FOR THOSE WHO STILL HEAR THE GUNSrM by William Glenn Robertson

Dave Rmh of B&G The Armies (~ollide Bragg }~orces His Way Across (~hickamattga (~reek

The failure of Gen. Braxton Bragg's bold and bring the remainder to La Fayette, Ga. (see Mills on the previous day by elements of effort to cripple the Federal XIV Corps in Pg. 51). By 8:30a.m., Bragg had decided upon Thomas J. Wood's Federal division, was to McLemore's Cove on September 11, 1863 (see the next offensive action to take. Believing that remain in contact with the Federals in its Maps, Pp. 10-ll) did not break the offensive Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden's XXI Corps front. On Armstrong's right, Brig. Gen. John spirit of either the Army of Tennessee or its might be vulnerable, he resolved to send forces Pegram was to deploy his two brigades in an commander. After a few hours of fitful rest, north from La Fayette to strike any elements arc stretching southeast toward the hamlet Bragg was again issuing orders as early as of that corps that could be found. ofVillanow, Ga., on the direct route from La seven o'clock the morning of the 12th. At that Accordingly, Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk was Fayette to Resaca. When he learned around hour he directed Brig. Gen. Bushrod R. told to move Frank Cheatham's large five­ noon that Armstrong had broken contact with Johnson to continue shielding the army's supply brigade division ten miles north on the the Federals at Lee and Gordon's Mills, line by blocking any Federal push toward Chattanooga road to Rock Spring Church (see Bragg sternly sent him forward again. If too Dalton, Ga. If Johnson's small brigade proved Pg. 64). As soon as Polk's other division, much ground were given up unnecessarily, insufficient, he was to call upon the two brigades Thomas C. Hindman's, could rest and cook Bragg would not have enough space in which from Joe Johnston's army arriving at Resaca, rations, it was to follow Cheatham. Believing to maneuver successfully. 1 13 miles south of Dalton (see Map, Pg. 12). that he had set Polk in motion, Bragg turned Next, Bragg turned his attention back to to the task of rearranging his cavalry screen Dr. Robertson's article is annotated. See Pg. 27 McLemore's Cove and Dug Gap, instructing north of Rock Spring Church. Brig. Gen. Frank for his Endnotes, and Pg. 14 for an Order of Battle. the trusted Will Martin to picket the Pigeon Armstrong's cavalry division, which had been ABOVE: The rebuilt Lee and Gordon's Mills Mountain gaps with part of his cavalry division slowly pressed back beyond Lee and Gordon's on West Chickamauga Creek. If Bragg expected Polk to act Once again, while Bragg plotted the expeditiously, he was sorely mistaken. destruction of one of Maj. Gen. WilliamS. Although Cheatham's Division had made Rosecrans' major elements, that officer only a leisurely march on the previous day remained convinced that he could still retain and a warning order for movement had been the initiative. When the first news of Maj. in effect since midnight, Polk did not issue Gen. George H. Thomas' check at Davis direct instructions to Cheatham until 9:30 Crossroads (see Pg. 54) in McLemore's Cove a.m. At least one brigade, Otho F. Strahl's, arrived the previous night, Rosecrans and his did not leave its camps untillO:OO a.m. Polk staff assumed that Bragg was finally making himself did not ride for Rock Spring Church a firm stand, but by late morning on until 4:00 p.m. and took two hours to get September 12 the army high command, now there. Maj. Gen. William H. T. Walker's including Assistant Secretary of War Charles Reserve Corps, consisting of his own and A. Dana, had come to think otherwise. The St. John R. Liddell's divisions, departed for withdrawal of the Confederate force from Rock Spring some time after Cheatham, but McLemore's Cove the night of September at least they had the excuse of being at Dug 11-12 was now seen as a temporary measure Gap the previous day. Thus the road north designed only to check pursuit while the was filled all day with marching troops, retreat to Rome, Ga., continued. If that were true, the Federals must concentrate quickly who raised a huge dust plume seen far and Braxton Bragg, CSA wide. The Confederates tramping toward to attack the Army of Tennessee before it Rock Spring did not yet include Hindman's been driven back by elements of John T. escaped. Rising earlier than his norm but Division. At 1:30 p.m. Polk ordered Wilder's mounted infantry brigade and later than some might feel prudent, Hindman to have his men cook three days' John M. Palmer's infantry division. At 6:00 Rosecrans began to issue instructions to his rations and "refresh" before setting out for p.m. Bragg dispatched a message to Polk scattered corps at 10:30 a.m. First went a Rock Spring as well. Those two processes reporting that information and directing the message to Maj . Gen. Alexander McD. took well into the evening, and Hindman's corps commander to attack at dawn. If those McCook, which explained Thomas' command was still in the vicinity of La Federal elements could be destroyed, Bragg momentary delay and ordered the XX Corps Fayette at 10:30 p.m. on the 12th. could fall on the remainder of the XXI commander to move to Thomas' support with Meanwhile, Bragg received reports from his Corps and destroy it too. McLemore's Cove two divisions, leaving one division on cavalry screen indicating Federal movement may have been a failure, but amazingly, in Lookout Mountain with his trains. Forty-five across his front from east to west. In late Bragg's estimation, a similar opportunity minutes later, Rosecrans dispatched orders afternoon John Pegram reported that he had was now presenting itself.2 to Thomas. Gratuitously characterizing

BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 7 Union commanders in the Chickamauga Campaign (left to right): WilliamS. Rosecrans, George H. Thomas, and Alexander McD. McCook.

James Negley's withdrawal of his division Pea Vine Creek (see Pg. 65), Palmer would the fog began to dissipate around 8:00a.m., from McLemore's Cove on September 11 pause near the home of a man named a squad of mounted infantrymen appeared as one of "prudence," not "necessity," Gilbert and block any Confederate with a message from Crittenden ordering Rosecrans ordered Thomas to contact horsemen seeking to approach the trains him to remain in place at the Mills and await McCook, who would be marching to join from the south. Wilder was to return to the arrival of the corps. While waiting, him. He further told the XIV Corps Ringgold from Tunnel Hill, Ga., report to Wood sent four companies of Charles G. commander (Thomas) that Crittenden Crittenden, then take the direct road from Harker's brigade across the creek, where would soon be at Lee and Gordon's Mills Ringgold to LaFayette. Such a move would they stumbled into a much larger with the consolidated XXI Corps and would cover Palmer's front while he remained at Confederate cavalry force backed by attack the Confederate flank. Rosecrans Gilbert's and his left flank when he turned artillery. When Harker and the remainder would be managing Crittenden's attack west and resumed his march to Lee and of his brigade came up to support the himself, but he needed information from Gordon's Mills. After daylight the reconnaissance party, the Confederates Thomas in order to do so. If all moved movement commenced without initial withdrew from view. By 1:00 p.m. Hazen's quickly, the Confederate army could yet be difficulty. Palmer began by covering Van brigade arrived at the Mills, having brushed brought to battle before it escaped Cleve on the edge of Ringgold while the away other Confederate horsemen. Some southward. Just to be sure of overwhelming latter gathered the trains and began the slow time thereafter, Crittenden himself reached force in the forthcoming "general battle," march west. Then, with William B. Hazen's Wood's position. At 4:00 p.m. he sent a Rosecrans telegraphed Gordon Granger at brigade in the lead, Palmer advanced to message to Palmer, ordering that officer to Bridgeport, Ala., to come to Chattanooga, Gilbert's, arriving shortly after 9:00 a.m. resume his march to the Mills as well. Before bringing along three Reserve Corps There he paused, according to his orders to moving, Palmer was to make a brigades plus John King's brigade of block Pea Vine Valley. Crittenden himself reconnaissance up Pea Vine Creek with Absalom Baird's division. 3 arrived nearby around 10:45 a.m. and Charles Cruft's brigade. In Jess than an hour, Rosecrans sent no orders to Crittenden authorized Palmer to push Hazen's brigade cannon shots were heard to the southward, because th at officer was already under ahead toward Lee and Gordon's Mills. As causing Crittenden to send Hazen's brigade instructions of the previous afternoon to Crittenden reported to Rosecrans several on a reconnaissance as well. Neither brigade concentrate the XXI Corps around Lee and times, all indications continued to be that encountered much opposition from the Gordon's Mills. Crittenden planned to use the Confederates were still en route to handful of Confederate cavalrymen watching three roads to bring Palmer's and Horatio Rome and there was no cause for concern.4 them, and they soon rejoined their parent Van Cleve's divisions and Wilder's brigade At Lee and Gordon's Mills, Thomas command. At dusk Palmer's division back from their positions beyond Ringgold, Wood nervously waited for orders. At 6:00 bivouacked across the Chickamauga from Ga., to a junction with Wood's two lonely a.m., with a heavy fog covering the valley Lee and Gordon's Mills. In a message to brigades at the Mills. At 1:00 a.m. of Chickamauga Creek, he wrote Rosecrans General Rosecrans, Crittenden continued to Crittenden issued instructions to the three that he needed instructions from someone. insist that the Confederate army was in full affected commanders. Van Cleve was to Earlier written orders had directed him to retreat and would not stand short of Rome. gather everyone's trains and head west from head east to link with Crittenden, but the The only caveat to his rosy view of the Ringgold toward the La Fayette-Rossville courier had verbally directed him to situation was that he had not yet heard from Road via Peeler's Mill and Reed's Bridge continue his advance southward. Either John T. Wilder and his brigade.5 over Chickamauga Creek (see Pg. 65). way, the bridge over the Chickamauga had Palmer was to give Van Cleve time to get been burned by the retreating Confederates Following is a Map Section. underway, then take a road trending toward and would need heavy reconstruction. Until The Main Text resumes on Pg. 19. the southwest. Upon entering the valley of the fog lifted he could do nothing. Just as

8 BLUE & GRAY MAG AZINE-FALL 2007 Ci 1 ~innati I OHIO Meade WEST VIRGINIA ,-/ INDIANA I

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McLemore's Cove: Rosecrans' Gamble, Bragg's Lost Opportunity

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Q ADAIRSVILLE ORDER OF BATTLE XX CORPS Third Division Maj. Gen. Alexander McD. McCook Brig. Gen. Horatio P. Van Cleve The following abbrevations relate to the fate 2nd Kentucky Cavalry, Co. I (Escort). of officers during the entire campaign, not just First Brigade, Brig. Gen. Samuel Beatty: 79th the portion covered in thi s issue: c---captured; First Division Indiana, 9th Kentucky, 17th Kentucky, 19tll i- ill; w-wounded; mw- mortally wounded; Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis Ohio. k-killed. Lncl uded are troops presen t during events described in this issue. First Brigade, Col. P. Sidney Post: 59th llli- Second Brigade, Col. George F. Dick: 44th nois, 74th Jllinois, 75th lllinois, 22nd Ind iana. Indiana, 86th Indiana, 13th Ohio, 59th Ohio. ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND Maj. Gen. Wi ll ia m S. Rosecrans Second Brigade, Bri g. Gen. William P. Carlin: Third Brigade, Col. Sidney M. Barnes: 35th 2 1st Illinois, 38th lll inois, 8 1st Indiana, IOist Ind iana, 8th Kentucky, 21st Kentucky, 51st Headquarters Ohio. Ohio, 99th Ohio. 1st Battalion Ohio Sharpshooters; lOth Ohio Infan try (Provost Guard); 15th Pennsylvania Third Brigade, Col. Hans C. Heg (mw), Col. Artillery: Indiana Light, 7th Battery; Penn­ Cavalry (Escort). John A. Martin: 25th Illinois, 35th Illinois, 8th sylvania Light, 26th Banery; Wisconsin Light, Kansas, 15th Wisconsi n. 3rd Bauery. XIV CORPS Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas Artillery: Minnesota Light, 2nd Battery; Wis­ RESERVE CORPS 9th Michigan In fa ntry (Provost Guard); consin Light, 5th Batlery; Wisconsin Light, 8th Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger I st Ohio Cavalry, Co. L (Escort). Battery. I st Missouri Cavalry, Co. F (Escort)

First Division Second Division First Division Brig. Gen. Absalom Baird Brig. Gen. Ri chard W. Johnson Brig. Gen. James B. Steedman

First Brigade, Col. Benjamin F. Scribne r: 38th First Brigade, Brig. Gen. August Willich: 89th First Brigade, Brig. Gen. Walter C. Whitaker: Indiana, 2nd Ohio, 33rd Ohio, 94th Ohio, I Oth Illinois, 32nd Indiana, 39th Indiana, 15th Ohio, 96th Illinois, ll5th Ill ino is, 84th Indiana, 22d Wi sconsi n. 49th Ohio. Michigan, 40th Ohio, 89th Ohio. Ohio Light A11ill ery; 18th Battery. Second Brigade, B ri g. Gen. Jo hn C . Second Brigade, Col. Joseph B. Dodge: 79th Starkweather: 24th Illinois, 79th Pennsylva- Illinois, 29th Indiana, 30th Indiana, 77th Penn- Second Brigade, Col. John G. Mitchell: nia, I st Wisconsin, 2 1st Wisconsin. sylvania. 78th Illinois, 98th O hi o,1 I 3th Ohio, 121 st \ Ohio. 1st Ill inois Li ght A11ill ery, Battery M. Third Brigade, Brig. Gen. John H. Kin g: Third Brigade, Col. Philemon P. Baldwin (k), 15th U.S .. 1st Battalion; 16th U.S., 1st Banal- Col. William W. Berry: 6th Indiana, 5th Ken­ Second Division ion; 18t h U.S., I st Battalion; 18th U.S., 2nd tucky, I st Ohio, 93rd Ohio. No Commander Named Battalion; 19th U.S., 1st Battalion. Artillery: Indiana Light, 5th Battery; 1st Ohio Second Brigade, Col. Daniel McCook: \ Artillery: 1st Mich igan Light, Battery A; 4th Light , Battery A; Ohio Light, 20th Battery. 85th Ill inois, 86th Il linois, \25th Illinois, 52nd Ind iana Light Battery; 5th U.S., Bauery H. Ohio, 69th Ohio. 2nd Illinois Light, Battery I. Third Division Second Division Maj. Gen. Phi lip H. Sheridan CAVALRY CORPS Maj. Gen. James S. Negley First Brigade, Brig. Gen. William H. Ly tl e Maj. Gen. DavidS. Stanley (i) (mw), Col. Silas Miller: 36th l\linois, 88th Il ­ Bri g. Gen. Robert B. Mitchell First Brigade, Brig. Gen. John Beatty: linois, 2 1st Michigan, 24th Wisconsin . 104th Illinois, 42nd Indiana, 88th Lndi ana, 15ll~ First Division Kentucky, 3rd Ohio. Second Brigade, Col. Bernard Laiboldt: 44th Col. Edward M. McCook Illinois, 73d lllinois, 2nd Missouri, 15th Mis­ Second Brigade, Col. Timothy R. Stanley (w), souri . First Brigade, Col. Archibald P. Campbell : Col. William L. Stoughton: 2nd Michi gan, 9th Pennsylvania, 1st Tennes­ 19th Illino is, li th Michigan, 18th Ohio, 69th Third Brigade, Col. Luther P. Bradley (w), see. Ohio. Col. Nathan H. Walworth: 22nd l\linois, 27th Illinois, 42nd Illinois, 51st Illinois. Second Brigade, Col. Daniel M. Ray: 2nd In­ Third Brigade, Col. Wil li am Sirwell : 37th In- diana, 4th Indiana, 2nd Tennessee, I st Wiscon­ diana, 2 1st Ohio, 74th Ohio, 78th Pennsylva- Artillery: I st lllinois Li ght, Battery C; lndi­ sin . 1st O hio Li ght, Battery D (one section). ni a. ana Light, II th Battery; I st Missouri Light, Battery G. Third Brigade, Col. Loui s D. Watkins: Artillery: Illinois Li ght, Bridges' Battery; 1st 4th Kentucky, 5th Kentucky, 6th Kentucky. Ohio Light, Battery G; I st Ohio Light, Bat­ XXI CORPS tery M. Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden Second Division 15th Illinois Cavalry, Co. K (Escort) Brig. Gen. George Crook Third Division Brig. Gen. John M. Brannan First Division First Brigade, Col. Robert H. G. Minty: Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood 3rd Indiana (battalion), 4th Michi gan, 7th First Brigade. Col. John M. Connell : 82nd Pennsylvania, 4th U.S. Indiana, 17th Ohio, 3 1st Ohio, 38th O hio. First Brigade, Col. George P. Buell: IOOth Il ­ Scale in Mi les li noi s, 58th Indiana, 13th Michigan, 26th Ohio. Second Brigade, Col. Eli Long: 2nd Kentucky, Second Brigade, Col. John T. Croxton (w), 1st Ohio, 3rd Ohio, 4th Ohio. 0.0 2.5 5.0 J Col. William H. Hays: lOth Indiana, 74th In- Second Brigade, Brig. Gen. George D. diana, 4th Kentucky, lOth Kent ucky, 14th Wagner: 15th Indiana, 40th Indiana, 51st In- Artillery: Chicago Board of Trade Battery. Ohio. diana, 57th Indiana. 97th Ohio.

