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Methodism, Moral Education and Public Schools: I a Look Into the Past

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Methodism, Moral Education and Public Schools: I a Look Into the Past Ij 'I i I [ ! I METHODISM, MORAL EDUCATION AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS: I A LOOK INTO THE PAST by Thomas C. Hunt In 1870, in its annual conference, the Methodist Episcopal Church in Wisconsin issued a ringing declaration of support for the traditional tieup of Protestant Christianity with public education. In an official document .entitled "The Relation of the Church to the Common School," the Methodist Church declared that the public school system ,vas the "offspring" of the Bible, and that Protestant Christianity was "especially bound to resist" any "assaults" made upon that school system "from whatever source or whatever pretext. "I Some sixty years later the relationship had taken on a much more informal form. For instance, of 296 Superintendents of Schools who reported their religion in a study conducted in 1934, 93 percent reported they attended church~ there were only 6 Catholics, no Jews or Agnostics, but there were 264 Methodists. 2 By 1976, however, official Methodism at least, had been com­ pletely divorced from public schooling. In its 1976 edition of The Book of Discipline no mention is made of public schooling. There are sec­ tions entitled "Education and Cultivation Division," "Curriculum Resources Committee," etc., and a number of subdivisions of the General Board of Higher Education and Ministry. 3 The absence of Methodist involvement with public schooling today is especially in­ teresting given the deep and widespread concern Fun­ damentaiists/Evangelicals are currently demonstrating in American education. (The best estimates on these schools founded since the early 1960s range from 5,000 to 6,000 in number \vith a student population J "The Relation of the Church to the Common School," in the IHinlLles of lhe IFisconsin A nnual Conference of lheMelhodisl Episcopal Church 1870. (Milwaukee: Index Printing Offiee, ]870), r. 29. 2David B. Tyack. "Pilgrim's Progress: Toward a Social History of the School Superintendency, ]860-1960," History of Education Quarterly. l(l. 3 (Fall 197(>1, p. 26(l: Edward A. Krug, The Shaping of lhe American Ifigh School J920~19111. II O'vladison: The University of \\lisconsin Press. 1(72). p. 137. :lThf? Book of Di.H;ipline of lhp United M('lhodisl Church /976. (Nashvill<" T'enn.: The United Methodist Publishing H()us(~, 1976.) 84- METHODISM, MORAL EDUCATION AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS 85 of approximately 950,000).4 Perhaps Methodist involvement with and concern for public schooling in the 19th century cannot be more clearly illustrated than in Wisconsin. It is the purpose of this paper to treat of that involvement and concern, so much a part of the Methodist.. public education heritage in this nation, beginning with the state's first constitutional convention in 1846 and terminating with the Edgerton Bible decision in 1890, the first in the nation by a State Supreme Court to adjudge Bible-reading to be sectarian instruction and therefore illegal. Church, State and Schooling at the Constitutional Convention The Education Committee of the 1846 Wisconsin Constitutional Convention called for the establishment of a "system of common schools" throughout the state, said schools to he free from all" sec­ tarian instruction," as well as prohibiting any "book of religious doctrine or belief" to be used therein. 5 The Convention delegates removed the prohibition against a "book of religious doctrine or belief,"6 after "some discussion in the convention," the amended version so popular that "but one or two voices were heard against it."7 Wisconsin voters rejected the proposed Constitution in 1846. Two years later they approved a revised form and Wisconsin was admitted to the Union. This Constitution treated religious freedom in Article I, Section 18: The right of every man to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of his own conscience, shall never be infringed, nor shall any man be compelled to I attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or maintain any ministry against his consent. Nor shall any control of, or interference with the rights of conscience I be permitted, or any preference be given by law to any religious establishments, l or mode of worship. Nor shall any money be drawn from the treasury for ,the benefit of religious societies, or religious or theological seminaries.II' \ It dealt with the issue of sectarian instruction in Article X, Section 3: I The legislature shall provide by law for the establishment of district schools, which \ i shall be as nearly uniform as practicable, and such schools shall be free and without i ' "James C. Carper, "An Emerging Alternative to Public Education: The Christian Day \1\ School. ,. Paper presented to the American Education Studies Association, Cincinnati, 1 October 25, 1979. 5Milo M. QuaiIe (ed.), The Convention of 1846. (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society, I 19]9), p. 538. I 6Jbid., p. 744. 