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“Between Two Fires”: War and Reunion in Middle America, 1860-1899

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“Between Two Fires”: War and Reunion in Middle America, 1860-1899 “Between Two Fires”: War and Reunion in Middle America, 1860-1899 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History of the College of Arts and Sciences 2013 By Matthew E. Stanley M.A., University of Louisville, 2007 B.A., University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2005 Committee Chair: Professor Christopher Phillips Abstract From its post-Revolutionary position as the First West to its current status as a political bellwether, the Ohio Valley has always been a liminal space in American history. This dissertation centers on the Civil War, Reconstruction, and sectional reconciliation in the Lower Middle West, with particular emphases on identity, memory, and race. Indeed, if the antebellum West acted as balance between North and South, then the Lower Middle West, a nominally free region dominated by conservative upland Southern political culture, represented a median with the median. The Lower Middle West—part of a vast border area stretching from southern Pennsylvania and northern Virginia along the Ohio River Valley and into Missouri and Kansas that I term ‘Middle America’—was a political and cultural middle space typified by white conservative Unionism. Wartime conservative Unionists—those whites who supported compromise measures, desired only the political restoration of the Union, and who persisted rather than embraced emancipation—are central to understanding the dissent (Copperhead) movement, the Northern white backlash against liberalizing war measures, the Northern rejection of Congressional Reconstruction, the national movement toward sectional reconciliation among whites, and the legacies of white supremacy in the Middle West (labor violence, exclusion laws, sundown towns, lynching, the second incarnation of the KKK). This conservative and Unionist wartime coalition had immense postwar political and commemorative ramifications as third vein of memory arose. Scholars have overlooked this “Loyal West” narrative, which was rooted in animus toward both Southern “traitors” and the Eastern “Yankees” and was based on the belief that Western i armies and leaders had won the war. The Loyal West was also a way to reconcile antebellum regionalism with postwar sectionalism and balance the revolutionary aspects of emancipation and the Union cause with the political and cultural conservatism of the white Middle West. Focusing on the Lost Cause, the Union Cause, and the Emancipationist Cause, historians have neglected this alternate Civil War narrative. In short, an imagined West existed prior to the Civil War, Westerners fought their own war (and divided over it), and that white Western veterans constructed their own memory during the postwar period. The adoption of a new understanding of Western identity during the war era—one synonymous with “loyalty”—set the stage for postwar political and commemorative divisions in the Ohio Valley, influencing, eventually, how Americans came to construct both the Midwest and a North-South duality, with the Ohio River as its dividing line. ii Acknowledgments A historian’s work is nothing if not dependent. As such, this dissertation is only half mine. The other half belongs to the effort and influence of others. Chris Phillips deserves first mention. I thought I had a bearing on what an academic mentor should be, and then I met Chris. His professional and personal advice, careful editing, and willingness to continuously go above and beyond greatly enriched my graduate experience and made me a much better historian. He is a beau ideal mentor, and a friend. Many thanks also to Wayne Durrill, Willard Sunderland, Bill Freehling, and Jennifer Weber for rounding out an exemplary dissertation committee. Thanks extend beyond my committee. The wonderful teaching of John Lynn, John Buckler, and Lorman Ratner at the University of Illinois first inspired me to take on graduate school. Tom Mackey, Glenn Crothers, and Wayne Lee taught my first seminars at the University of Louisville. Tom and Glenn have provided support and friendship ever since, and for that I am grateful. The faculty at Cincinnati has been equally exceptional, and David Stradling, Martin Francis, Geoff Plank, Mark Lause, and Tom Lorman have been particularly helpful. Hope Earls has been indispensible. I have also received generous time and wisdom from beyond the walls of my alma maters. John Neff, Anne Marshall, Stephen Ash, Bruce Levine, Louis Gerteis, Gary Gallagher, LeeAnn Whites, Michael Fellman, Pete Carmichael, Stanley Harrold, Mark Neely, and James McPherson helped me in conceptualizing this project. Their comments and emails have been more useful and rewarding than they could possibly know. I’ve also benefited from wonderful academic friendships, beginning with Jacob Lee at Louisville. Cincinnati brought an even more expansive bedrock of intellect and iii affection, including Lance and Sarah Lubelski, Zach Garrison, Kelly