Third Brigade, Col. Ferdinand Vari Derveer: Third Brigade, Col. Charles G. Harker: 73rd * * * * * 87th Indiana, 2nd Minnesota, 9th O hi o, 35th Indiana, 3rd Kentucky, 64th Ohio, 65th Ohio, ARMY OF TENNESSEE Ohio. \25th Ohio. Gen. Braxton Bragg

Artillery: 1st Michigan Light, Battery D; 1st Artillery: Indiana Light, 8th Battery; Indiana Headquarters Ohio Light, Battery C; 4th U.S., Battery \. Light, lOth Battery; Ohio Light, 6th Battery. Dreux 's Co., Louisiana Cavalry (Escort); Holloway's Co. Alabama Cavalry (Escort) f Fourth Division Second Division ) Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds Maj. Gen. John M. Pal mer POLK'S CORPS J Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk First Brigade, Col. John T. Wilder: 92nd llli- First Brigade, Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft: 31st Greenleaf's Co., Louisiana Cavalry (Escort) nois. 98th lllinois, \23rd Illinois, 17th lndi- Indiana, lst Kentucky, 2nd Kentucky, 90th ana, 72nd Indiana. O hio. Cheatham's Division I Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham Second Brigade. Col. Edward A. King (k), Second Brigade, Brig. Gen. W il liam B. Col. Milton S. Robinson: 80th Il linois, 68th Hazen: 9th Indiana, 6th Kentucky, 41st Ohio, Jackson's Brigade, Brig. Gen. John K. Jack­ Indiana, 75th Indiana, JO ist In diana, 105th I 24th Ohio. son: I st Georgia, 5th Georgia, 2nd Georgia Ohio. Battalion Sharpshooters, 5th Mi ssissippi , 8th Third Brigade, Col. William Grose: 84th 11- Mississippi. Third Brigade, Brig. Gen. John B. Turchin: linois, 36th Indiana, 23rd Kentucky, 6th O hio, 18th Kentucky, II th Ohio, 36th Ohio, 89th 24th Ohio. Smith's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Preston Smith Ohio, 92nd Ohio. (k), Col. Alfred J. Vaughan, Jr.: lith Tennes­ Artillery: 1st Ohio Light, Battery B; I st Ohio see, 12th-47th Tennessee, 13th- I 54th Tennes­ Artill ery: Indiana Light, 18th Battery; Indi­ Light, Battery F;4th U.S., Battery H;4th U.S., see, 29th Tenn essee, Dawson's Battalion LEBANON ana Li ght, 19th Battery; Indiana Light, 21st Battery M. Sharpshooters. 0 Battery. Continued on Pg. 16

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Bragg's Target Is Within Striking Distance

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~ : , s: :rn '------:,----,-----,- 3 i ~ n :z ~ ~Rc Continued from Pg. 14 Walker's Division 23rd Tennessee, 25th Te nnessee, 44th Bri g. Gen. States R. Gist Tenn essee. JASPERQ Maney's Brigade, Brig. Gen. George Maney: \ I st-27th Tennessee, 4th Tennessee (Provi­ Gist's Brigade, Brig. Gen. States R. Gist, Col. Gregg's Brigade, Brig. Gen. John Gregg (w), () sional Army), 6th-9th Tennessee, 24th Tennes­ Peyton Colquitt (k), Lt. Col. Leroy Napi er: Col. Cyru s A. Sugg: 3rd Tennessee, I Oth Ten­ see Battali on Sharpshooters. 46th Georgia, 8th Georgia Battalion, 16th nessee, 30th Tennessee, 41st Tennessee, 50th '----) South Carolina, 24th South Carolina. Tennessee, 7th Texas, I st Tennessee Battali on. Wright's Brigade, Bri g. Gen. Marcus J. Bledsoe's (Mi ssouri) Battery. Wright: 8th Tennessee, 16th Tennessee, 28th Ector's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Matthew D. Tennessee, 38th Tenn essee, 51 st-52nd Tennes­ Ector: Stone's (A labama) Battalion Sharp­ McNair's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Evand e r see, 22nd Tennessee (Murray's) Battalion. shoote rs, Pound's (M iss issippi) Battalion McNair (w), Col. David Coleman: I st Arkan­ Sharpshooters, 29th No11h Carolina, 9th Texas, sas Mounted Rifles (di smounted), 2nd Arkan­ Strahl's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Otho F. Strahl: I Oth Texas Cavalry (dismounted) , 14th Texas sas Mounted Rifles {dismounted), 25th Arkan­ 4th-5th Tennessee, 19th Tennessee, 24th Ten­ Cavalry (di smounted), 32nd Texas Cavalry sas 39th North Carolina, 4th -3 1st and 4th Ar­ TENNESSEE nessee, 31st Tennessee, 33rd Tennessee. (dismounted). kansas Battali on (consolid ated). Culpeper's ------.. ·_ (South Carol ina) Battery. ALABAMA Artillery, Maj. Melancthon Smi th: Carnes' Wilson's Brigade, Col. Claudius C. Wi lson: (Tennessee) Battery; Scogin 's (Georgia) Bat­ 25th Georgia, 29th Georgia, 30th Georgia, I st CAVALRY tery; Scolt 's (Tenn essee) Baltery; Smith 's Georgia Ballali on Sharpshooters, 4th Louisi­ Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler (Mississippi) Battery; Stanford's (Mississippi) ana Battalion. \ Battery. Wharton's Division Artillery: Ferguson's (South Carol ina) Bat­ Brig. Gen. John A. Wha11on :( Hindman's Division tery, Howell 's (Georgia) Battery. . Maj. Gen. Thomas C. Hindman (i), First Brigade, Col. C. C. Crews: Malone's Brig. Gen. Patton Anderson. Liddell's Division (Alabama) Regiment , 2nd Georgia, 3rd Geor­ Lenoir's Co. Alabama Cavalry (Escort) Brig. Gen. St. John R. Liddell gia. 4th Georgia.

Anderson 's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Patton Liddell's Brigade, Col. Daniel C. Govan: 2nd- Second Brigade, Col. Thomas Harrison: Anderson, Col. J. H. Sharp: 7th Mississippi, 15th Arkansas, 5th-1 3th Arkansas, 6th-7th Ar­ J rd Confederate, J rd Kentucky, 4th Tennes­ 9th Mississippi , lOt h Mississippi , 41st Mi s­ kan sas, 8th Arkansas, I st Louisiana (Regu lars). see, 8th Texas, II th Texas. White's (Te nnes­ sissippi, 44th Mi ssissippi , 9th Mississippi Bat­ see) Battery. talion Sharpshooters. Garrity's (A labama) Walthall's Brigade, Bri g. Ge n. Edward C. Battery. Wa lthall : 24th Mi ssissippi, 27th Missis­ Martin's Division sippi, 29th Mi ssissippi, 30th Mi ssissippi , Brig. Gen. William T. Martin CA1',£RTON'S Deas's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Zachariah C. 34th Mi ssissippi . ~ Deas: 19th Alabama, 22nd Aiabama, 25th Ala­ First Brigade, Col. John T. Morgan: I st ~ RRY ~ bama. 39th Alabama. 50th Alabama, 17th Ala­ Artillery, Capt. Charles Swett: Fowler's (A la- Alabama, 3rd Alabama, 5 1st Alabama, 8th bama Battalion Sharpshooters. Dent 's (A la­ bama) Battery, Warren Light Artill ery (Mi s- Confederate. bama) Battery. sissippi Battery). Second Brigade, Col. A. A. Ru ssell: 4th Ala­ Manigault's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Arthur M. BUCKNER'S CORPS bama, I st Confederate. Wiggins' (Arkansas) Manigault: 24th Alabama, 28th Alabama, 34th Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner Battery. r~ Alabama, 10th- 19th South Carol ina, Waters' Clark's Co. Tennessee Cava lry (Escort) (A labama) Battery. FORREST'S CORPS Stewart's Division Brig. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest HILL'S CORPS Maj . Gen. Alexander P. Stewart Jackson's Co. Tenn essee Cavalry (Escort) Lt. Gen. Daniel H. Hill Bate's Brigade, Brig. Gen. William B. Bate: Armstrong's Division ~~ J Cleburne's Division 58th Alabama, 37th Georgia, 15th-37th Ten­ Brig. Gen. Frank C. Arm strong Maj. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne nessee, 20th Tennessee, 4th Georgia Batta lion Sanders' Co. Tennessee Cavalry (Escort) Sharpshooters. Armstrong's Brigade, Col. James T. Wheeler: 3rd Arkansas, 2nd Kentucky, 6th Tenn essee, Wood's Brigade, Brig. Gen. S. A.M. Wood: Brown's Brigade, Brig. Gen. John C. Brown 18th Tennessee Battalion. 16th Alabama, 18th Alabama, 33rd Alabama, (w), Col. Edmund C. Cook: 18th Tennessee, 45th Alabam a, 32nd-45th Mississippi, 15th 26th Tennessee, 32nd Tennessee, 45th Tennes­ Forrest's Brigade, Col. George C. Dibrell: 4th Mi ssissippi Battalion Sharpshooters. see, 23rd Tennessee Battalion. Tennessee, 8th Tennessee, 9th Tennessee, 1Oth Tennessee, II th Tennessee. Shaw's Battalion. Polk's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Luciu s E. Polk: Clayton' s Brigade, Brig. Gen. Henry D. O.P. Hamilton's Battalion. and R. D. Allison's I st Arkansas, 3rd-5th Confederate, 2nd Ten- Clayton: 18th Alabama, 36th Alabama, 38th Squadron (consolidated). Huggi ns' (Tennes­ nessee, 35th Tennessee, 48th Tennessee. Alabama. see) Battery (formerl y Freeman 's). Morton's (Tennessee) Battery. Deshler's Brigade, Brig. Gen. James Deshler Artillery, Maj. J. Wes ley Eldridge: I st Arkan­ (k), Col. Roger Q. Mills: 19th-24th Arkansas, sas Battery: T. H. Dawson's (Georgia) B atter y~ Pegram's Di vision 6th-10th Texas, 15th Texas Cavalry (d is­ Eufaula Arti ll ery (A labama Battery ); Co. E, Brig. Gen. John Pegram mounted), 17th-18th-24th-25th Texas Cavalry 9th Georgia Arti llery Baualion (or Everett's, (d ismounted). formerl y Billington W. York's Battery). Davidson's Brigade, Brig. Gen. H. B. Davidson: lOt h Confederate, 1st Georgia, 6th Scale in Miles Artillery, Maj. T. R. Hotchkiss (w), Capt. Preston's Division Georgia, 6th North Carolina, Ru cker 's Tennes­ ) Henry C. Semple: Calvert's (Arkansas) Bat­ Brig. Gen. Wi ll ia m Preston see Legion. Hu wa ld's (Tennessee) Battery. 0.0 2.5 5.0 tery, Douglas' (Texas) Battery, Semple's (A la­ bama) Battery. Gracie's Brigade, Bri g. Gen. Archibald Scott's Brigade, Col. John S. Scott : Detach­ Gracie, Jr. : 43rd Alabama, 63rd Tennessee, ment of John Hu nt Morgan's command, 1st Breckinridge's Division I st Alabama Battalion, 2nd Alabama Bat­ Louisiana, 2nd Tenn essee, 5th Tenn essee. Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge talion, 3rd Alabama Battalion, 4th Alabama Robinson 's (Loui siana) Battery (one sect ion ). FoLII es' Co. Mi ssissippi Cavalry (Escort) Battali on. From Robert E. Lee's Helm's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Benjamin Helm Trigg's Brigade, Col. Robert C. Trigg: 1st Army of Northern Virginia (mw), Col. Joseph H. Lewis: 41st Alabama. Fl orida Cavalry (d ismounted), 6th Florida, 7th 2nd Kentucky, 4th Kentucky, 6th Ken tucky, Florida, 54th Virginia. Longstreet's Corps 9th Kentucky. Lt. Gen. James Longstreet Third Brigade, Col. John H. Kelly: 65th Geor­ Adams' Brigade, Brig. Gen. Daniel W. Adams gia , 5th Kentucky, 58th North Carol in a, 63rd Hood's Division (w/e), Col. Randall L. Gibson: 32nd Alabama, Virgi ni a. Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood 13th-20th Lou isiana, 16th-25th Loui siana, 19th Louisiana, 14th Louisiana Battalion 9th Georgia Artillery Battalion, Major A. Robertson's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Jerome B. Sharpshooters. Leyden: Co. C (Wolihin's Battery), Co. D Robertson: 3rd Arkansas, I st Texas, 4th Texas, (Peepl es' Battery), Jeffress' (Virgi nia) Battery. 5th Texas. Stovall's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Marcellu s A. Stovall : I st-3rd Florida, 4th Florida, 47th Reserve Corps Artillery, Maj. Samuel C. Wil­ Benning's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Henry L. Georgia, 60th North Carolina. liams: Baxter's (Tennessee) Battery, Darden's Benning: 2nd Georgia, 15th Georgi a, 17th (M ississippi) Battery, Kolb's (Alabama) Bat­ Georgia, 20th Georgia. Artillery, Maj. Ri ce E. Graves (k): Cobb's tery, MeCant's (Florida) Battery. (Kentucky) Battery, Graves' (Kentucky) Bat­ Law's Brigade, Brig. Gen. E. M. Law: 4th tery, Mebane's (Ten nessee) Battery, Slocumb's Johnson's (Provisional) Division Alabama, 15th Alabama, 44th Alabama, 47th (Louisiana) Battery. Brig. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson Alabama, 48th Alabama. LEBANON 0 RESERVE CORPS Johnson's Brigade, Brig. Gen. Bushrod R. ( Maj. Gen . Wi lli am H. T. Walker Johnson, Col. John S. Fulton: 17th Tennessee, { Situatio11 Se})temher 14 1863

Bragg Falls Back, /) ) \ Rosecrans Consolidates _§i~- ~ ----··. and Awaits the XX Corps ____GEORGIA ·· ... -- (See Pg. 12 for icon key) \, Wesl ,.J Chickl1. J g:~·~~~;: .. '---r--"77-r-r-.,.-;--,-,-r-~.,----,--" Ck. ) nCk. \.._ ( RINGGOLD\\., .@ 0 ~ Woon ~ ( t /}) (( ? ) ' /( ES ...... TUNNELD ~ ARMSTRONG ···· ;··--- ~~-

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[A!!] ALEXANDER'S BRIDGE 0 C ATOOSA PLATFORM GiJ [gJ CRAWFISH SPRING B~i / [QQ D AVIS CROSSROADS BRECKINRIDGE BRAGG ~ GLASS' MILL YILLANOW [j&J LEE & GORDON·s MILLS • [!:!] LEETS TANYARD [fg PEA V INE C HURCH If§] POND SPRING lli!!] R EED'S BRIDGE [B£j ROCK SPRING CHURCH ~ STONE CHURCH DOUG HERTY 'S GAP McNAIR& / ALLEY ) GREGG -fEW llf• I R ESACA '""'If I JN~ ;TO:\I'S WHEELER iGAP J 9--

~s~~A L~lS . -= \) t' = qf E. McCooK 1 (1 E I CALH,OUN 9 CROOK STANLEY SUMMERVILLE Q ALPINE •

"< '"' r>·O>:rn z:-i -l : {'TI n : ~ ~ i Ro ) 1\.DAIRSVILLE 0 I ------~ . Bragg's infantry corps commanders (left to right): Leonidas Polk, D. H. Hill, Simon B. Buckner, and William H. T. Walker.

