. CuUseta alaskaensis, one of the large "snow mosquitoes" that overwinter as adults and emerge from hiber- nation while much of the winter snow is on the ground. In some localities this species is suJBBciently abundant to cause serious annoy- ance. THE MOSQUITOES OF ALASKA By C. M. GJULLIN, R. I. SAILER, ALAN STONE, and B. V. TRAVIS Agriculture Handbook No. 182 Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Washington, D.C. Issued January 1961 For «ale by the Superintendent of Document«. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 45 cent» Contents Page Page History of mosquito abundance Biology—Continued and control 1 Oviposition 25 Mosquito literature 3 Hibernation 25 Economic losses 4 Surveys of the mosquito problem. 25 Mosquito-control organizations 5 Mosquito surveys 25 Life history 5 Engineering surveys 29 Eggs_".
    [Show full text]
  • The Alameda County Mosquito Abatement District Control Program
    THTHEE ALAMEDA CCOUNTYOUNTY MOSQMOSQUITO ABATEMENT DISTRICT CONTROL PROGRAM September 2011 Alameda County Mosquito Abatement District 23187 Connecticut Street Hayward, California 94545-1605 THE ALAMEDA COUNTY MOSQUITO ABATEMENT DISTRICT CONTROL PROGRAM Key Staff John Rusmisel - District Manager Bruce Kirkpatrick - Entomologist Erika Castillo - Environmental Specialist Patrick Turney - Field Supervisor Phone: 510-783-7744 Fax: 510-783-3903 email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Mission and Vision Statement ......................................................................................................................................... 5 General Information about the District........................................................................................................................... 6 Location of the District ....................................................................................................................... 7 District Powers.................................................................................................................................... 7 The Value of an Organized Mosquito Control District ....................................................................... 8 District Goals and Services ................................................................................................................. 9 Service Calls ....................................................................................................................................... 10 District Finances ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Insects and Plants in the Pollination Ecology of the Boreal Zone
    Ecological Research (1993) 8, 247-267 REVIEW Insects and plants in the pollination ecology of the boreal zone P. G. KEVAN,1 E. A. TIKHMENEV2 AND M. Usux1 1 Department of Env, ronmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada and 2 Institute for Biological Problems of the North, Academy of Sciences, K. Marx Pr. 24, Magadan, 685000 Russia Pollination systems in the boreal zone range from generalist to specialist, both entomologically and botanically. The relative importance of wind pollination, insect pollination, sexual separation between and within plants, and between flowers, hermaphroditism of flowers, and various breeding systems are related to plant growth form and habitat. The diversity and specializations of anthophilous insects parallel those in other bioge0graphic zones, but seem less developed. We suggest that this reflects the combined effects of evolutionary youth, severity of climate, restriction of symbiont ranges within those of their hosts, and the naturally frequent perturbations by fire or insect outbreaks in the zone, requiring faunal and floral vagility and constraining specialization in mutualism. Modern perturbations by logging and pesticides seem to be well buffered because of the relative openness of the ecosystem (compared to others), although damage has been documented. Insect pollination is as much a keystone process in the boreal forest as elsewhere, despite the immediate counter-impression given by the dominance ofwind-pollinated conifers. Nevertheless, there are few studies, botanical or entomological in situ. The boreal system offers important opportunities in general and applied research in pollination ecology and synecology generally. Key words: anthecology; boreal; floral biology; pollinators; taiga. INTRODUCTION Baldwin (1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Assessment for White Adder's Mouth Orchid (Malaxis B Brachypoda)
    Conservation Assessment for White Adder’s Mouth Orchid (Malaxis B Brachypoda) (A. Gray) Fernald Photo: Kenneth J. Sytsma USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region April 2003 Jan Schultz 2727 N Lincoln Road Escanaba, MI 49829 906-786-4062 This Conservation Assessment was prepared to compile the published and unpublished information on Malaxis brachypoda (A. Gray) Fernald. This is an administrative study only and does not represent a management decision or direction by the U.S. Forest Service. Though the best scientific information available was gathered and reported in preparation for this document and subsequently reviewed by subject experts, it is expected that new information will arise. In the spirit of continuous learning and adaptive management, if the reader has information that will assist in conserving the subject taxon, please contact: Eastern Region, USDA Forest Service, Threatened and Endangered Species Program, 310 Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203. Conservation Assessment for White Adder’s Mouth Orchid (Malaxis Brachypoda) (A. Gray) Fernald 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................................2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    FLORAL FRAGRANCE, POLLINATION, AND SEED GERMINATION OF TWO NATIVE, EPIPHYTIC ORCHIDS IN SOUTH FLORIDA By HALEIGH AMANDA RAY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Haleigh A. Ray To my family and friends who have been tremendously encouraging ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely grateful for all of my friends and family members who have given endless amounts of love, support, and encouragement as I have progressed through my Ph.D. completion. Without them, this degree would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee chair and advisor, Dr. Jennifer L. Gillett-Kaufman, for all of the support and advice she has provided during my time here. Thank you for your patience and motivation throughout my dissertation research, it has helped prepare me for my all of my future work in addition to everything that I have completed here at the University of Florida. Additional thanks to my committee members, Dr. Michael Kane, Dr. Charles Stuhl, Dr. Jaret Daniels, and Dr. Jaime Ellis for their feedback on my research. Dr. Kane was always available to help with my seed germination, from the use of his laboratory to troubleshooting research obstacles. Dr. Stuhl provided tremendous assistance in processing of floral fragrance samples and working with me to fully describe the resulting data. I am also very appreciative to the members of the Gillett-Kaufman laboratory, including Dr. Morgan Byron, Eleanor Phillips, Dr. Lawrence Reeves, Omotola Dosunmu, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Outlook