Wenig, Charlie Lester, Nate McGee, Evan Hart, Adam Rathge, Jessica Biddlestone, and Mike Davis. Mike Rhyne, Brian Miller, Aaron Astor, Mike Crane, Frank Towers, John Quist, Blake Renfro, Miles Smith, Tim Fritz, Bob Hutton, Patrick Lewis, and Joe Beilein have also been spectacular colleagues. Not only have these remarkable people influenced my historical and social consciousness, several have grown from academic friends into best and lifelong friends. I would be remiss to exclude the libraries and granting institutions that supported this project. The Filson Historical Society and the entire Filson “family,” especially Glenn and Mark Wetherington, have played a major role in my academic maturity. Darrell Meadows and the staff at Kentucky Historical Society have been unbelievably generous. The Kentucky Library and Museum at Western Kentucky University and the Lilly Library at Indiana University also offered financial support, and deserve equal gratitude. I would also like to acknowledge the staffs at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Chicago Historical Society, the Newberry Library, Indiana Historical Society, the Indiana State Library, the Library of Congress, the National Archives, Ohio Historical Society, and the Huntington Library. Thanks finally to the University Research Council and the Charles Phelps Taft Research Center for major financial contributions and for the fellowships that afforded me the time to research and write major portions of the dissertation. I have enjoyed a supportive cadre of friends, some of them for decades. My Carmi pals have always been there for me, despite the unpredictable and often fascinating courses our lives have taken. Denton, Jade, Ryan, Joris, Dustin, Daniel, and the rest— iv thanks guys. Timothy, thanks for being a willing reader of my earliest history books. We all miss you. Champaign friends, particularly Dan Breen and Patrick Keavy, have also offered much support along the way, and merit recognition. Many thanks for lifelong support to the Drones, the Browns, the Woodruffs, and most especially the Stanley and Evans clans, particularly my maternal grandmother and my brother, Brenton. I am incredibly lucky to have a brother so talented, funny, thoughtful, and supportive. Likewise, I cannot exclude my paternal grandfather, David L. Stanley. Not all of his “histories” were empirically true, but no one more appreciated a well-crafted story. We all miss you too. Which brings me to my parents, Mark and Rebecca Stanley. Simply, I was raised by extraordinary people. This project is partly the result of their utter inability to say “no” when one of their children asked to trod off the beaten path—figuratively and literally—for the sake of history. I’m not sure they could have ever understood at the time what those sacrifices would someday mean. Finally, I must thank my partner and best friend, Emily, and our cherished Louie. Emily, you’ve been there through all of this and you haven’t lost your mind or tired of my company—yet. This work is for you. Of course. These are some of the greatest people one could ever ask to meet and work with, and these stomping grounds are the types of places that get into your blood. To paraphrase W. P. Kinsella, once people and places like this touch your life, the wind never blows so cold again. v vi Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1 “The Progeny of Jamestown”: Region 10 and Identity in the First Middle West Chapter 2 The Minds of the Middle West: Political 40 Cultures of the Dixie and Yankee Frontiers Chapter 3 “The boundary between contending nations: 75 Political Crisis, Border War, and the Restraints on Western Unity Chapter 4 “The War Fattens on the Blood of Western 111 Men”: Emancipation, Regional Identity, and the Limits of Practical Abolitionism on Slavery’s Western Border Chapter 5 “The Great Brotherhood of the West”: The 150 Demise of Western Sectionalism Chapter 6 “Was it for this you fought?”: Political Identity, 188 Racial Continuity, and the Retreat from Reconstruction Chapter 7 “Never Checked—Always Victorious”: The 229 Construction of the Loyal West Chapter 8 “Solely to Suppress the Rebellion:” 266 Commemorating Conservative Unionism in the Loyal West Epilogue “No More Shall the Winding Rivers Be 303 Red”: Reconciliation in the Lower Middle West Bibliography vii Introduction I am the Ohio River, From the north I beckon to brooks, creeks, rivers in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Countless are the other streams flowing from east, south, and north as they come to join me. You have used me to fight your wars, as a barrier between North and South, as a boundary between some of your richest states. If rivers carry the life blood of a continent, then I am an artery to the heart of America. —J. Robert Smith, 19621 The mood in the nation’s capital was foreboding on March 4, 1861. Seven states had already withdrawn from the Union and the soon-to-be inaugurated president-elect, Illinoisan Abraham Lincoln, faced the daunting task of how to entice them back in while concurrently preventing more from seceding.
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