Following Crittenden's earlier false campfires, found a reluctant guide, responded tartly at midnight that Polk and instructions, Wilder withdrew from his and moved cross-country in the darkness. his officers were unaware of the larger position at Tunnel Hill and returned to Navigating safely with Confederates context within which he had issued the Ringgold. There he turned south on the seemingly all around them, Wilder's attack directive. Threatened from both west Ringgold-La Fayette Road. The 17th brigade finally reached Lee and Gordon's and south, Bragg declared he would cover Indiana led the column, followed by the Mills around midnight.6 those directions with cavalry only, 72nd Indiana, 98th and 123rd Illinois. The stiff fight at Leet's, which cost assuming all risks. He would dispatch Behind them, Col. John Scott's Confederate Pegram's Division more than 50 casualties, Simon B. Buckner's corps to Rock Spring troopers from Pegram's Division followed and his earlier detection of Palmer' s Church, but Polk should most emphatically closely, keeping just out of range but within division a few miles north at Gilbert's, led not wait for its arrival. Immediate action distant sight. Several miles out of Ringgold, the Confederate cavalry commander to was required. Thirty minutes later Bragg the advance guard of the 17th Indiana report the Federal positions to Bragg's repeated the midnight message: "Let no struck a Confederate outpost and drove it headquarters at La Fayette. Pegram's report time be lost." With that, Braxton Bragg had south until a strong Confederate force in turn triggered Bragg's 6:00 p.m. order done all he could until sunrise. 7 appeared in front, blocking the road just for Polk to attack the Federals at dawn the east of a gap through the Chickamauga next day. At 8:00 p.m. Bragg again urged As September 12 came to a close with Hills (now called Pea Vine Ridge). As Polk to attack at first light, identifying the Army of Tennessee once more poised Wilder's remaining regiments began to Polk's target as the Federal infantry column to mount an offensive against a portion of arrive, the Confederates withdrew to the less than a mile north of Pea Vine Church. the Army of the Cumberland, the scattered ridge. Quickly joining the 17th Indiana, Thirty minutes later, Bragg ordered Federal corps were slowly beginning the Col. Abram 0. Miller formed most of his Hindman's Division, still at La Fayette, to process of consolidation. By midnight, 72nd Indiana on its left. Sending four accelerate its preparations and march to join Horatio Van Cleve's division and the corps companies even farther to the left, he hoped Cheatham and Walker: At that very moment trains had reached Lee and Gordon's Mills, to flank the Confederates, who proved to a heated argument was breaking out at Rock making Thomas Crittenden's XXI Corps be the 6th Georgia Cavalry, Rucker's East Spring Church. Walker had just arrived, and complete and located in one place for the Tennessee Legion, and Huwald's Battery. found Polk and his subordinates drafting a first time in days. At the foot of Stevens' Dismounting, the four companies of the message to the army commander. Wholly Gap (see Pg. 57), George Thomas had at 72nd raced for the ridgetop, where they met negative in tone, the message announced last consolidated his XIV Corps as well. the Confederates head-on. In the violent that Polk's line was too extended, the The two brigades of Joseph J. Reynolds' confrontation that ensued, the Spencer rifles enemy was advancing on him via three division fanned out from Cooper's Gap and of the Federals proved the arbiter of the roads, he needed more troops, his generals had begun to approach Catlett's Gap in field and the Confederates were forced counseled a defensive posture, and he could Pigeon Mountain. During the morning John southward. At Leet's Tanyard, just west of not attack in the morning. Walker's arrival M. Brannan's division crossed Lookout the gap in the hills, a road junction with Brig. Gen. St. John R. Liddell Mountain and descended into the perimeter permitted Wilder's brigade to head west reopened the discussion, which quickly held by Baird's and Negley's divisions. toward Lee and Gordon's Mills via Pea became contentious and lasted until Walker Acting under verbal orders from Thomas, Vine Church. Laying out their seven dead exhausted himself. Polk at 10:25 p.m. Brannan at 2:00 p.m. probed forward to on Leet's porch and taking their eight dispatched Lt. W. B. Richmond of his staff Davis Crossroads with his own division and wounded along, Wilder's men advanced to Bragg with the original message. Racing one of Baird's brigades. There the Federals westward as night began to fall. Bumping through the night, Richmond arrived at La found only a few Confederate graves and into Confederate infantry, Wilder halted, lit Fayette at 11:00 p.m. At wit's end, Bragg several of their own unburied dead. Far to

BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 19 head of McLemore's Cove. From there, it __/r would be relatively easy to join Thomas' right, perhaps within 36 hours. McCook issued the orders promptly, but nothing else worked on schedule. First, hundreds of heavily laden ammunition and supply wagons had to be dragged up the rough pathways to the top of the mountain. Their slow progress meant that the infantry and artillery could not begin the climb until the afternoon, quickly rendering McCook's optimistic timetable inoperative. As his corps toiled up the steep slope, McCook began to reconsider his plan to march via Dougherty's Gap. What if Thomas did not hold the floor of McLemore's Cove, and the Confederates did? During the afternoon McCook received a copy of a September 12 message from army headquarters to Thomas L. Crittenden, USA Thomas that could be interpreted to indicate Gordon Granger, USA Thomas did not control the Cove. By 5:00 the south at Alpine, Ga. (see Pg. 51), p.m. McCook had changed his mind. possible Confederate thrust between the Alexander McCook continued to fret. At Believing that it was too risky to descend XXI and XIV corps. Wood was to hold his 7:30a.m. he wrote Thomas that he had sent into McLemore's Cove via Dougherty's position as long as possible, withdrawing out cavalry probes toward La Fayette and Gap, and unaware of a road running along to Rossville if necessary. Wilder's brigade feared that he was in a "false position." the top of Lookout Mountain to Stevens' was to be detached from Crittenden and By the afternoon he was feeling better, Gap, McCook redirected his divisions back returned to Thomas' control, being replaced writing Rosecrans that he had received the way they originally had come, via by Robert Minty's small cavalry brigade the previous day's suggestion to close on Winston's Gap and Wills Valley. The new now arriving at Chattanooga. In his haste Thomas but that he expected the cavalry route would require several additional days to depart, Rosecrans permitted Crittenden's probe would find the Confederate army to effect the concentration of the XIV and instructions to be drafted without gone toward Resaca. Brig. Gen. George XX corps, but Alex McCook could see no specifying a time of execution. Leaving Lt. Crook commanded the probe because Maj. acceptable alternative. 9 Col. Christopher Goddard, his assistant Gen. David S. Stanley, commanding the UnawareofMcCook's troubles, William adjutant general, in charge of the Cavalry Corps, had finally taken to his bed Rosecrans had decided to join George headquarters in Chattanooga, Rosecrans because of severe dysentery. Crook had not Thomas in order to orchestrate offensive gathered Chief of Staff James Garfield, his reported by midnight when McCook operations against the Confederates at La senior aide Maj. Frank Bond, and Assistant received Rosecrans' peremptory message Fayette. Before leaving Chattanooga, he Secretary of War Dana, then departed for of 10:30 a.m. to move to Thomas' support drafted several messages to Maj. Gen. XIV Corps headquarters at the foot of with two divisions via the quickest route. Gordon Granger at Bridgeport. Explaining Stevens' Gap. His route would take him up Concentration, not pursuit, was now the the concentration plan, he called upon the Lookout Mountain and along its top to order of the day in the Army of the commander of the Reserve Corps to Cooper's Gap, thence down to the floor of j _ Cumberland. 8 expedite the movement of three brigades McLemore's Cove. He would thus be out The unit upon which all else depended from the Bridgeport-Shellmound area to of communication with anyone for if Rosecrans' scattered forces were to Chattanooga. Upon reaching the city, approximately ten hours. 10 consolidate in a timely manner was Granger was to be prepared to support Alexander McCook's XX Corps. Virtually Crittenden's corps, moving to the sound of Rosecrans' cautionary orders to all of the corps was located around Alpine, the guns without orders if necessary. As for Crittenden were too late. Confident that few on the east side of Lookout Mountain, on Crittenden himself, Rosecrans feared that Confederate forces were nearby, the XXI the morning of September 13 (see Map, Pg. the large dust cloud Thomas had seen rising Corps commander decided on the morning J 14). Only Sidney Post's brigade of from behind Pigeon Mountain on the of September 13 to launch a series of probes Jefferson C. Davis' division remained west previous day might indicate an imminent across his front to confirm his judgment. of the mountain at Valley Head, where Post Confederate attack on the XXI Corps. On his right, he ordered the newly arrived guarded and facilitated the passage of the Accordingly, at 12:20 p.m., he issued 4th United States Cavalry regiment to push massive corps baggage and supply trains minute instructions to Crittenden, southward from Crawfish Spring into over the mountains. Looking at his map, forbidding movement south from Lee and McLemore's Cove. On his left, he directed McCook intended to move his corps back Gordon's Mills. Instead, Crittenden was to John Wilder to return to the vicinity of up Lookout, then take a northward trending leave Wood's division at the Mills and take Leet's Tan yard and Pea Vine Church to see road to Dougherty's Gap, where a narrow the remainder of the corps westward to the if Pegram's cavalry was still in that area. track zigzagged down the mountain into the slopes of Missionary Ridge, to parry a Wilder was to be supported by Charles

20 BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE- FALL 2007

\ . l Cruft's brigade from John Palmer's escaped, Bragg set off from La Fayette at were drawn up in line behind Beatty as division. In the center, Crittenden ordered 5:00a.m., September 13, to ensure that Polk supports and received numerous overshots Horatio Van Cleve to advance southward acted. Arriving at Polk's position just north from the Confederate artillery but lost no on the La Fayette Road to develop any of Rock Spring Church, he found nothing men. Polk's other units remained out of sight Confederates who might be coming from happening. Polk was still in the process of and thus incurred no casualties either. By 2:00 that quarter. Van Cleve was to take at least arranging his massive line, which was several p.m. it was all over. Around 2:30 p.m. one brigade, and more if he desired. The miles long, when John Pegram arrived with Crittenden received Rosecrans' notes of reconnaissances began around 10:00 a.m. news that the Federals 12:20 and 12:25 p.m. telling The ride of the 4th U. S. Cavalry yielded (Palmer's division) had him not to advance farther little: two prisoners gained at the cost of vanished in the direction of south, so he ordered Van one Federal killed. Similarly, Wilder and Lee and Gordon's Mills. Cleve to return to Lee and Cruft encountered only a handful of By late morning, new Gordon's Mills. As he did so, Confederate cavalry pickets. After information from the cavalry Van Cleve reported: "Am skirmishing for a while, they too returned indicated that a Federal force satisfied there is no force to Lee and Gordon's Mills. Only in the was advancing southward on near other than a small center did the reconnaissance develop a the La Fayette Road. While cavalry rear guard . ... There larger Confederate presence. At 11:30 a.m. the bulk of Polk's force are no rebels of any account Crittenden dictated a note to Rosecrans ponderously reoriented near us, or they would have describing his confident state of mind and itself toward the northwest, re-enforced their pickets." the measures he had taken, then rode to visit one of Cheatham's brigades Van Cleve's withdrawal Palmer. As soon as he departed, was ordered forward to Otho F. Strahl, CSA preempted an advance by headquarters personnel at Lee and Gordon's meet the Federal thrust. Walker from Polk's right. Mills heard cannon fire coming from the Brig. Gen. Otho F. Strahl's brigade thus With the Federal departure, there was southeast. Within an hour Crittenden was encountered Horatio Van Cleve's leading nothing more to be done, so Bragg and back at headquarters, where he again unit, the brigade of Brig. Gen. Samuel his staff dejectedly returned to La Fayette drafted a dispatch for Rosecrans. Although Beatty, little more than two miles north of by 5:00 p.mY Van Cleve had not yet reported, Crittenden the Confederate concentration. Strahl Although the opportunity that Bragg was elated, writing: "I am confident that quickly replaced the cavalry skirmishers believed existed on September 13 had there is no considerable force of infantry with his own infantry, deployed two guns already vanished by the time he arrived on near me at this time ... I am satisfied they from Stanford's Mississippi Battery, and the field, an aggressive stance by Polk's are not about to attack me here today. opened fire on the Federal column. 12 large force might have accomplished more Indeed I think I can whip them if they do­ For several hours Strahl and Beatty than was actually achieved. Van Cleve had all of them." 11 maneuvered against each other in the valley brought all of his division east of The Confederate force so cavalierly of Crawfish Creek without significant Chickamauga Creek and at least two of dismissed by Thomas Crittenden at 12:30 result. Hoping to entice the Federals Palmer's brigades were east of the creek as p.m. at that moment consisted of half of incautiously forward upon Polk's hidden well, one of them some distance away Bragg's army: the divisions of Cheatham, line, Strahl withdrew slowly southward one supporting Wilder's probe toward Leet's. Hindman, Walker, and mile. The Federals followed, Wood's division only had two brigades Liddell, with two more but equally cautiously. When present. A rapid advance by Polk's divisions, Stewart's and Strahl fell back an additional command could have caught several Preston's, within supporting half mile, Beatty did not take brigades with their backs to Chickamauga distance. But why did they the bait and remained Creek, scattered Crittenden's corps, make so little impression on stationary. Strahl then moved panicked its commander, and seriously the XXI Corps commander? forward again, but stopped disrupted the largest Federal force blocking The answer again lies in the short of his original the direct route to Chattanooga. But none dysfunctional command position. All the while, of that was to be. Upon his return to La climate of the Army of skirmishers traded shots Fayette, Bragg learned that D. H. Hill's Tennessee. Braxton Bragg across the open fields and command had engaged a Federal cavalry had taken a few hours of Stanford's Battery dueled probe from the direction of Alpine. Acting fitful rest after sending with the 3rd Wisconsin under Alexander McCook's orders, George Leonidas Polk peremptory George F. Dick, USA Battery supporting Beatty. Crook had pushed far enough to capture orders around midnight to Losses were light on both infantry pickets from Maj. Gen. John C. attack at first light. The target was John sides, with Beatty losing only two men Breckinridge's division. With that Palmer's division, which had been reported mortally wounded, plus two officers information in hand, he had withdrawn the on the previous afternoon to be virtually seriously wounded. Among the latter was way he had come, but not before he had alone in Pea Vine Valley. Palmer, of course, Capt. Lucius H. Drury, Van Cleve's chief of created great anxiety for Hill, who was not there by the time Bragg issued the artillery. Each battery had one man injured. remained fixated on a possible Federal orders to Polk, having reached safety at Lee Strahl's losses are unknown but were no advance from the south. Dismissing Hill's and Gordon's Mills around dark on doubt minuscule. Van Cleve's two remaining concerns, Bragg sourly went to bed. He had September 12. Unaware that Palmer had brigades, George Dick's and Sidney Barnes', now tried twice to defeat isolated portions

BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 21 of the Army ·of the Cumberland and had of Gregg's men and injured more than 50 Jones also received authority to regulate the absolutely nothing to show for it except others. At least one soldier was trapped in flow of the reinforcements soon to arrive exhausted, dispirited troops. With each the wreckage for several hours until death from Mississippi and Virginia. With his failure, the maneuver box in which Bragg mercifully released him. The wounded next move already beginning to take form could operate grew smaller as the Federals were gathered in a shed until daylight, then in his mind, Bragg ordered the commander began to concentrate. evacuated southward. As for of the Atlanta depot to send the newly Bragg's disappointment the Western & Atlantic arriving brigades to Dalton, not Resaca. affected his staff as well, Railroad, Bragg's vital Clearly, Bragg was looking northward George Brent confiding to lifeline, it would funnel no toward Chattanooga for his next offensive his diary that night: "We more reinforcements to thrust. To Adjutant General Samuel Cooper cannot stay here much the Army of Tennessee for in Richmond, Bragg confided by telegraph longer, we must beat the an indefinite period. The that he would continue to press against a enemy or get back to our troops from Virginia would strangely passive enemy. To Joe Johnston, communications and feed have to wait. 15 he promised to return the borrowed our troops." 14 brigades of John Gregg and Evander The one bright spot in an futer two disappointing McNair as soon as the troops from Virginia otherwise gloomy picture performances by subord­ arrived. From Hindman, he demanded a full for Braxton Bragg was a inates within four days, account of that officer's recent activities in message awaiting him at La Benjamin F. Cheatham, CSA Bragg elected to use McLemore's Cove. 16 Fayette. Gen. Joseph E. September 14 (see Map, While Bragg pondered his next move, Johnston was reporting that reinforcements Pg. 16) to rearrange his forces and gather the Army of Tennessee slowly responded from Virginia were arriving in Atlanta en more information on the location of the to his new instructions. Never in a hurry, route to the Army of Tennessee. Johnston widely scattered Federal corps. He ordered Polk started his leading elements southward asked for the return, therefore, of the Polk to bring Cheatham's, toward La Fayette around brigades of John Gregg and Evander Hindman's, Walker's, and midmorning. The now McNair, which were just beginning to Liddell's divisions back to familiar La Fayette Road was arrive at Resaca. Disregarding Johnston's La Fayette from Rock exceedingly dry and dusty, plea, Bragg and his staff could only wonder Spring Church. Buckner's making the slow march how many reinforcements there were, and two divisions had already extremely uncomfortable. why the Richmond authorities had not returned to La Fayette on Rumors that reinforcements officially notified them. Perhaps all was not the previous day. D. H. would soon be arriving from lost yet. Fortunately for Bragg's slumber, Hill's corps continued to Virginia, however, did much he was unaware of a tragedy unfolding at guard the gaps in Pigeon to keep morale high. The that very hour on the Western & Atlantic Mountain with Cleburne's first units reached La Railroad south of Cartersville, Ga.-a Division and screened La Fayette in mid-afternoon, tragedy that would delay whatever Fayette's southern where they went into camp, reinforcements were then riding the rails approaches with Breckin­ Patrick R. Cleburne, CSA cooked rations, issued toward him. That morning a train pulled ridge's Division. During the shoes, and generally by the engine Senator had left Atlanta day Hill continued to insist that he faced a relaxed. Patton Anderson's brigade, the rear carrying hundreds of John Gregg's significant threat from the direction of Alpine. guard, dragged into town at sunset, thereby Tennesseans to the Resaca railhead. Men On the other hand, Polk reported during the completing the army's concentration. On from the lOth, 30th, 41st, afternoon that the Federals Pigeon Mountain, some of Patrick and 50th Tennessee Infantry were concentrating around Cleburne's men also heard the rumor that regiments packed the train, Lee and Gordon's Mills and reinforcements were coming from Virginia, riding wherever they could Crawfish Spring (see Pg. 57). while others continued to damn Bragg for find a place-inside the He defended his dilatory placing Hindman in charge during the cars, on top, or on the performance on the McLemore's Cove fiasco. D. H. Hill engine and tender. Just previous day by asserting continued to fulminate to all who would south of Acworth, a car that Crittenden's entire listen about the Federal hordes about to derailed, and the train was corps had been advancing erupt from Alpine. Farther afield, Col. John delayed for most of the day. upon him and his Scott's cavalrymen of Forrest's Corps Finally, after dark, the subordinates had all entered Ringgold again. Col. Hypolite Senator and its train again counseled a defensive Oladowski, the army's ordnance officer, headed north. All went well stance. Doubtless, these issued orders that no more ammunition was until a few miles south of John Gregg, CSA excuses carried little weight to be unloaded at Resaca, but kept on the Cartersville when, at 9:00 with Bragg. Turning to more rail cars for quick movement. Of course, p.m. , the Senator struck head-on the technical matters, he sent a staff officer, Col. activity on the Western & Atlantic track locomotive Chieftain, which was pulling a J.P. Jones, to Resaca to coordinate the work southward was nil because of the wreck southbound train of sick Confederate of the quartermaster, commissary, and near Cartersville the previous night. At the soldiers. The wreck killed as many as 15 ordnance officers at the army's railhead. crash site, the 30th Tennessee Infantry of