7Quaife (ed.), The Struggle Over Ratification, 1846-1847. (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society, ]920 I, pp. 95, 122-23. "QuaiIe (ed. I, The Attainment of Stat(!llOod. (Madison: State Historical Society of \Visconsin, 19281, p. 227. 86 METHODIST HISTORY charge for tuition to all children between the ages of four and twenty years,and no sectarian instruction shall be allowed therein. 9 It is worthy of notice that the words "no book of religious doctrine or belief" were not included in the prohibition against sectarian instruction, indicating that the framers did not consider the Bible to be a sectarian book. 10 That the schools were not to be non-sectarian was made resoundingly clear by a 57-2 vote against the practice of sectarian in­ struction in the public schools of the state. 11 Governmental documents of that period attest to the moral function of the public schools. The Education Committee of the Wisconsin Senate in 1848, for instance, placed the credit for the Scotch being "perhaps the best instructed and most moral people on earth" to tax-supported public schools. 12 The Revised Statutes of the State of Wisconsin, 1849 held the State Superintendent accountable to "discourage the use of sectarian books and-selctarian instruction in the schools. "13 From their official responses to inquiries, it is clear that the first two State Superintendents, Eleazar Root and Azel P. Ladd, did not regard the Bible as a sectarian book nor the practice of reading it in the public schools as sectarian in­ struction. 14 Methodism, Schooling and the State in the 1850s Fifty-one of the 69 men who framed the Constitution in 1848 were born in the east, 26 in New England, 25 in New York (4 hailed from Ireland and 1 from Germany).15 Their role was described as being "chiefly instrumental in laying the foundations of the commonwealth of 9The Revised Statutes of the State of Wisconsin, 1849. (Southport: C. Latham Sholes, 18491, p. 34. IOH. C. Whitford, "Early History of Education in Wisconsin, n Reports and Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. V, Part III (Madison: Atwood and Rublee, 1869), p. 343. llJournal of the Convention to Form a Constitution for the State of Tf/isconsin. (Madison: Tenney, Smith and Holt, 1848), p. 336. 12Journal of the Senate of the First Legislature of the Stat(! of TFisconsin. 1848. (Madison: Phenodyne A. Bird, 1848), Appendix 7, p. 34. 13The Revised Statutes of the State of Wisconsin, 1849, pp. 404-05. 14See, for example, Eleazar Root to C. Ken (?) Eachron, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Decisions in Appeals. Series 5/3-6/1, Decem~er 3, ]850. I. p. 94. no. 245, and Azel P. Ladd to John Keith, State Superintendent ot Public Instruction, Decisions in Appeals. Series 5/3-6/1, Febnlary 21, 1852, I, p. 288, no. 30. Both in the Archives­ Manuscripts Division, State Historical Society of Wisconsin. 15Quaife (ed.), The Attainment of Statehood. (Madison: State llistorical Society of Wisconsin, 1928), p. 931. METHODISM, MORAL EDUCATION AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS 87 Wisconsin. "16 In 1850, Wisconsin's population was 305,391; 54,132 were natives of the state; 139,166 had been born elsewhere in the United States; there were 110,471 of foreign origin. 17 The Census of 1850 does not include the religious adherence of the state's inhabitants. It does have a section on Churches which affords some assistance in identifying the religious climate of the state. There were, in 1850, 356 church edifices in Wisconsin, of which 64 were Roman Catholic, 20 were Lutheran, 19 Episcopalian, 49 Baptist, 110 Methodist, 40 Presbyterian and 37 Congregationalist, 18 indicating the strong Methodist presence in the state. Methodist sources list 8,284 members19 i 21 I (compared with "about 40,000" Catholics in 1848), with 3,198 Baptists ! 22 ! and 1,356 Episcopalians. (The reports by the various Churches are not j 1 definitive of relative strength either, due to different criteria as to what .] ,constitutes a "member." The Catholic Church, for instance, practices I infant Baptism and lists all baptized as members. In some Protestant denominations a person becomes a member when he/she reaches young I I adulthood.) I I Methodists, who along with Congregationalists, Presbyterians and I I sometimes Baptists, comprised what may be termed "mainstream i j Protestantism," were generally satisfied with the form of public schooling I i promulgated by Horace Mann and followed in Wisconsin at this time. ! Featured. by Bible-reading (the King James version) with attendant devotional exercises, the common schools operated in a moral, indeed religious, fashion but, allegedly, in a non-denominational or unsectarian I way. 1I 4 1 I A Drift To"',vards Heterogeneity As the 1850s progressed the consensus which undergirded the moral role of public schooling in Wisconsin was increasingly challenged. Some citizens questioned the "non-denominational" nature of the Bible-b~ased religious exercises.
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