    Joey Steil From: Leslie Jordan <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, September 25, 2018 1:13 PM To: Angela Ruberto Subject: Potential Environmental Beneficial Users of Surface Water in Your GSA Attachments: Paso Basin - County of San Luis Obispo Groundwater Sustainabilit_detail.xls; Field_Descriptions.xlsx; Freshwater_Species_Data_Sources.xls; FW_Paper_PLOSONE.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S1.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S2.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S3.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S4.pdf CALIFORNIA WATER | GROUNDWATER To: GSAs We write to provide a starting point for addressing environmental beneficial users of surface water, as required under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). SGMA seeks to achieve sustainability, which is defined as the absence of several undesirable results, including “depletions of interconnected surface water that have significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial users of surface water” (Water Code §10721). The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is a science-based, nonprofit organization with a mission to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Like humans, plants and animals often rely on groundwater for survival, which is why TNC helped develop, and is now helping to implement, SGMA. Earlier this year, we launched the Groundwater Resource Hub, which is an online resource intended to help make it easier and cheaper to address environmental requirements under SGMA. As a first step in addressing when depletions might have an adverse impact, The Nature Conservancy recommends identifying the beneficial users of surface water, which include environmental users. This is a critical step, as it is impossible to define “significant and unreasonable adverse impacts” without knowing what is being impacted. To make this easy, we are providing this letter and the accompanying documents as the best available science on the freshwater species within the boundary of your groundwater sustainability agency (GSA).
    [Show full text]
  • Operations and Disease Surveillance Report
    Page 1 Santa Clara County Vector Control District Operations and Surveillance Report August 2018 District Mission Table of Contents page To detect and minimize vector-borne diseases, to abate mosquitoes, and to assist the public in resolving problems with rodents, wildlife, and insects that can cause disease, discomfort, or injury to humans in the County. Manager’s Message 1 Services Provided Operations Report: Curbs and Catch Basins 2 Detection of the presence/prevalence of vector-borne diseases, such as plague, West Nile virus, rabies, and Lyme disease, through ongoing surveillance and testing Routine inspections and treatment, as necessary, of Operations Report: known mosquito and rodent sources Neglected Pools 3 Response to customer initiated service requests for iden- and Mosquitofish tification, advice, and/or control measures for mosqui- toes, rodents, wildlife, and miscellaneous invertebrates (ticks, yellowjackets, cockroaches, bees, fleas, flies, etc.) Continuing Education at Free educational presentations for schools, homeowner Vector Control associations, private businesses, civic groups, and other 4 West Nile Virus interested organizations Surveillance Free informational material on all vectors and vector- borne diseases Carbon Dioxide Baited Traps 5 Manager’s Message West Nile Virus Update Mosquitofish is the common name for Gambusia affinis and is a small fish related to common guppies. They are called Public Service Requests mosquitofish because mosquito larvae are their primary diet Invasive Cockroach 6 and they can eat 100 to 500 mosquito larvae per day. Vector Detected in County Control District delivers free limited numbers of mosquitofish for residents’ pools or ponds. To request mosquitofish, please call or visit our website. Outreach Programs - 7 (408) 918-4770 West Nile Virus Treatments sccvector.org Page 2 Operations Report: Curbs and Catch Basins The District employs seasonal staff to check and treat mosquitoes in flooded street stormwater catch basins.
    [Show full text]
  • May 1995 Frontispiece
    A DIPTEROLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE HOLOCENE HISTORY OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC AREA P. SKIDMORE Department of Archaeology and Prehistory. The University of Sheffield May 1995 Frontispiece "The Viking House-fly" Heleomyza serrata (Linnaeus), male. .A. DIPTEROLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE HOLOCENE HISTORY OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC AREA SUMMARY Whiht a copious literature testifies to the value of subfonil insect analyus in the interpretation of Holoc.ne deposits (Buckland Ind Coope, 1991; Elias, 1994), lost of thit mults frol Itudin of Coleopterous uterhl. Although Dipterous traglentl are often abundant in the 511. deposits, they have receivld little attention. This Thuil il concerned priurily .ith establishing the great valul of Dipterous subfossill and the potential for advancel in this field, Dipterous lorphology is considered and features of prillry valul in the identification of subfollil uttrhl HI highlighted. Problns ,ith the traditional taxonolic criteria, insofar .. idenU fication of such uterial is concerned, arl discussed, and nil approaches arl recollended. Thus, a brief survey of the lorphology of Tipuloid larval head-capsulls, and a revilional paper on thl puparia of British Sphaeroceridlt, are included. The study includes Iiny case-studies frol .xcavations across the region, spanning the last 5,000 years. Although ther, is an inevitable bias in favour of archaeological sites, and hence of the lore synanthropic eleMents of the Dipterous fauna, situations unassociated lith hu.an s.ttlel.nts are also discussed. A lajor objective in this .ork was to Ixalin. the role -of Diptera in thl insect colonisation of lands left in a stat. of tibuJi rUi by reclding glaciations, The geographical arn concerned here cO'prittS the entire North Atlantic continental seaboard and ishnds frOI Franc.
    [Show full text]