22 BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 T } -- Gregg's Brigade worked all day clearing Chief of Staff Garfield advised McCook to 54) at Valley Head. McCook himself halted the mess and evacuating the casualties. In return to Valley Head, ascend Lookout on the road between Sheridan's and Atlanta, Brig. Gens. Henry L. Benning and Mountain, and use the route via Johnson's divisions. There at 5:30p.m. he Jerome B. Robertson agreed that Dougherty's Gap into McLemore's Cove. received Garfield's rebuke and instructions Robertson's Brigade would be the first of When another message from McCook to return to Valley Head and ascend the Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's men to depart arrived at 9:00p.m. indicating no change mountain there. With some heat McCook northward when service was restored that in course, Rosecrans gave up and had replied, again justifying his route by evening. Behind them, thousands of Garfield instruct McCook to continue on claiming to be under Thomas' control on a Confederate soldiers en route to the Army his original path. Either way, the army course approved by the latter. Expressing of Tennessee were strung out on railroad could do nothing until McCook's corps opposition to changing his current plans, tracks as far away as North Carolina. 17 reached Thomas. 18 McCook stated he would cease movement On September 14 news of the By now well aware thattheArmy of the until clarification arrived. During the movements of Longstreet's contingent Cumberland was impatiently awaiting his evening his mental confusion increased, reachedFederaiGeneral-in- .-----~___...,...,.------, arrival in McLemore's causing him first to order Lytle and the Chief Henry Halleck in Cove, Alexander McCook trains down to Colonel Winston's, then to Washington. Hearing that came under increasing countermand the movement. 19 considerable numbers of pressure as September 14 Alex McCook was not the only Federal Confederate troops from the progressed. At 4:20 a.m. he corps commander in a quandary on Army of Northern Virginia wrote to Garfield, plaintively September 14. Before leaving Chattanooga had gone to Petersburg, listing all the circumstances on the previous day, Rosecrans had ordered Halleck began to be that had caused him to take Thomas Crittenden to leave Wood's concerned about their the Winston's Gap-Wills division at Lee and Gordon's Mills and take destination. Initially Valley-Johnson's Crook his remaining two divisions westward to worried about the safety of route. The excruciatingly the top of Missionary Ridge. Ostensibly an Federal garrisons around slow movement of his trains effort to prevent the Confederates from Norfolk, Va., he also up Lookout Mountain, the interposing between the XXI and XIV prudently dispatched orders Ambrose E. Burnside, USA apparent lack of security in corps and racing to Chattanooga behind to Maj. Gen. Stephen McLemore's Cove, the Crittenden, the message got caught up in Hurlbut at Memphis and Maj. Gen. inadequate knowledge of roads on top of the confusion incident to Rosecrans' Ambrose E. Burnside at Knoxville, to Lookout Mountain, and Thomas' seeming movement from Chattanooga to Cooper's reinforce the Army of the Cumberland if at approval of the safe route through Wills Gap. Part of the army staff, under Lt. Col. all possible. Delays in transmission kept Valley all were used by McCook to justify Christopher Goddard, the assistant adjutant Hurlbut from receiving this message for his course of action. In McCook's view, he general, had remained behind in eight long days. Burnside, however, was doing the best he could to comply with Chattanooga when Rosecrans departed, and received it much sooner, but declined to act. Rosecrans' intent. During the day, the XX it was Goddard who attempted to explain Now with Thomas at the foot of Cooper's Corps painfully began to retrace its steps to Crittenden what was wanted. By 4:40 Gap in McLemore's Cove, William over Lookout Mountain. Brig. Gen. a.m. on September 14, part of the confusion Rosecrans would be on his own for the William H. Lytle of Sheridan's division had been resolved: Crittenden was to move foreseeable future. Still, from Rosecrans' received orders to gather his to Missionary Ridge with perspective, there was no cause for alarm. own brigade plus Col. the divisions of Palmer and In several messages dispatched in late Joseph Dodge's brigade of Van Cleve, although he was morning, both Rosecrans and Assistant Richard Johnson's division clueless as to the reason. By Secretary of War Charles A. Dana opined and Col. Sidney Post's 10:30 a.m. Crittenden was that the Confederates were evacuating La brigade of Davis' division in position, but there was no Fayette. While the source of this optimism into a division-sized guard water on the ridge and no at army headquarters is unknown, it for the corps trains. Everyone enemy in sight. Throughout possibly stemmed from the perceived else was to cross the the remainder of the day, Confederate withdrawal in the face of mountain, descend to Valley Crittenden bombarded Crittenden's probe, as well as Crittenden's Head, and march northward army headquarters with own optimistic reports. Whatever the cause, toward the Stevens' Gap requests to seek water and the mood of the army's senior leaders was crossing of Lookout to explain his mission. upbeat. Only McCook's unfortunate choice Mountain at Johnson's Philip H. Sheridan, USA Eventually, on his own, he of routes to join Thomas marred the rosy Crook (see Pg. 54). Sheridan sent the troops down to the view of the situation. When a message led with his two remaining brigades, valley of Chattanooga Creek, effectively arrived from the XX Corps commander followed by Johnson's, then Davis'. By the separating them from Wood's small force explaining his reasoning for taking the long end of the day Sheridan's leading elements at Lee and Gordon's Mills. Finally, around but safe route north through Wills Valley were approaching the mouth of Johnson's 7:30p.m., Crittenden received a 2:45p.m. instead of the much shorter route along the Crook, while Johnson's and Davis' four message from Garfield sending the corps top of Lookout Mountain, Rosecrans was brigades had reached Long's Spring, four back to the banks of Chickamauga Creek displeased. In a gentle but pointed rebuke, miles north of Colonel Winston's (see Pg. upstream from Wood's position. With night

BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 23 upon him, Crittenden elected to wait until meeting at La Fayette, he laid before most units morale was high, but occasional the next day before moving. Meanwhile, them a proposal to advance northward pockets of dissatisfaction still festered. Maj . his troops foraged happily in new territory, toward Chattanooga, which gained their Gen. William H. T. Walker wrote a note to while at the same time being perplexed unanimous approval. A witness, Lt. Col. his wife on September 15 expressing his about the cause of their movement.20 George Brent, noted that Bragg seemed unhappiness at the small size of the Reserve While McCook and Crittenden were in "sick and feeble," and privately expressed Corps and the Jack of immediate offensive motion, other elements of the Army of the his own misgivings about the proposal. action. Within the army's medical Cumberland made only minor adjustments Nevertheless, at Bragg's direction Brent community, even the hint of offensive in their position on September 14. In the XN drafted Special Orders No. 244, which action was enough to galvanize competing Corps sector at the foot of Cooper's and would shape events for the next few days. bureaucracies into motion. Army of Stevens' gaps, George Thomas' four Tennessee Medical Director E. A. divisions rested and improved their Flewellen sent a senior surgeon to Resaca situational awareness. Absalom Baird's First to organize a receiving and shipping facility Division moved not at all, but rejoiced in the there for wounded until the Medical arrival of its third brigade, John King's. Director of Hospitals, Samuel Stout, a very Negley's Second Division also rested competent but rear-echelon commander, comfortably in place. John Brannan's Third could assume control of its operations. Division probed gently forward to Flewellen expected that Ringgold soon Chickamauga Creek with a reinforced would become the new casualty collecting brigade, while Joseph Reynolds' Fourth point because the army's wagons would go Division stretched eastward and took position there for supplies, carrying wounded as at Pond Spring. During the afternoon, John they went, so he desired Stout to bring the T. Wilder's mounted infantry brigade joined Resaca operation under his wing as soon Reynolds' division, nominally its parent unit. as possible. Whoever controlled them, all At the north end of the army's front, Maj. sick and injured already at Ringgold should Gen. Gordon Granger arrived from be shipped to the rear. Trains carrying these Bridgeport with three brigades. By the end unfortunates met at every turnout trains of the day most of Granger's regiments were ferrying troops northward. In addition to concentrated at Rossville, after an arduous James Longstreet, CSA those units already named in Special Orders march over the nose of Lookout Mountain No. 244, others were closing in on the and a trek across Chattanooga Valley. With In general terms, the Army of Tennessee theater of war. During the day Brig. Gen. their wagon train far behind, many of the men would shift its center of gravity toward the Evander Law's command began to arrive at proceeded to take advantage of the foraging north, using the Western & Atlantic Atlanta; the brigade of Brig. Gen. Benjamin opportunities offered by the surrounding Railroad to concentrate all arriving G. Humphreys (formerly that of William countryside. Far to the south, at the other end reinforcements at Ringgold. Thus the Barksdale, mmtally wounded at Gettysburg) of the Army of the Cumberland's advanced brigades of Bushrod Johnson and Henry reached Augusta, Ga.; and during the evening line, the Cavalry Corps followed the XX Benning, both supposed to be at Dalton, Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw's brigade Corps up Lookout Mountain from Alpine. would move to Ringgold. Similarly, the passed through Savannah en route to Macon. Growing progressively sicker by the day, brigades from Mississippi, Gregg's and Still more of Longstreet's brigades were Stanley himself rode in an ambulance across McNair's, would detrain there also. Brig. behind them, but could Bragg afford to wait the mountain and down to Valley Head. There Gen. States Rights Gist's command, no for their arrival ?23 he reported by courier to Rosecrans that longer needed at Rome, would join the J George Crook would attempt to secure Ringgold concentration as soon as it could By the afternoon of September 15 it Dougherty's Gap on the morrow while arrive by rail via Kingston. All other troops had become apparent to Henry Halleck in Edward McCook's division would return to coming from Virginia were to detrain at Washington that a significant Confederate its old camps near Valley Head for forage. Ringgold as well. That village was also force, estimated at three divisions, was en Forecasting that his health would not improve selected to be the army's advanced supply route from Virginia to reinforce the Army for a while, Stanley also informed Rosecrans depot, and additional staff officers were of Tennessee. Confirmation arrived in the that he would relinquish command of the dispatched there to superintend rail form of a report from an agent moving cavalry to Brig. Gen. Robert Mitchell on the movements and prepare campsites for the northward from Atlanta who had seen the next day. Formerly in the lead, the Cavalry new arrivals. Finally, Bragg notified both southbound troop trains. Halleck sprang Corps of the Army of the Cumberland would Samuel Cooper in Richmond and Joseph into action, firing off a flurry of telegrams now trail the infantry for the remainder of Johnston in Mississippi that he would soon to virtually all commands west of the the campaign.21 be advancing on Chattanooga.22 Appalachian Mountains. First, Halleck Grateful for a day without movement, informed Rosecrans of the Confederate With General Rosecrans' main force the bulk of the Army of Tennessee spent movement, unnecessarily ordered apparently remaining supine in McLemore's September 15 cooking rations, washing concentration of all troops in the Cove, Braxton Bragg believed he could still uniforms, speculating on future Department of the Cumberland, and dictate events on September 15 (see Map, movements, and discussing the imminent promised aid from Stephen Hurlbut at Pg. 54). Calling his corps commanders to a arrival of James Longstreet's command. In Memphis and William T. Sherman at

24 BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 Vicksburg. The next telegram went to Spring as well. A few junior officers and its course to Valley Head and ascend the Ambrose Burnside in Knoxville, who was clerks remained behind in Chattanooga mountain there. Davis sent his artillery ordered to bring troops to the front to assist as an administrative cell. At least one up the mountain, but camped his infantry Rosecrans. Another telegram went to the senior officer, Goddard, continued to at the foot to issue rations. The XX Corps Adjutant General of Ohio, calling for troops believe that the Confederates were gone trains remained on Lookout Mountain at to reinforce Burnside. Still more messages from La Fayette.25 Little River, guarded by Lytle's and flashed to John Pope in Wisconsin and Well before Rosecrans Dodge's brigades, while John M. Schofield in St. Louis, each arrived at Crawfish Spring, Post's brigade garrisoned calling for the shipment of troops southward. Thomas Crittenden had Valley Head. McCook Unfortunately, the response to this burst of returned to the valley of himself, unsure how to activity was generally negative. Some, like Chickamauga Creek with proceed, set off over Pope, were too far away to do anything in a the divisions of John M. Lookout Mountain at timely manner. Others, like Burnside and Palmer and Horatio Van Johnson's Crook in search of Schofield, were unwilling to risk their own Cleve. Retracing their steps General Rosecrans. During positions by sending troops to a fellow over Missionary Ridge, the the evening he arrived at department commander in need. Indeed, two divisions reached Thomas' headquarters to find Schofield baldly replied to Halleck that his Crawfish Spring by late Rosecrans gone. Meanwhile own situation precluded providing any morning. There Van Cleve McCook's XX Corps was assistance whatsoever. Burnside said nothing, went into camp, scattered from Johnson's but also did nothing. Halleck's efforts had approximately two miles John M. Palmer, USA Crook to Valley Head to come too late: Rosecrans and the Army of west of Thomas Wood's Little River. There would be the Cumberland were on their own. 24 position at Lee and Gordon's Mills. Palmer no link with Thomas this day. 26 Within the XIV Corps enclave in turned southeast and spread his division By the end of September 15, William McLemore's Cove, the strain of waiting for along Chickamauga Creek upstream from Rosecrans had made some progress in the the tardy XX Corps was Wood's right, where he difficult task of concentrating his far-flung beginning to be apparent. guarded a series of fords army in the complex mountainous terrain Rosecrans was suffering across the sluggish stream. south of Chattanooga. Crittenden and from an unspecified illness, During the afternoon Thomas had connected, and army probably early stages of Palmer's right brigade, Brig. headquarters was near Crittenden to give exhaustion, and few orders Gen. William B. Hazen's, him any necessary guidance. The position emanated from either him encountered pickets from of McCook's corps was a problem, but the or his staff. Unlike previous Joseph Reynolds' division Confederates were not inclined to act messages, which had been of the XIV Corps in the aggressively or even show themselves in carefully crafted and timed, vicinity of Pond Spring. strength. Down at Valley Head, David the few sent on September Thus two of Rosecrans' Stanley relinquished command of the 15 were fragmentary, poorly infantry corps had made a Cavalry Corps to General Mitchell. George drafted, and untimed. Two reasonably firm link. Crook with Eli Long's brigade had reached such messages were James A. Garfield, USA Unfortunately, neither could Dougherty's Gap at the head of dispatched to McCook. The move nearer Chattanooga McLemore's Cove and would probe down first, signed by Garfield, approved without widening the distance between into the Cove on the next day. Edward McCook's halt, and promised new orders. them and the still missing McCook's cavalry division The second, signed by Maj. Frank Bond, XX Corps. That corps on had descended Lookout Rosecrans' senior aide-de-camp, gave September 15 remained on Mountain and was in camp McCook permission simply to "come the far side of Lookout several miles south of ahead." Neither would be of much Mountain and, indeed, Valley Head, preparing to assistance to the XX Corps commander, made little progress toward move north. At the other who had decided to leave his toiling the remainder of the army. end of Rosecrans' line, divisions and search personally for Sheridan's division, leading George D. Wagner's Rosecrans. By early afternoon, the army the corps in Wills Valley, brigade of Wood's division commander had decided that he needed to moved only seven miles to garrisoned Chattanooga, move nearer Chattanooga and Thomas the foot of Johnson's Crook where engineer assets were Crittenden's XXI Corps. At l: 15 p.m. and did not ascend Lookout gathering in order to Rosecrans, Garfield, Bond and other Mountain. At Long's construct a substantial headquarters elements left Thomas and Spring, four miles north of Joseph J. Reynolds, USA bridge across the Tennessee rode north toward Crawfish Spring, where Valley Head, Richard River. At Rossville, Gordon Crittenden had been directed to place a Johnson's division moved not at all, Granger camped with three brigades of the division. Similarly, the bulk of the obeying McCook's halt order to the Reserve Corps. Unknown to Rosecrans, headquarters elements still in Chattanooga letter. During the afternoon, the trailing Granger's draconian orders against under Lt. Col. Christopher Goddard also division of Jefferson C. Davis, also at foraging had led to a near-mutiny but broke camp and headed for Crawfish Long's Spring, received orders to reverse calmer heads had resolved the situation

BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 25 ) peacefully. As for the enemy, scouts from instructions to have the commander at Rosecrans' thinking as the afternoon of Thomas' XIV Corps found little opposition Stevenson, Ala., disassemble the pontoon September 16 wore on. Similarly, Colonel at the gaps in Pigeon Mountain, leading to bridge at Caperton's Ferry, move it Minty's small cavalry brigade outposting the belief that the Confederates were upstream to Battle Creek, southwest of the valley of Pea Vine Creek southeast of withdrawing from La Fayette. On the XXI Jasper, Tenn., and relay it there. Granger Granger's position and northeast of Corps front Thomas Crittenden prudently was also told that Col. Robert Minty's Crittenden's, also was seen as a means to dispatched Col. Robert Minty's small small cavalry brigade occupied an gain early warning of Confederate cavalry brigade across the Chickamauga advanced position beyond intentions. If only Alex with instructions to probe toward Leet's the Chickamauga southeast McCook's three divisions Tanyard. During the day Minty advanced of Rossville with orders to would appear at the foot of only to Peeler's Mill on Pea Vine Creek probe toward Ringgold. 28 Stevens' Gap, Rosecrans but dispatched scouts in all directions. In Rosecrans' mention of would again have freedom the evening they returned, reporting Minty's force was a of maneuver, but until they Confederate cavalry at Ringgold and harbinger of his thinking arrived, everyone else Leet's, Longstreet at Dalton, and Buckner about both his own army's would have to mark time.29 at Rock Spring. This message was reported potential vulnerability and The commander of the to Crittenden near midnight, where it was his offensive options. He Army of the Cumberland dismissed out of hand. 27 preferred to take the was not alone in chafing at initiative, but the delay in the delay. Knowing that his Normally a late sleeper, Rosecrans bringing McCook's corps command's inability to close could hardly have stayed in bed on the over Lookout Mountain Robert H. G. Minty, USA on Thomas' XIV Corps was morning of September 16. Some time momentarily prevented any creating problems for the around 8:00a.m., a message arrived from offensive action. Nevertheless, he entire army, Alexander McCook spent the Henry Halleck in Washington. Dispatched continued thinking about what he might do afternoon fretfully riding along Thomas' by telegraph at 4:30p.m. the previous day, when the various parts of the Army of the line selecting positions for his divisions to the message made good time to Cumberland were finally reunited. He occupy when they did arrive. In mid­ Chattanooga and thence by courier to shared his thoughts with Assistant Secretary afternoon he was cheered by the arrival of Crawfish Spring. The news was potentially Dana, who passed them along to Secretary Sheridan's two brigades from the top of grim: James Longstreet and three of his of War Edwin M. Stanton in a telegram at Stevens' Gap. While those tired soldiers divisions were en route from Virginia to 1:00 p.m. According to Dana, Rosecrans' bivouacked behind John Brannan's join the Army of Tennessee and had been scheme of maneuver involved concentrating division, McCook dispatched staff officers for some time. Shortly after 8:00 Rosecrans' his forces by the evening of September 17, to find the divisions of Davis and Johnson. staff began to disseminate pretending to remain By nightfall Davis' two brigades had that unwelcome news to the encamped in the Chicka­ reached the top of Stevens' Gap, ready to major components of the mauga valley, but actually descend in the morning, but Johnson's two army and to issue orders in moving at night around the brigades were twelve miles behind Davis response. At 8:05a.m. Maj. north end of Pigeon on the mountain road. Still farther south, Frank Bond ordered Mountain and falling upon Col. Sidney Post labored to escort the Thomas to concentrate the Bragg's army at La Fayette massive corps train northward from De XIV Corps between on the next day. As the hours Soto Falls (see Pg. 51). Finally, Brig. Gen. Gower's Ford and Bird's passed, however, McCook's William Lytle, with his own and Col. Mill on the Chickamauga continued failure to close on Joseph Dodge's brigade, was poised at J east of Pond Spring. Ten Thomas' position began to Dougherty's Gap, ready to enter minutes later Garfield turn Rosecrans' offensive McLemore's Cove from the south. There ordered George Wagner in proposal into a fantasy only. would be no concentration of the XX Corps Chattanooga to expedite Richard W. Johnson, USA As more and information in McLemore's Cove on September 16, work on a bridge over the became available, it was but the next day looked more promising. Tennessee along the city's waterfront. At apparent that the Army of Tennessee was It could hardly come soon enough for 8:25 a.m. Rosecrans himself replied to indeed concentrated at La Fayette. Further, Colonel Minty, who spent a most anxious ) Halleck, stating that local indications were several reports indicated that a day alone with his small cavalry brigade that Halleck's information was probably significant Confederate force under in the drainage of Pea Vine Creek, correct. With some urgency, Rosecrans James Longstreet was fast approaching several miles east of the bulk of pressed the general-in-chief to "push by rail, which would carry it to the Rosecrans' army. The only unit of Burnside down" from Knoxville. As the vicinity of Dalton or Ringgold. If that consequence east of Chickamauga morning progressed, the flow of messages force were large enough, it could threaten Creek, Minty's brigade would be the first from Crawfish Spring continued. Robert Rosecrans' left at Lee and Gordon's to know if Confederate forces indeed were Mitchell was ordered to send Edward Mills or interpose between Rosecrans attempting to outflank the Army of the McCook's cavalry division northward to and Chattanooga. Thus Maj. Gen. Cumberland in the direction of Chattanooga. army headquarters as soon as possible. Gordon Granger's three brigades at Finally, Gordon Granger received Rossville began to assume a larger role in Continued on Pg. 40

26 BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 Endnotes versi ty. Bloomington, IN; Philip Sidney Post Diary, R. Cabaniss, Civil War Journal and Leuers of Serg. 20. 30 OR I: 605, 7 12_ 768, 802, 808, 838; 30 OR 3: 13 September 1863, Post Papers, Knox Coll ege, Washingtonlves, 4th Florida C.S.A. (Tall ahassee, FL: 623, 630-635, I 008- 1009; E. Hannaford, The Story of 1. George Brent Diary, 12 September 1863, Brent Galesburg, IL; 30 OR 3: 332 [misdated 3 September 1987), 43; George Brent Diary, 13 September 1863, a Regiment: A History ofthe CampaigllsandAssocia­ to B. R. Johnson, 7:00 A.M., 12 September 1863, 1863], 598-600,603-605, 1002-1005; Edward Colyer Bragg Papers, Western Reserve Hi storical Society. tions i11 the Field, of the Sixlh Regiment Ohio Voltm­ Kinloch Falconer to William Martin, 7:30A.M., 12 Diary, 13 September 1863, 1llinois State Hi storical Cleveland, OH. teer Infantry (Cin cinnati, OH, 1868). 451; Maurice J. September 1863, Brent to Leonidas Polk, 8:30A.M., Library, Springfield, IL; Ralph E. Ki ene, Jr., A 15. 30 OR 4: 645; George Brent Diary, 13 Septem­ Williams Diary, 14 September 1863, Chickamauga and 12 September 1863, Brent to John Pegram, I 0:00A.M., Civil War Diary: The Journal of Fran cis A. Kiene, ber 1863. Bragg Papers, Western Reserve Historical Chananooga National Mi li tary Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, 12 September 1863, and Brent to Frank Armstrong, 1861-1864: A Family Hislory (Kansas City, MO: Society, Cleveland, OH; Samuel Robert Simpson Di­ GA; Kenneth W. Noe, eel., A Southern Boy in Blue: 12:30 P.M., 12 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, Yearbook House, Inc., 1974). 173; Jabiel D. Lyon ary. 13 September 1863, Tennessee State Library and The Memoirs of Marcus Woodcock 9th Kentucky 111- Western Reserve Hi storical Society, Cleveland , O H. Diary, 13 September 1863, Ohio Hi stori ca l Soci­ Archives, Nashville, TN; L. Jackson Sanders Diary, fwllry(U.S.A.) (Knoxville, TN: The University of Ten­ 2. 30 OR4: 640-642; John Euclid Magee Diary, 12 e ty, Columbus, OH; L. G. Bennett and Wi lli am M. 13 September 1863, Stones Ri ver National Military nessee Press, 1996), 192; James M. Nash Diary, 14 September 1863 , Perkins Library, Duke Uni versity, Haigh, Hi story of the Thirty-sixth Regiment Illi­ Park, Murfreesboro, TN; Shirley Farris Jones. "A Trai n September 1863, James M. Nash Papers. Western Re­ Durham, NC; 300R2: 30, 76; 30 OR3: 571; J. Willard nois Volunt eers, During the War of the Rebellion Wreck in Georgia: From the War Between the States serve Hi storical Society, Cleveland, OH; Daniel Wait Brown, Th e Signal Corps USA in the War of the Re­ (Aurora, IL: Knickerbocker & Hodder, Pri nters and Di ary of Dr. John Kennerly Farri s," UDC Magazine, Howe Diary, 14 September 1863, Indiana Historical bellion (Boston, 1896), 474-475; George Brent Diary, Binders, 1876), 452-453; Alfred Pirtle, "Leaves from May 1994. 15- 16. Society, Indi anapolis, IN; T. J. Wright, History of the 12 September 1863, and Bragg to Leonidas Polk, 6:00 my Journal: A Brief Sketch of The La st Campaign of 16. George Brent Diary, 14 September 1863, Bragg Eighth Regiment Kentucky Vol. lnf., during its Three P.M., 12 September 1863, both in Bragg Papers, West­ Brig. Genl. Wm. H. Lytle," Cinci nnati Historical So­ Papers, Western Reserve l-li storical Society, Cleveland , Years Campaigm (St. Joseph, MO: St. Joseph Steam ern Reserve Hi storical Society, Cleveland. OH. ciety, Cincinnati, O H; W. H. Newli n, A History of the OH; 30 OR 2: 22, 76, 307, 448; 30 OR 4: 647-648: Printing Company, 1880), 183- 184. 3. 30 OR 1: 184- 185; Charles A. Dana, Recollec­ Seventy-third Regimellf of Illinois Infant I)' Volunteers, Bragg to Colonel M. H. Wright, 14 September 1863, 21. 30 OR I: 248,451,892, 895; 30 OR 3: 624-626, Tions of the Civil War (New York: D. Appleton and (n.p.: 1890),217-218; HenryM.WeissLetter, 160c­ Bragg to General Joseph E. Johnston, 14 September 63 1. 637; Lucius F. Brown to his sister, 15 September Company, 1898), 107- 109; 30 OR 3: 564-565, 570, tober 1863, Chi ckamauga and Chattanooga National 1863, and Bragg to Major General T. C. Hindman, 14 1863, Luciu s F. Brown Letters, Special Collections, 586-587. Military Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA. September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, Western Reserve Emory Un ive rsi ty, At lanta, GA; Jacob Adams, "Diary 4. 30 OR I: 604, 711; 30 OR 3: 574-576, 583-585, 10. 30 OR 3:610,607-608,612-613, 1005; Frederick Hi storical Society, Cleveland, OH; William Miller of Jacob Adams, Pri vate Company F, 2 1st 0. V. V.I.," 1001-1002. D. Williams, ed., Til e Wild Life oft he Army: Civil War Owen, In Camp and Battle with the Wa shington Artil­ Ohio Archaeological and Hislorical Quarterly, Vo138 5. 30 OR 1: 690,7 11 -7 12, 75 1-752,767, 773; 30 Letters ofJam es A. Garfield(East Lansing, MI: Michi­ lery (Boston: Ticknor and Company. 1885), 273; W. (Octo ber 1929), 651; Douglas Hapeman Diary, 14 OR3: 576,578-579,584-585, 1001 ; Wilbur F. Hinman. gan State University Press, 1964), 295; 30 OR I: 185- W. Hcartsill , Fourteen Hundred and 91 Days in the September 1863, and Edward Kitchell Diary, 14 Sep­ The StOI)' ofthe Sherman Brigade (Alli ance, OH: Press 186; FrankS. Bond Diary, 13 September 1863, quoted Confederate Army (Jackson, TN: McCowat-Mercer tember 1863, Ill inois State Historical Library. S pring­ of Daily Review, 1897),414-415. in Bo nd to Wi ll iam S. Rosecrans, 24August 1891, Box Press, 1954), 149. fi e ld , OH; John D. Inskeep Diary, 14 September 1863, 6. 30 OR 1:446-447,450-451 , 459,461, 463-464; 23, C ist Famil y Papers, Cincinnati Hi storical Society, 17. 30 OR 2:76,53 1; E. H. Rennolds Diary, 14 Sep­ and Styles W. Porter Diary, 14 September 1863, both 30 OR 2: 528, 530; G ustave Huwald Account, Leroy Cincinnati, OH; Charl es H. Kirk, ed., History of the tember 1863, and William A. Brown Notebook, 14 in Ohio Hi storical Society, Columbus, OH; William Moncure Nutt Papers, Southern Hi storical Coll ection, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry (Philadel­ September 1863, both in Chickamauga and Chatta­ Bluffton Miller Journal, 14 September 1863, Indiana University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; J. W. phia, PA: 1906), 23 1. nooga National Military Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; Historical Society, Indianapoli s, IN; McGee, Seventy­ Minnich to Henry Boynton, 8 December 1900, Corre­ II. 30 OR I: 459,461,604-605,7 12,727-728,755- Anonymous Diary, 14 September 1863, T. Otis Baker second Indiana, 163; J. W. Holmes, National Tribune, spondence Files, Chickamauga and Chattanooga Na­ 756, 802. 822, 837-838; 30 OR 3: 608-610, 612; Alva Papers, Mississippi State Department of Archi ves and 4Apri l1912. tional Military Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; J. W. Griest Recoll ections, Chickamauga and Chananooga Hi story, Jackson, MS ; Sterl ing A.M. Wood to his wife, 22. George Brent Di ary, 15 September 1863, Spe­ Minnich, " Fight at Leet's 'Spring' or Tan yard, Geor­ National Military Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; Edward 14 September 1863, Sterling A.M. Wood Papers, Ala­ cial Orders No. 244, Head Quarters Army of Tennes­ gia, Sept 12th 1863," Lou isiana Hi storical Associa­ Kitchell Diary. 13 September 1863, Illinois State His­ bama Department of Archives and History, Montgom­ see. 15 September 1863, Bragg to Joseph E. tion Collecti on (Memorial Associati on Papers), Tulane torical Library, Springfield, IL; Crittenden to Garfield, ery, AL; John W. Sparkman , Sr. Diary. 14 September Jo hn ston, 15 September I 863, all in Bragg Pa­ University, New O rl eans, LA; B. F. McGee, History 12:30 P.M., 13 September 1863, 2 1st Arm y Corps, 1863, Birmingham Public Library, Birmingham, AL; pers, Western Reserve Hi stori cal Society, Cleve­ of the 72d Indiana Volunteer Infantry of the Mounted Letters Sent, Dec. 1861-0ct. 1863, Record Group 393, George Brent Diary, 14 September 1863, Bragg Pa­ land. O H; 30 OR 2: 22; Bragg to Samuel Cooper, Lightning Brigade (Lafayette, IN: S. Vater & Co., Entry 6538, National Archives, Washington, DC. pers, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, IS September 1863, Bragg Papers, Perkins Li­ 1882), 15 5-160. 12. 30 OR 2: 76; George Brent Diary, 13 September OH; Lieutenant Colonel H. Oladowski to Captain W. brary, Duke University, Durham, NC. 7. 30 OR 2: 30-3 1, 44-45, 49, 76, 528; Minnich, 1863, Brentto Buckner, 12:30 A.M., 13 September 1863, D. Humph ries, 14 September 1863. Leuers Sent, Ord­ 23. E. H. Re nn olds Diary, 15 September 1863, " Fight at Leet's 'Spring,"' Louisiana Hi storical Asso­ and Kinloch Falconer to D. H. Hill , 12:45 A.M., 13 Sep­ nance Orfice, Army of Tennessee (Ch. IV, Vol. 143) Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, ciation Collection (Memorial Association Papers), tember I 863. all in Bragg Papers, Western Reserve His­ Record Group 109, National Archives, Washington, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; John Euclid Magee Diary, 15 Sep­ Tulane Uni versity, New Orleans, LA; George Brent torical Society, Cleveland, OH; 30 OR I: 7 12, 802; 30 OR DC; L. Jackson Sanders Diary, 14 September 1863, tember 1863, Perkins Library, Duke Universit y, Diary, 12 September 1863, Bragg to Leonidas Polk, 3: 612; 30 OR 4: 645; Daniel Wait Howe Diary, 13 Sep­ Stones River National Military Park, Murfreesboro, TN; Durham, NC; Joseph Miller Rand Diary, 15 Septem­ 6:00P.M., 12 September 1863, Brent to Leonidas Polk, tember 1863, Indiana HistoricaJ Sociely,lndianapolis, lN; Samuel Robert Simpson Diary, 14 September 1863, ber 1863, Mississippi Department of Archives and 8:00P.M., 12 September 1863, Brent to Hindman, 8:30 W. J. Wo rs ham, The Old Nineteenth Tennessee Regiment, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville, TN; Hi story, Jackson, MS; Charles T. Jones, Jr., "Fi ve Con­ P.M. , 12 September 1863. Brent to Leonidas Polk, C.S.A. (Knoxville, TN: Pre..<;S of Paragon Prinling Com­ 30 OR 4: 649; Robert A. Moore, ed. James W. Sil ver. federates: The Sons of Bolling Hall in the Civil War,'' unti med, 12 September 1863 [!2:30A.M., 13 Septem­ pany, 1902). 86, 187; E. H. Rennolds Diary, 13 September A Life for rhe Confederacy (Jackson, TN: McCowat­ Alabama Historical Quarterly, Vol. 24 ( 1962), 179- ber 1863, according to 30 OR 2: 30n, 50], all in Bragg 1863, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Mercer Press, Inc., 1959), 166; J. F. Shaffner, Sr., Di­ 180: Wi ll iam H. T. Walker to his wife, 15 September Papers, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland , Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA. ary of Dr. J. F Shaffner, Sr.. (n.p .. n.d.), 3. 1863, W. H. T. Walker Papers, Perkins Library, Duke OH; Si. John Richardson Liddell , Liddell$ Record, ed. 13. E. H. Rennolds Diary, 13 September 1863, and 18. 30 OR 1: 36, 186; 30 OR 3:628-630. University, Durham, NC; E. A. Flewell en to Surgeon Nathaniel C. Hughes (Dayton, OH: Morningside William A. Brown Notebook, 13 September 1863, both 19. 30 OR I: 498, 583; 30 OR 3: 624,627-628, 1007- B. W. Ussery, 15 September I 863, and E. A. Flewellen House, Inc., 1985), 140. in Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military 1008; Alfred Pirtle, "Leaves from my Journal: A Brief to Surgeon S. H. Stout, 15 September 1863, Letters 8. 30 OR I: 399-400, 837, 846, 892; 30 OR 3: 568- Park, Fl. Oglethorpe, GA; John Euclid Magee Diary, Sketch of the Last Campaign of Brig. Genl. Wm. H. Sent, Medical Director, Army of Tennessee, Record 57 1, 586, 588-589; Daniel Wait Howe Diary, 12 Sep­ 13 September 1863, Perkins Library, Duke University, Lytle," Cincinnati Hi storical Society, Cincinnati, OH; Group 109, National Archives, Washington, DC; James tember 1863. and William Bluffton Miller Journal, 12 Durham, NC; Hiram Henry Gillespi e Bradt, History Itinerary. 14 September 1863, David J. Griffith Col­ B. Daniel to " Dear companion.'' 15 September 1863. September 1863, both in Indi ana Historical Society, of the Services of the Third Bauery Wisconsin Light lection, Chicago Historical Society, C hicago. IL: James B. Daniel Letters. Special Collections, Samford Indianapolis. LN; John D. In skeep Diary, 12 Septem­ Artillery in the Civil War of the United States, 1861- Newlin, Se\'enry-Ihird Illinois, 2 18-2 19: Edward Bums University; Osmun La.trobe Di ary, 15 September 1863, ber 1863, Ohi o Historical Society, Columbus, OH; 65 (Berlin, W I: Courant Press, 1902), 25,60-61; J. T. Diary, 14 September 1863, Chickamauga and Chatta­ Maryland Historical Society. Baltimore. MD; Thomas Judson W. Bi shop, Til e Swry of a Regiment: Being a Woods, Steedman and His Men at Chickamauga (To­ nooga Nati onal Military Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; Belue Diary, 15 September 1863, Archives Depart­ Na rrative of the Service of the Second Regimem Min­ ledo, OH: Blade Printing & Paper Co., 1876), 96-99; Alex is Cope, The Fifteenth Ohio Volunteers and its ment, Wi nthrop College, Rock Hill, SC. ll esota Veteran Volunteer Infantry, in tile Civil War of 30 OR I: 822, 837-838, 843; 30 OR 2: 76; 30 OR 3: Campaigns (Columbus, OH: Publi shed by the Author, 24. 30 OR 3: 642-644, 655. 1861-1865 (S t. Paul, MN: 1890), 94-95. 598, 609-610. 1916), 307: Kiene Journal, 17 3- 174; William E. 25. 30 OR 3: 648. 650-65 1; FrankS. Bond Diary. 15 9. 30 OR I: 486, 513, 579, 589; Leroy S. Mayfield 14.30 OR I: 712,822,837-838, 890,892,899,903- Patterson Diary, 14 September 1863, Il li nois State September 1863, enclosed in Bond to Rosecrans. 24 Diary, 13 September 1863, Lilly Library, Indiana Un i- 904, 918; 30 OR 2: 139; 30 OR 3:603, 6 15-617; Jim Hi storical Library. Springfield, IL. August 1891, Box 23. Cist Famil y Papers, Cincinnati

