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FEDERAL STEWARDSHIP of CONFEDERATE DEAD This Page Intentionally Left Blank National Cemetery Administration FEDERAL STEWARDSHIP OF CONFEDERATE DEAD This page intentionally left blank. Federal Stewardship of Confederate Dead Prepared for the History Program National Cemetery Administration U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Washington D.C. 20420 July 2016 This publication evolved out of a historic-resource study that the National Cemetery Administration initiated in 2008 as one of several activities to commemorate the Civil War sesquicentennial, 2011-2015. The purpose is to share historic and cultural information with a broad audience. This publication is available as a free downloadable eBook at www.va.gov. Images in Federal Stewardship of Confederate Dead have been used with the consent of their respective owners. No replication of copyrighted material may be made without permission from the copyright holder. ISBN 978-0-16-093255-7 Cover: Entrance to Confederate Stockade Cemetery, Sandusky, OH. Library of Congress ii Federal Stewardship of Confederate Dead Table of Contents Figures .................................................................... vi Acronyms ............................................................... xxii Acknowledgments ....................................................... xxiii Introduction............................................................... 1 Confederates in NCA Cemeteries ................................................................................................4 Part I: Historic Context . 7 Confederate Prisoners of War, 1862 ..........................................................................................10 Prison Records, Rotting Headboards, Reinterments ............................................................12 National Cemeteries and Union Dead .....................................................................................14 Confederate Memorial Associations and the “Lost Cause,” 1870 .....................................17 Confederate Decoration Day .......................................................................................................18 The Spanish-American War and Reconciliation ....................................................................22 Arlington National Cemetery .......................................................................................................23 Confederate Headstones ...............................................................................................................25 The Commission for Marking Graves of Confederate Dead ..............................................27 Responsibility for the National Cemeteries ............................................................................39 Part II: Cemetery Histories................................................. 53 Camp Butler National Cemetery .................................................................................................55 Camp Butler Prisoner-of-War Camp...................................................................................56 Camp Butler National Cemetery .........................................................................................58 The Commission .......................................................................................................................61 Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery .........................................................................................65 Camp Chase Prisoner-of-War Camp ..................................................................................65 The Camp Cemetery ................................................................................................................66 The Commission .......................................................................................................................69 Confederate Mound Oak Woods Cemetery ............................................................................77 Camp Douglas ...........................................................................................................................77 Camp Douglas Cemeteries ...................................................................................................78 John C. Underwood and the Confederate Monument ...............................................80 The Commission .......................................................................................................................84 Confederate Stockade Cemetery Johnson’s Island ..............................................................89 Johnson’s Island Prisoner-of-War Camp ...........................................................................89 Prison Cemetery ........................................................................................................................91 The Commission and Mary Patton Hudson ....................................................................92 iii Crown Hill Confederate Cemetery ..........................................................................................101 Camp Morton ..........................................................................................................................101 Reactivation of the Prisoner-of-War Camp ...................................................................103 Confederate Dead and Greenlawn Cemetery .............................................................105 Cypress Hills National Cemetery ..............................................................................................113 Civil War Prisons and Hospitals in New York City ......................................................113 Union Grounds at Cypress Hills Cemetery....................................................................116 The Commission ....................................................................................................................119 Finn’s Point National Cemetery ................................................................................................123 Fort Delaware Prisoner-of-War Camp ............................................................................123 Prison Cemeteries..................................................................................................................124 Finn’s Point National Cemetery ........................................................................................126 The Commission ....................................................................................................................126 Fort Smith National Cemetery ..................................................................................................133 Fort Smith National Cemetery ..........................................................................................133 Marking the Confederate Graves .....................................................................................137 Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery ...................................................................................141 Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery ...........................................................................141 Gratiot Street and Myrtle Street Prisons ........................................................................142 Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery, 1865–1906 ...................................................144 The Commission ...................................................................................................................147 Little Rock National Cemetery ..................................................................................................151 Little Rock National Cemetery ..........................................................................................151 Confederate Cemetery ........................................................................................................152 The Commission ....................................................................................................................156 North Alton Confederate Cemetery .......................................................................................159 Alton Prisoner-of-War Facility ...........................................................................................159 Confederate Cemetery ........................................................................................................160 The Commission ....................................................................................................................163 Philadelphia National Cemetery ..............................................................................................171 Confederate Interments In and Near Philadelphia....................................................171 Philadelphia National Cemetery ......................................................................................172 The Commission ....................................................................................................................175 Point Lookout Confederate Cemetery ...................................................................................179 Camp Hoffman Prisoner-of-War Camp ..........................................................................179 The Prison Cemeteries .........................................................................................................180 State-Established Cemetery .............................................................................................182 The Commission ....................................................................................................................183
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