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Historical Society, Cincinnati, OH; C. Goddard to 16 September 1863, Record Group I 09, Letters Sent, (Cincinnati, OH: Wilstach, Baldwin & Co., 1879), 332; 48. 300R2: 357; 30 OR 1: 116,447,451-452, 456. r Henry Cist, IS September 1863, Box 30. Cist Family Medical Director, Army of Tennessee. National Eben P. Sturges Diary and Journal, 17 September 1863, 459-462, 464; Edward Kitchell Diary, 18 September __/ Papers, Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati, OH; Archives, Washington, DC; Turner Vaughan, ''Diary Eben P. Sturges Papers, Civil WarTimes Illustrated Col­ 1863, Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield, IL; John P. Sanderson Journal, 15 September 1863, Ohio of Turner Vaughan Co. 'C.' 4th Alabama Regiment, lection, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, McGee, 72nd Indiana, 167-169. Historical Society, Columbus, OH. C. S. A.," Alabama Historical Quarterly, XVIIl (1956), PA; Robert Sample Dilworth Journal, 17 September 49. 30 OR 2: 239, 251,271-272,280-281, 284-285; 26. 30 OR I: 498, 605, 712; 30 OR 3: 647, 649, 596; William C. Oates, The War Between the Union 1863, Confederate Research Center, Hill College, McGee, 72nd Indiana, 168-169. 650; William Bluffton Miller Journal. 15 September and the Confederacy (New ed. Dayton, OH: Press of Hillsboro, TX. 50. 30 OR 1: 447, 461-462; 30 OR 3: 724-725; 1863, Indiana Hi storical Society, Indianapolis, IN ; Morningside Bookshop, 1974), 253; John Euclid Magee 36. 30 OR 3: 702, 709-711, 714; Frank S. Bond Di­ McGee, 72nd Indiana, 168-169; 30 OR 2:239.251. Newlin, Seventy-third lflinois, 219-220; James Wesley Diary. 16 September 1863, Perkins Library, Duke Uni­ ary, 17 September 1863, enclosed in Bond to William 277, 279, 280-281, 284-285. Riley, Civil M1r Diw)• ofJam es Wesley Riley (n.p., C. versity, Durham, NC; S. J. A. Frazier, "Reminiscences S. Rosecrans, 24 August 1891, Box 23, Cist Family 51. Circular [seven paragraphs], Head Quarters, W. Densli nger, 1960), 54; John E. Pi ckering Diary, 15 of a Soldier who Fought at Ch ickamauga," Chatta­ Papers, Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati, OH: Army of Tennessee, 18 September 1863, Bragg Pa­ September 1863. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA; nooga Times, 23 October 1863, clipping in Hamilton 30 OR I: 189; 52 OR I: 77-78; Joseph T. Woods to pers, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland. Kiene Journal, 174; David L. Shideler Diary. I 5 Sep­ County Bicentennial Library, Chattanooga, TN. Dear Friends, 28 September 1863, Joseph T. Woods OH; 30 OR 2: 356-357, 361, 383, 388, 391, 394, 399- tember 1863, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National 33. Osmun Latrobe Diary, 17 September 1863, Papers, Perkins Library, Duke University, Durham, 401, 4 13; Bromfield Ridley, Sautes and Skelches of Military Park, Fl. Oglethorpe, Ga; William 1-1. Doll, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, MD; George NC; James Larson, Sergeant Larson 4th Cav. (San the Army of Tennessee (New eel. Dayton, OH: Press History of Ihe Si.XIh Regimen/ Indiana Volwueer ln­ Brent Diary, 17 September 1863, Bragg Papers, West­ Antoni o, TX: Southern Literary Institute, 1935), 173- of Morningside Bookshop, 1978), 208-209; Edward famry in Ihe Civil War(Columbus, IN: Republican Job ern Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH; 30 OR 174; Henry Campbell Diary, 17 September 1863, }(jtchell Diary, 18 September 1863, Illinois State His­ Prim, 1903). 69. 4: 660, 662; Kinloch Falconer to Polk, Hill, Buckner, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, torical Library, Springfield. IL; 30 OR 4: 664. 27.30 OR I: 605.898, 922; 30 OR 3: 647, 65 1-654; and Walker. 3:00A.M., 17 September 1863, Kinloch Ft. Oglethorpe, GA. 52.30 OR 1:65. 66,74-75. 112, 114-115.712.728, Henry Mortimer Hempstead Diary, 15 September Falconer to B. R. Johnson, Forrest, and Major F. A. 37. 30 OR l: 113, 853, 859, 867; Alonzo Merrill 818,822,829. 838, 843; Noe. Sourhem Boy, 193-194: 1863, Michigan Hi storical Collections, Bently Histori­ Robertson, 3:00A.M., 17 September 1863, Kinloch Keeler Diary, 17 September 1863, Alonzo Merrill Daniel Wait Howe Diary, l 8 September 1863, Indiana cal Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ml; Falconer to Wheeler, 3:00A.M., 17 September 1863, Keeler Papers, Michigan Hi storical Collections, Bently Hi storical Society, Indianapolis, IN; 30 OR 3: 724. John A. Mendenhall Diary, 15 September 1863, Indi­ George Brent to Walker, untimed, 17 September 1863, Hi storical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Ar­ 53. 30 OR I: 44 7, 822-823,827, 832, 923; 30 OR 2: ana Hi storical Society, Indianapolis, IN ; John Wesley George Brent to Buckner, untimed, 17 September 1863, bor, Ml; Caleb Carlton to Dear Little Woman, 16-18 472, 484; 30 OR 3: 1013; John T. Goodrich, "Gregg's Marshall Diary, 15 September 1863, Ohio Historical George Brent to Hill, untimed, 17 September 1863, September 1863, Caleb Carlton Papers, Library of Brigade in the Banle of Chickamauga," Confeder(lfe Society, Columbus, OH; Gifford S. Robinson Diary, and George Brent to Wheeler, untimed, 17 September Congress, Washington, DC; J. L. Erwin to Senator Veterun, Vol. XX II. No.6 (June 1914), 264: J. T. 15 September 1863, Gifford S. Robinson Papers, llli­ 1863, all in Bragg Papers, Western Reserve Historical Bledsoe, II February 1895, 98th Ohio Regiment Unit Turner, "Report of the part taken by the I Oth and 30 nois State Historical Library, Springfield. IL Isaac Society, C leveland , OH; Bragg to Jefferson Davis, 17 Files, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Mili­ Regiments in the battle of Chickamauga, under my Henry C lay Royse, Hiswry ofthe 115th Regiment Illi­ September 1863, Braxton Bragg Papers, Perkins Li· tary Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; F. M. McAdams, Ev· command,'' 5 July 189 l, 30th Tennessee Unit Files, nois Volunteer Infantry (Terre Haute, IN, 1900), 94- brary, Duke University, Durham, NC. ery-Day Soldier Life, ora History ofthe One Hundred Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, 96; William Kennett Armstrong Diary, 15 September 34. George Brent Diary, 17 September 1863, Bragg and Thirteenth Ohio Volwueer h1ji:mtry (Columbus, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; McGee, 72nd Indiana, 170-171; 1863, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Mi li­ Papers, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH: Cha s. M. Colt & Co., Book Printers, 1884), 267- William H. Records Diary and Reminiscences, 18 Sep­ tary Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; J. T. Holmes, 52nd 0. OH; 30 OR 2: 106,255, 317,333, 338,360-361,400, 268; Woods, Steedman and his Men at Chickamauga tember 1863, William H. Records Manuscript Collec­ V.I. Then and Now (Columbus, 01-1: The Berli n Print­ 409,471,484,487-488, 520; Owen, Camp and Baule, (Toledo, OH: Blade Printing & Paper Co., 1876). 18- tion, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, IN; Theodore ing Company, 1898), 6; R. H. G. Minty. Remarks of 275; E. H. Rennolds Diary, 17 September 1863, 19: 30 OR 2: 493. 4 7 1, 484. Petzoldt, My War Story (Portland, OR: 1917), Brevet Major General R. H. G. Minty Made Septem­ Chickamauga and Chattanooga Nati onal Military Park, 38. 30 OR 2: 197, 356-357, 45 1; 30 OR 4: 663; unpaginated, copy in Chickamauga and Chattanooga ber 18, 1895, at the Dediccaion of Ihe Monument Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; John Euclid Magee Diary, 17 Sep­ Braxton Bragg's Chickamauga Notes, and Circular National Military Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA. Erected ro the Fourth Michigan Cavalry, a/ Reed's 8 tember l 863, Perkins Library, Duke University, (four paragraphs], Head Qllarters, Army of Tennes· 54. 30 OR I: 119-120, 853-854, 861-864, 871-873, ridge, Chickamauga Narional Park (Ogden, UT: Durham, NC; Anonymous Diary, 17 September 1863, see, 18 September 1863, both in Bragg Papers, West· 875, 879-880; Charles A. Partridge,ed., History of the Brantley Paper Company, 1896), 2. T. Otis Baker Papers, Mississippi State Department of ern Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH. Nilwty-sixth Regimewl!linois Volunteer Infantry (Chi­ 28. Frank S. Bond Diary, 16 September 1863, en­ Archives and History, Jackson. MS; C. Irvi ne Walker 39. 30 OR 2: 356-357,451; Special Orders No. 245. cago, IL: Brown, Pettibone & Co., Printers, 1887), 168- closed in Bond to William S. Rosecrans, 24 August to __. 17 September 1863, C. Irvine Walker Let­ 16 September 1863, Special Orders No. 246, 17 Sep­ 171; Isaac C. Doan, Reminiscences oft he Chattanooga 1891, Box 23, C ist Family Papers, C inci nnati Hi stori­ ters, Regimental Papers, Western Reserve Historical tember 1863, and George Brent to B. R. Johnson and Campaign: A Paper Read at/he Reunion of Company cal Society, Cincinnati, OH; 30 OR 3: 666, 668, 688; Society, C leveland , OH; J. K. Calloway to his wife, N. B. Forrest, 18 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, 8, Fortieth Ohio Volunteerltifantry•, at Xenia, 0., Au­ Garfield to Robert Mitchell, 9:15A.M., 16 September 17 September 1863. Joshua K. Callaway Papers, Western Reserve Historical Society, C leveland, OH. gust 22, 1894 (Richmond. IN: Printed at J. M. Coe's 1863, and Garfield to Gordon Granger, 9:20A.M., 16 Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas, 40. 30 OR 2: 451; George Brent to B. R. Johnson, Printery, 1894), 3-4; 30 OR 2: 531; Robert M. Rogers, September 1863, both in Department of the Austin, TX; John W. Sparkman, Sr. Diary, 17 Septem­ 18 September 1863, and C ircu lar lseven paragraphs], The /25th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry. At­ Cumberland, Telegrams Sent, Oct. 1862-June 1865, ber 1863, Birmingham Public Library, Birmingham, Head Quarters, Army of Tennessee, 18 September tention Battalion! (Champaign, IL: Gazette Steam Record Group 393, Entry 916, National Archives, AL; Harold B. Simpson,ed., The Bugle Sojily Blows: 1863, both in Bragg Papers, Western Reserve Hi stori­ Print, 1882), 77; Allen L. Fahnestock Diary, 18 Sep­ Washington, DC. '111e Confederale Diary' of Benjamin M. Seaton (Waco, cal Society, Cleveland, OH. tember 1863, microfilm copy, North Carolina Divi­ 29. 30 OR I: 187-188, 922; 30 OR 3: 668,679-680, TX: Texian Press, 1965),40; Heartsill , 1491 Days, 150; 4 1. 30 OR 1: I 07, 112, 115. 605-606, 630-631, 676, sion of Archives and History. Raleigh, NC; Henry J. 687, 691: Entries for 16 September 1863, Summaries John Allan Wyeth, With Sabre and Scalpel: The Awo­ 690; R. Lockwood Tower,ed., A Carolinian Goes to A ten. His/01)' of Ihe Eighty-fifth Regimen/, Illinois of the ews Reaching Headquarters of General W. S. biography ofa Soldier and Surgeon (New York: Harper War: The Civil War Narrative of Arthur Middleton Volunteer Infantry (Hiawatha. KS: n.p., 1901), 102· Rosecrans, 1863-64. Record Group 393, Pt. I, Entry & Brothers Publishers, 1914), 244: R. L. Bliss to Dear­ Mcmigault (Columbia, SC: Un iversity of South Caro­ 104; Gammage, Camp, 92. 96-97; J. L. Erwin Diary, 986, National Archives, Washington, DC. est Mother, 27 September 1863, Robert Lewis Bliss lina Press, 1983), 95; 30 OR 2: 329. 338-340, 345- ! 8 September 1863. 98th Ohio Infantry Unit Fi les, 30. 30 OR 3: 674-680; Newlin, Sevenry-rhird Illi­ Letters, Alabama Department of Archives and Hi story, 346, 351, 354-355; Anonymous Diary, 18 September Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, nois, 220-221; Merritt J. Simonds Diary, 16 Septem­ Montgomery, AL; Edwin L. Drake,ed., The Annals of 1863, T. Otis Baker Papers, Mississippi State Depart­ Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; McAdams, Every-Day Soldier ber 1863, Merritt J. Simonds Papers, Northern lllinois the Army of Tennessee and Early Western History ment of Archives and History, Jackson, MS; First Lieu­ Life, 41; S. B. Moe, Toledo Blade, 15 September 1887, University, DcKalb, IL; L. W. Day, Sr01y of the One (Nashvill e, TN: A. D. Haynes, 1878), 326; Frank T. tenant William Mead After-Act io n Report, 14 Octo­ clipping in Box 14. Folder 17, 21st Ohio Collection, Hundred and Firs/ Ohio /nfanlly(Clevcland, OH: The Ryan Reminiscences, Civil War Miscell any, Georgia ber 1863, Bragg Papers, Western Reserve Historical Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH. W. M. Bayne Printing Co., 1894), 150; Bennett & Department of Archives and History, Atl anta, GA; Society, Cleveland, OH. 55. 30 OR I: 65, 328, 336-337. 712, 728-729, 792; Haigh, Thirly-sixth Illinois, 453; 30 OR I: 922. Charl es F. Terrill to Dear Lou, 22 September 1863, 42.30 OR 1:65,72, 108-110. 121. 30 OR 3: 933-937, Hannaford, Sixth Ohio, 453, 462- 31. Special Orders No. 245, Head Quarters Army Unit Files. Chickamauga and Chattanooga National 43.30 OR I: 65, 105-106,328,340,712, 1009-1010, 463: William Grose, The Story ofthe Marches, Baules of Tennessee, In the Field, Lafayette, Ga., 16 Septem­ Military Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; George Brent to 1018; Rosecrans to Halleck, 1:30 P.M., 18 September and Incidents of the 36th Regiment Indiana Voltmteer ber 1863. and George Brent Diary, 16 ·September 1863, John Pegram, 6:00P.M. and 7:30P.M., 17 September 1863, Department of the Cumberland, Telegrams Sent, lnji:mtry( New Castle, IN: The Courier Company Press, both in Bragg Papers, Western Reserve Historical So­ 1863, Bragg Papers, Western Reserve Hi storical Soci­ October 1862-June 1865. Record Group 393, Entry 1891 ), 177; James P. Suiter Diary, 18 September 1863, ciety, C leveland, OH. ety, C leveland, OH. 916, National Archives, Washington. DC. Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield. IL. 32. 30 OR 2: 37-38; 30 OR 4: 656; George Brent to 35. 30 OR I: 328,356,498, 605.703,712,758-759, 44. 30 OR 2:45 1-452,47 1-472, 479; George Brent 56.30 OR I: 189-190.248-249,270,274,400, 440; Polk, 16 September 1863, Kinloch Falconer to Walker, 778; 30 OR 3: 248, 707-708, 712; P. H. Sheridan, Per­ to B. R. Johnson, 18 September 1863, Bragg Papers, 30 OR 3: 724; J. W. M .. Cincimwli Commercial. 28 16 September 1863, George BretH to Buckner, 16 Sep­ sotwl Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan (New York: Charles Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, 01-1; September 1863; Frank Moore (ed.), The Rebellion tember 1863, and George Brent to Captain Presstman, L. Webster & Co., 1888), I, 276; Newlin, Seventy-third Thomas Jordan and J. P. Pryor, The Campaigns of Record: A Diary of American Events (New York: D. J 16 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, Western Re­ Illinois, 221-222; Pirtle, "Leaves," Cincinnati Histori­ Lieut.-Gen. N. B. Forrest, and of Forrest's Cavalry Van Nostrand, Publisher, 1864-1868), VII, 410-411; serve His!Orical Society, Cleveland, OH; H. Oladowski cal Society, Cincinnati, OH; John Ely Diary, 17 Sep­ (New ed. Dayton , OH: Press of Morningside Michael H. Fitch, Echoes of the Civil War as I Hear to Captain W. D. Humphries, Commanding Ordnance tember 1863, and August Bratnober Diary, 17 Septem­ Book shop, 1977), 313-314; 30 OR I: 922. Them (New York: R. F. Fenno & Company, 1905), 130, Depot, Resaca, Georgia, 16 September 1863, Record ber 1863, both in Chickamauga and Chattanooga Na­ 45. 30 OR 2: 452, 467, 470; 30 OR I: 922-923; 132; David Gould and James B. Kennedy,eds. , Mem­ Group 109, Leners Sent, Ordnance Office, Army of tional Military Park, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; Cope, Fif­ George Brent to B. R. Johnson, 1:00 P.M., 18 Septem­ oirs ofa Dutch Mudsill: The ''War Memories'' ofJohn Tennessee (Ch. IV, Vol. 143), National Archives, Wash­ reemh Ohio, 308; Kiene Journal, 174; John Beauy, ber 1863, Bragg Papers, Western Reserve Historical Hemy Duo, Capwin, Company D, 21st Regimem Wis­ ington, DC; E. A. Flewellen to Surgeon S. H. Stout, The Citizen-Soldier; or, Memoirs of a Volunteer Society, Cleveland, OH; Larson.Sergeam Larson, 177- consin Volunteer ltifmury• (Kent, OH: The Kent State 178: Sylvanus H. Stevens to Colonel Edgar D. Swain. University Press, 2004), 165-166; Bishop, Story, 96- undated, Chicago Board of Trade Unit Files, 97; Edwin W. High, HisiOry of the Sixiy-eighrh Regi­ Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, mem Indiana Volunteer Infant/)', 1862-1865 (n.p., Ft. Oglethorpe, GA. 1902), 63. 1-800 46. Sylvanus H. Stevens to Colonel Edgar D. Swain. 57. Hood. Advance, 61-62; 30 OR 2: 239, 361, 413, ) undated, Chicago Board of Trade Unit Files, 428, 452-453; J. W. Minnich to H. V. Boynton, 8 De­ CMLWAR Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, cember 1900, 6th Georgia Cavalry Unit Files, Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; 30 OR 2:452,471-472, 484; W. Chickamauga and Chattanooga Nati onal Military Park, L. Gammage, The Camp, Ihe Bivouac, and the Btmle Ft. Oglethorpe, GA; J. W. Minnich ...Pegram' s Bri­ Check, Money Order, Visa, Field (Reprinted. Little Rock, AR: Arkansas South­ gade at Chickamauga Jay's (Reed's) Mill and Rossville 1-year (6 issues) •.. $24.95 ern Press, 1958), 92, 96-97; 30 OR l: 923: Captain Gap," Tulane University Library, New Orleans, LA; 2-year (12 issues). • $44.95 MasterCard, American Express. William Henry Harder Reminiscences, Tennessee State Owen, Camp and Battle. 275-276; John Euclid Magee Library and Archives, Nashville, TN; Harold B. Diary, 18 September 1863, Perkins Library. Duke 3-year (18 issues). . S59.95 Mail direct to: Simpson, Gaines' Mill to Appomattox: Waco & Un iversity, Durham. NC. Mc:Lewum County in Hood's Texas Brigade (Waco, 58.30 OR 1: 112, 630-63 1; 30 OR 3:728, 1013: Foreign subscribers add Blue & Gray, Box 28685 TX: Texian Press, 1963), 155; J. B. Hood, Advance FrankS. Bond Diary, 18 September 1863, enclosed in "10/yr. extra postage. Columbus, Ohio 43228 and Retreat (Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint, 1981 ), 61. Bond to Wi lli amS. Rosecrans, 24 August 1891, Box 47.30 OR l: 923; Sylvanus H. Stevens to Colonel 23, Cist Family Papers, Cincinnati Historical Society. Edgar D. Swain, undated, Chicago Board of Trade Unit Cincinnati. OH; John P. Sanderson Journal, 18 Sep­ Files, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Mili­ tember J 863, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, 01-1. www.bluegraymagazine.com tary Park, Fr. Oglethorpe. GA; 30 OR 2: 452; Hood, Ad11Q11ce and Retreat, 6 l.

28 BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 ,__, / --- L l Continued from Pg. 26 Having promulgated Special Orders No. Ringgold-Catoosa Station area was 245 to implement the advance, Bragg looming ever larger in Confederate Facing increasingly aggressive probes by crafted General Orders No. 180, an address planning. Blissfully unaware ofthe details, Confederate cavalry detachments, Minty at to the men of the Army of Tennessee. After but heartened by word of the continuing noon abandoned his advanced position at reviewing the recent history of the arrival of James Longstreet's men, the Peeler's Mill and withdrew most of his campaign, he noted the arrival of soldiers of the Army of Tennessee washed command west of Pea Vine Ridge. He reinforcements, and praised his soldiers for their clothes, cooked several days' rations, retained a line of pickets along Pea Vine their efforts to date. In words calculated to and prepared to advance on the morrow. Creek in the valley, but saw his position generate emotion and inspire the men to With their preparations made, most lay becoming more precarious by the moment. greater exertions, he closed with: down for a night of fitful sleep, as did their Alex McCook and the XX Corps could not commander.32 arrive too soon for Robert Minty.30 Your generals will lead you; you have but to respond to assure us a glorious triumph Around 3:00 a.m. on September 17, While the Army of the Cumberland lay over an insolent foe. I know what your Bragg was awakened by a visitor, Maj. supine on September 16 awaiting the arrival response will be. Trusting in God and the Osmun Latrobe of Longstreet's staff. The of the XX Corps, Braxton Bragg at La justice ofour cause, and nerved by the love exact details of the news Latrobe brought Fayette contemplated resuming the offensive. of the dear ones at home, failure is are unknown, but according to Lt. Col. By the middle of the day Bragg had made impossible and victory must be ours. George Brent, Latrobe announced that up his mind. He would commence an Longstreet would soon arrive. Presumably, advance toward Chattanooga, forcing Latrobe had information on not only Rosecrans either to fight or withdraw. Longstreet's appearance but also about the Gradually, Special Orders No. 245 took number of brigades enroute and their shape, although the process was slow, halting, estimated time of arrival. If so, the and occasionally contradictory. Its key information would be the first official elements were: Buckner's and Walker's confirmation of the size of the corps to move at daylight on September 17 reinforcement from Virginia that Bragg had to a line stretching northward from Pea Vine received. Whatever the specific nature of Church along Pea Vine Creek; Polk's Corps the information might have been, it was to move at 8:00a.m. and take position on a enough to galvanize Bragg to modify his line from Pea Vine Church west to plans. Shortly after 3:00a.m. Maj. Kinloch Chickamauga Creek at Glass' Mill; Forrest's Falconer of Bragg's staff sent orders to Cavalry Corps to cover the front and right Polk, Hill, Buckner and Walker suspending flank of the army; Hill's Corps to remain the advance outlined in Special Orders No. near La Fayette, blocking the Pigeon 245. At the same time, the corps Mountain gaps and watching the roads to commanders were called to headquarters the south; and Joe Wheeler's Cavalry Corps for an 8:00 a.m. meeting. More distant to drive through Dug and Catlett's gaps, commanders, such as Wheeler, Forrest, and push the Federals back, take prisoners, and Bushrod Johnson, were also notified of the join Polk at Glass' Mill. The order also tried Nathan Bedford Forrest, CSA suspension. The delay did not receive the to return detached units to their proper approval of George Brent, who wrote in his commands, directing Bushrod Johnson's Having at last resolved to act decisively diary about "uncertainty and vacillation." brigade at Ringgold to report to Buckner, with his entire force, Bragg busied himself Indeed, others may have objected also, and States Rights Gist's brigade to leave the remainder of the day attending to because in late morning the orders for the Rome and rejoin Walker's Division. No administrative and procedural matters of advance were renewed with some objective was specified, but several parts little import. Only in the matter oflogistical modifications (see Map, Pg. 58). Now, of the order gave indications that the army's affairs at Ringgold did he rise above the Buckner and Walker were to take position center of gravity was shifting toward mundane. Because the destruction of between Rock Spring and Pea Vine Church, Ringgold. Crossings of the Chickamauga several railroad bridges just south of rather than stretch farther north in Pea Vine as far north as Reed's Bridge were to be Ringgold by Forrest's retreating cavalry Valley. Polk was to wait until Buckner and seized by Confederate cavalry, although no meant no trains could advance beyond Walker had departed, then move north to a units were specifically tasked to do so. In Catoosa Station, the army's chief engineer line running from Worthen's Gap in Pigeon recognition of the fact that several brigades was tasked to rebuild the structures as soon Mountain to a linkage with Buckner near from Virginia were either present or soon as possible. Anticipating that the rebuilding Rock Spring. Hill received orders to move to arrive at Catoosa Platform (see Pg. 64), process would not be arduous, both the north at dawn the next day, having been southeast of Ringgold, the order charged army's ordnance and medical departments relieved at the Pigeon Mountain gaps by the senior brigadier there with moving upon declared that Ringgold would be the base Wheeler' s cavalry. After informing Reed's Bridge at 10:00 a.m., leaving one for their operations. With the brigades of President Jefferson Davis that he would brigade behind to guard the railhead. Brig. Gens. Jerome B. Robertson and "press" the enemy, Bragg departed La Finally, the army's trains were to head east, Henry L. Benning already at Catoosa, and Fayette at 2:00 p.m. for Leet's Tanyard, crossing behind Taylor's Ridge for safety. 31 that of Evander Law due that evening, the eleven miles northeast. 33

40 BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE- FALL 2007 Bragg and his staff reached the mill and at Ringgold. It appeared that the Federals Palmer's XXI Corps division north of tan yard complex of Reverend Arthur Leet were finally stirring, and at an unfortunate Gower's Ford, permitting Palmer's men in ·I around 5:00 p.m. Behind him his army time for Bragg's plans.34 turn to bump Van Cleve's division slowly filed into position. First came northward. Because of continuing Walker's Reserve Corps, with his own and For most of the Army of the Confederate cavalry probes along the entire Liddell's Division. Walker was followed by Cumberland, September 17 represented front, but especially in the sector facing Buckner's Corps, with the divisions of another day of waiting, characterized by Dug and Catlett's gaps, McCook felt A. P. Stewart and William small adjustments only in compelled to hold Sheridan and Davis in a Preston. Behind them their pos1t10ns along defensive posture facing Pigeon Mountain. straggled Polk's Corps, the Chickamauga Creek. On While not handled without considerable leading elements of which Rosecrans' left, Thomas confusion, friction, and exasperation, the did not leave La Fayette Crittenden's XXI Corps concentration of the Federal army was at until nearly 5:00 p.m. was spread along the creek last close to accomplishment.35 Although Polk had a shorter from Lee and Gordon's During the day William Rosecrans distance to go than Buckner Mills to Gower's Ford, an remained at his Crawfish Spring headquarters and Walker, the last airline distance of six miles, in the James Gordon house (see Pg. 57). elements of Hindman's with corps headquarters in Unlike the previous day, when Halleck's Division did not reach their the vicinity of Pond Spring. morning message about Longstreet's arrival \I bivouacs until well after From left to right the order had galvanized both Rosecrans and his staff I midnight. Hindman himself ---~"-L....c...... o~ of divisions was: Wood, into uncharacteristic early motion, little was ill and absent, having Patton Anderson, CSA Van Cleve, and Pal mer. activity was evident at the Gordon house devolved the command of George Thomas' XIV Corps until the afternoon. Even then, no critical the division to Brig. Gen. Patton Anderson. stretched from Gower's all the way to orders emanated from the Army of the For all, the march was difficult, conducted Stevens' Gap, another six miles. As the day Cumberland's command group. Crittenden in choking clouds of dust raised from the began, only Sheridan's division of the XX was told at 3:00 p.m. to move XXI Corps parched roads. Nevertheless, the troops Corps, minus Lytle's brigade, headquarters north and co­ were generally in high spirits, aware that had reached the floor of locate it at Crawfish Spring the long period of waiting was nearly at an McLemore's Cove, and it lay with the army's head­ end. Behind them, D. H. Hill's corps still in position behind Thomas' quarters, another sign of manned the defenses of the Pigeon right. Rosecrans had desired Rosecrans' distrust of Mountain gaps. During the day vigorous for several days that the army Crittenden' s military skirmishing took place at Catlett's Gap, be concentrated, with capacity. Otherwise, the initiated originally by Wheeler's cavalry McCook's corps occupying orders dispatched to the and continued by James Deshler's brigade the foot of Stevens' Gap, army's senior leaders were of Cleburne's Division. Elsewhere in Crittenden's units collected characterized by a defensive, Cleburne's command, Bragg's battle around Lee and Gordon's almost passive quality. All address was read to the troops, eliciting a Mills, and Thomas corps commanders were positive response. At the other end of the connecting the two. The enjoined to mark all roads long Confederate line, at Catoosa Platform, delay in McCook's arrival, Henry L. Benning, CSA leading to the rear, ensure where six Confederate brigades were however, prevented the that their picket lines were camped around the railhead, men were execution of Rosecrans' design until the connected, report their combat strengths, cooking rations and afternoon of September 17. post lookouts on high points, and forward organizing themselves for Around noon two brigades of any information received to higher battle when a wagon train Davis' division reached the echelons. Across the entire front, both from Ringgold stampeded foot of Lookout Mountain, scouts and casual observers noted a huge through their midst. followed later that afternoon dust cloud moving northward from the Bushrod Johnson quickly by William Lytle's brigade of direction of La Fayette. Before nightfall the pushed forward toward the Sheridan's division and cloud appeared to stop and gradually town with his old brigade, Joseph Dodge's brigade of dissipate, as if the marching feet causing it now under Col. John Fulton, Richard Johnson's division. had halted and camped for the night. and easily drove off a Federal Johnson's two remaining Although casually remarked upon by column approaching the brigades did not appear on Charles Dana in a 5:00 p.m. message to town from the west. The the valley floor until well Washington, the cloud seemingly prompted other brigades, Gregg's, after nightfall, having no action by Rosecrans. At 7:30 p.m. the McNair's, Robertson's, Evander M. Law, CSA marched 25 miles. Neverthe­ army commander informed both Thomas Benning's, and Law's, less, by afternoon, enough of Wood at Lee and Gordon's Mill and Gordon hastened to join the fight but their services McCook's units had appeared for Thomas Granger at Rossville that he had heard were not needed. Nevertheless, Bragg at to begin relieving some of Crittenden's men nothing from Robert Minty's cavalry brigade Leet's Tanyard that night ordered John along Chickamauga Creek. Negley's and in the Pea Vine Valley. Both generals were Pegram's cavalrymen to reinforce the units Baird's XIV Corps divisions replaced told to immediately communicate with

BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 41 Minty and forward whatever the arrival of Confederate Pea Vine Church. To his left, Buckner 's news he had gathered. They shells just short of his position Corps waited along the road between Pea were also told that John caused Steedman to retreat. He Vine Church and Rock Spring. On Wilder's mounted infantry leisurely withdrew the way he Buckner's left and rear, Polk's Corps brigade had been sent to had come, camping for the marked time around Rock Spring and Minty's right, at Alexander's evening just west of Pea Vine Anderson's house.* South of Polk, Hill's Bridge on the Chickamauga Creek. There his men relaxed, Corps still guarded the Pigeon Mountain (see Front Cover and Pg. 65). making campfires and cooking gaps. Nine miles northeast of Bragg's Perhaps the aggressive Wilder dinner. Unknown to Steedman, headquarters at Leet's Tanyard, around might learn something useful_36 he had been followed by Catoosa Platform and Ringgold, Bushrod In point of fact, another of James Steedman, USA elements of Col. John Scott's Johnson with six brigades prepared to rejoin Rosecrans' far-flung elements brigade of Confederate cavalry the main army via Pleasant Grove Church did learn something useful on September and Lt. William Everett's Battery. Suddenly and Leet's. Before light, Bragg's staff had 17. Unwilling to sit passively at Rossville shells burst in Steedman's camp. While crafted and distributed a circular delineating without information of what might be in doing little or no damage, the bombardment the army commander's concept for the day's his front, Gordon Granger determined to caused momentary confusion among the movements. Believing that the flank of execute a reconnaissance in force toward startled Federals. Steedman soon restored Rosecrans' army lay at Lee and Gordon's Ringgold. At 3:00a.m. he dispatched Brig. order, the Confederates dared not push Mills, Bragg ordered Polk's Corps to Gen. James Steedman with six regiments farther, and quiet slowly returned to the demonstrate in that vicinity while Buckner's and a battery eastward. Following the road valley. Clearly there were significant Corps crossed Chickamauga Creek traversed days before by Crittenden's corps, numbers of Confederate troops near downstream at Thedford's Ford and Walker's Steedman crossed West Chickamauga and Ringgold and their aggressive stance hardly Corps forced a crossing even farther Pea Vine creeks, passed Graysville and East indicated a defensive mentality. Rosecrans downstream at Alexander's Bridge. John Chickamauga Creek, and finally came in would not learn of this action until the next Pegram's division of Forrest's Cavalry Corps view of Ringgold. Unlimbering his guns on day, and by then he would have even more was to cover Buckner's and Walker's a hill west of the village, Steedman information of Braxton Bragg's intentions.37 movements, while Frank Armstrong's proceeded to scatter the few Confederates division, also from Forrest, would screen in view. Fearing to advance too far Dawn on September 18 found Braxton Polk. The movement was to begin at 6:00 eastward, he contented himself with Bragg's Army of Tennessee poised to a.m. and, although unstated, Bragg's watching the panicked flight of men and launch its third attempt to bring the Army expectation was that the crossings would be wagons until a dust cloud suddenly began of the Cumberland to battle (see Maps, Pp. to materialize in the vicinity of the gap in 59-63). Walker's Reserve Corps lay in Pea * The Virgini a-born Dr. Peter Anderson own ed a house a short di stance Taylor's Ridge just east of Ringgold. Soon Vine Valley between Leet's Tanyard and west of Rock Spring Church.

Lee and Gordon's Mills on West Chickamauga Creek. It served as a grist mill and a saw mill.

42 BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE- FALL 2007 completed early in the afternoon. If behind to protect the Catoosa railhead. Federals away from Lee and Gordon's Buckner and Walker were successful, Polk Passing through Ringgold before turning Mills. Polk was to demonstrate at Lee and could cross at Dalton's (or Hunt's) Ford southwest, Johnson's command was three Gordon's, then cross there or just (see Pg. 65), next above Thedford's, being miles down the road toward Leet's when a downstream as circumstances dictated. Hill replaced by Hill in front of Lee and courier brought the message to reverse was to cover the Confederate left and, if Gordon's Mills. By nightfall, a significant course. Dutifully, he complied, but the the Federals reinforced at Lee and portion of the Army of Tennessee would reversal took time. 39 Gordon's, strike them on their right flank. be west of the Chickamauga, threatening Bragg's change of plan for Johnson's Wheeler was to hold the gaps in Pigeon Rosecrans' left flank and blocking the La column was consequential. Believing that Mountain and cover the army's left and rear. Fayette-Rossville road. The Army of the the northernmost force should cross first The army's trains were to move to safety Cumberland would then have to fight or to facilitate the advance of Walker's and east of Taylor's Ridge. These orders now see itself forced away from Chattanooga Buckner's corps to the south, Bragg expected in hand, Johnson resumed his march, and back into McLemore's Cove. 38 Johnson's seizure of Reed's Bridge to passed again through Ringgold, and took The Confederate advance was hardly trigger the remaining parts of the plan. the road toward Reed's Bridge.40 underway when problems developed. For some distance, possibly as much as two The movement of so many thousand miles, Walker's and Buckner's commands Confederate troops along the dusty dirt were forced to use the same road. Walker, roads of Catoosa County, Ga., did not go 'I in the lead, thus delayed Buckner's advance unnoticed by their Union opponents. As I as both columns struggled to disentangle early as 6:00 a.m., shortly after sunrise, themselves and march north to their Federal signalmen high on Lookout respective objectives. Even worse, Bushrod Mountain detected clouds of dust rising east Johnson's command around Catoosa had of Pigeon Mountain. For some reason, not been included in the first September 18 Rosecrans' staff interpreted the dust clouds Circular, and thus began the day operating as being made by cavalry, causing Chief of under Special Orders No. 246 of September Staff Garfield to query George Thomas at 17. That order, like its predecessor No. 245, 9:00 a.m. for news. Even then the dust told Johnson to move to Leet's Tan yard via cloud was gradually moving beyond the Pleasant Grove Church. Probably soon after Federal left at Lee and Gordon's Mills. the first September 18 Circular was Soon Confederate activity was even more dispatched, Bragg realized that Johnson's obvious in front of the positions held along relatively large force would be wasted Chickamauga Creek by Crittenden's XXI marching away from the action and could Corps. At 10:30 a.m. Thomas Wood at Lee be better employed extending the range of Bushrod Johnson, CSA and Gordon's reported skirmishers Confederate crossing sites northward. advancing upon his positions along the Accordingly, Bragg's staff drafted a Johnson's inadvertent start in the wrong creek bank. These skirmishers belonged to message to Johnson ordering him to return direction, however, meant that he would be Hindman's Division, now commanded by to Ringgold and take a road leading west later to reach Reed's than expected, and that Patton Anderson because of Hindman's toward the Reed's Bridge crossing of the delay would cascade southward. In order illness, and they were preceded by some Chickamauga. There Johnson was to make to keep his own command in the lead, of Frank Armstrong's cavalrymen. a lodgment west of the creek, like Walker Johnson turned the entire column rather Implementing Bragg's instructions to and Buckner were to do upstream (or south) than simply reversing the order of march, Polk's Corps to demonstrate in front of the at Alexander's Bridge and Thedford's Ford, taking more time. Soon thereafter, another XXI Corps positions, the Confederate respectively. The same message went to courier from Bragg found Johnson, brigades of Arthur M. Manigault, Zachariah Bedford Forrest, who was to cover bringing both a message to "proceed Deas, and Patton Anderson (now under Col. Johnson's advance. Unaware of the 6:00 without further delay" and a second J. H. Sharp) deployed into battle lines and a.m. start time stated by the original Circular. The latter represented Bragg's sent forward clouds of skirmishers. The Circular, Johnson had begun to move final intent for the day's operations, and set noise level for both sides soon increased toward Leet's an hour earlier. He led with out what each column was to do after significantly as each brought batteries into his own provisional division, consisting of gaining the west bank of the Chickamauga. play. From somewhere within Hindman's the brigades of Col. John Fulton (Johnson's In Johnson's case, it required him to cross command a small sharpshooter unit of nine old command), Evander McNair, and John at Reed's Bridge, turn south by the "most picked men unlimbered their heavy Gregg. In addition, one of the three brigades practicable" route and "sweep up" the Whitworth target rifles and began to wing of James Longstreet's command at Chickamauga toward Lee and Gordon's highly accurate shots toward any exposed Catoosa-the Texas Brigade under Jerome Mills. Walker was to cross at or near Federals. Although artillery fire wounded Robertson-also marched with Johnson. Alexander's Bridge, unite with Johnson's one of the squad and damaged his rifle, the Brig. Gen. Evander Law's Alabamians had column, and press the enemy flank others succeeded in seriously discomfiting not yet cooked their rations, so they did not vigorously. Buckner was to cross at several mounted men behind Wood's leave with Johnson, nor did Henry Thedford's Ford and join the other columns barricades. Otherwise, neither side much Benning's Georgians, who remained in their movement southward to force the damaged the other. 41

BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 43 As the clock advanced toward noon, Having divined Bragg's plan by 12:40 Rosecrans' left flank, the two mounted William Rosecrans remained unsure of just p.m., Rosecrans and Garfield proceeded to brigades of Robert Minty and John Wilder what the visible Confederate movements have second thoughts immediately would be the first to stand in their way.43 portended. Nevertheless, he thought it only thereafter. Twenty minutes later, in a prudent to concentrate his infantry corps message to McCook, Garfield expressed By 11:00 a.m., Bushrod Johnson had into a more compact formation and prepare indecision about whether the Confederate passed through Ringgold a second time and the troops for another movement to the left. movement to the left was a feint or a serious marched three miles westward on the direct At 10:45 a.m. Garfield flanking attempt. He road to Reed's Bridge. There, in the vicinity wrote to Thomas, ordering counseled McCook to of Peeler's Mill, another courier from him to close on Crittenden, ensure that the brigade Bragg, Capt. R. H. S. Thompson, met and to McCook, telling him guarding Stevens' Gap and Johnson with another message to expedite to close on Thomas as the the army's trains worked his movements so as not to endanger the latter moved north. Fifteen with Mitchell's cavalry to crossings upstream. Learning from local minutes later, Garfield sent secure the mountain road that citizens that Federal troops were nearby, a message to cavalry ultimately led back to Johnson prudently decided to change his commander Robert B. Bridgeport, Ala. Twenty formation from administrative march Mitchell advising him that minutes after that, the chief column into line of battle. Again, a the infantry corps were of staff urged George necessary action took time to accomplish. sliding north and that the Thomas to expedite his Finally, with his own division formed cavalry should conform, movement to close on across the road and Robertson's Brigade in meanwhile guarding Robert B. Mitchell, USA Crittenden's right flank. At line behind it as a reserve, Johnson was Stevens' Gap and the route 1:30 p.m. Rosecrans himself ready to resume the advance. At that to the army's trains. At 11:45 a.m. , as dispatched a message to Henry Halleck in moment he was joined by a reserve artillery Federal signalmen on Lookout Mountain Washington. In it he described his situation battalion of two batteries commanded by continued to report the progress of the calmly as an attempt by the Confederates Jerome Robertson's son, Felix. Bedford massive dust cloud toward the lower to "overthrow" him, but Forrest also rode up with Chickamauga crossings at Reed's and characterized Bragg's his large escort and a Alexander's bridges, Rosecrans became movements so far as no more battalion of Kentucky more specific in his directives to the XXI than demonstrations. From cavalrymen, all that Corps. Crittenden was told to pull Horatio Halleck he sought assistance remained from John Hunt Van Cleve's division from the center of the in getting aid from Morgan's disastrous raid corps position and place it on Wood's left, commanders far from the into Indiana and Ohio. replacing Van Cleve with John M. Palmer's scene: Ambrose Burnside in Now, with four infantry division. Thomas, in turn, would have to Knoxville, and Ulysses S. brigades, five batteries, and backfill Palmer's position, upstream from Grant on the Mississippi. the equivalent of a regiment the Glass' Mill crossing of the Neither of these commanders of cavalry, Johnson was Chickamauga. At 12:15 p.m. Maj. Frank could provide any confident he could deal Bond, Rosecrans' senior aide-de-camp, meaningful help in the crisis with whatever enemy force informed Alex McCook that he should be that was fast building on Jerome Robertson, CSA he encountered at Reed's prepared to have his corps take Thomas' Rosecrans' left flank, and Bridge. Not far beyond place because of a possible Confederate Rosecrans himself was having trouble in Peeler's, skirmishers from the 17th movement to turn the getting the forces on his Tennessee Infantry reached Pea Vine Creek, Federal left. Not long after, right to close to the north an insignificant stream even in a wet season. at 12:40 p.m., Garfield in a timely manner. A few hundred yards behind the creek, gave a clear indication Although Palmer told XIV however, some of Robert Minty's Federal that Rosecrans was Corps elements that he cavalry videttes were alert, and fired the first beginning to make sense would displace toward shots of the Battle of Chickamauga at of the disparate pieces of Lee and Gordon's Mills at Johnson's leading elements. When the picket information he had been 2:00p.m., it would be well reserve proved too weak to check the receiving all morning. In after dark before that Tennesseans' progress, Minty's men a message to George occurred. Perhaps the withdrew toward Pea Vine Ridge in their rear. Thomas, Garfield reported physical strain of Each side now prepared for serious action. that Col. Robert Minty's campaigning for weeks on Johnson, already in line of battle, deployed cavalrymen were heavily end had taken its toll, or six artillery pieces. In tum, Minty formed on engaged in the vicinity of Horatio Van Cleve, USA perhaps all did not see the Pea Vine Ridge with the 4th Michigan Reed's Bridge, and that a urgency in the developing Cavalry, a battalion of the 4th United States major Confederate turning movement was situation, but the Army of the Cumberland Cavalry, and a section of the Chicago Board probably in progress. If true, Thomas would was proving to be a balky machine in this, of Trade Battery.44 have to be prepared to move at any moment its hour of crisis. Whatever the With less than a thousand men, Minty to Crittenden's support.42 Confederates were trying to do on was outnumbered more than five to one by

44 BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 Johnson's enlarged command, and 20 to render his efforts at Reed's Bridge futile, Johnson 's men soon found themselves on two in artillery pieces. Armed with single­ he dispatched Wilder's reinforcement the bank of Chickamauga Creek. Col. John shot breech-loading carbines, Minty's men northward toward Dyer's and Red House Fulton's brigade, in the center ofJ ohnson 's could fire faster than Johnson's, but the bridges. In front he once more attempted line, faced the bridge itself, while Gregg's range of their weapons was considerably to retard Johnson ' s progress as the and McNair's brigades extended the line less than that of the Confederate rifles. Confederates descended the western slope to left and right, and Robertson's Texas Unless Johnson lost his nerve, Minty would of Pea Vine Ridge. Placing his gun section Brigade waited in rear. Behind them, be forced to give ground-and soon. Urged and a battalion of the 4th U. S. Cavalry in believing a battle imminent, the surgeons on by still another preemptory message an ambush position near a ford just of McNair's Brigade began to establish a from Bragg, Johnson was in no mood to upstream from the bridge, Minty sent the field medical aid station. Minty's brigade tarry, and he sent his entire line across Pea remainder of the 4th U. S. across the bridge now reconstituted itself on a slight ridge Vine Valley and up the slopes of Pea Vine while he shielded the movement with the 750 yards west of the bridge and prepared Ridge. From his elevated position on the 4th Michigan Cavalry and the 7th to continue its resistance to the Confederate ridge, Minty could see the strength of the Pennsylvania Cavalry. Reed's Bridge was advance. With the size of his opponent now force opposing him in front, as well as narrow, permitting no more than two riders clearly apparent, Johnson could see that the another dust cloud moving north toward abreast to cross at the same time, so Minty's advantage would be his if he could get across more crossings of the Chickamauga timing would have to be perfect if he were Chickamauga Creek. As Johnson unlimbered downstream from his location. Dispatching to extricate his command safely. With the a section of Bledsoe's Missouri Battery in 'I requests for aid to Granger, Wilder, Wood, Confederates unwilling to halt, Minty preparation for a crossing, Bedford Forrest I and Crittenden, Minty delayed Johnson as reluctantly ordered a withdrawal across the rode calmly across the bridge and took the best he could, but was soon forced to bridge. There was barely enough time to measure of the defenders. Returning to the relinquish the crest of the ridge. cross his command before Johnson's men Confederate side of the stream, he sent the Withdrawing to a road junction east of reached the creek, and no time to damage 23rd Tennessee Infantry across its fire­ Reed's Bridge, Minty there received two the bridge significantly.45 swept planks. The remainder of Fulton's regiments and a section of guns from John Momentarily checked by the fire of the brigade followed, and soon Johnson's entire Wilder. Knowing that a Confederate Chicago Board of Trade section, which then division was across the stream and formed crossing downstream to his left would quickly scrambled to safety across the ford, in an open field facing Minty's handful of

Robert Minty's Union cavalrymen contest the overwhelming numbers of Bushrod Johnson's force at Reed's Bridge on September 18.

BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE- FALL 2007 45 command departed via William Jay's steam sawmill and the Brotherton Road to the La Fayette-Rossville road, thence southward in search of friendly units. Behind them, Johnson's men advanced first to the ridge recently held by Minty then to the clearing at Jay's Mill. By this time Hood had assumed command from Johnson, although he was in completely unfamiliar territory with mostly unfamiliar subordinates. At Jay's the road divided, the left-hand fork heading due south toward Alexander's Bridge and the right-hand fork leading southwest to the main La Fayette-Rossville road at George Brotherton's farm. Aware of the need to make space for the commands of Walker and Buckner once they achieved their own crossings of the Chickamauga, John Bell Hood, CSA Johnson began to direct his leading John T. Wilder, USA elements down the Brotherton Road. cavalrymen. At this moment a commotion Suddenly Hood countermanded the order, creek bank with pickets while his main was raised in Robertson's Brigade, as the directing instead that Johnson place one body supported them from the high ground men welcomed their old leader from the regiment of Gregg's Brigade in front of the to the rear. Ever since their arrival, Wilder's Army of Northern Virginia, Maj. Gen. John column as skirmishers and follow with the men had found the foraging to be excellent, Bell Hood. Reaching Catoosa Platform remainder down the road leading toward particularly beyond the Chickamauga. during the morning, Hood, his left arm still Alexander's Bridge. By the time the units Thus, early on September 18 foraging in a sling from his Gettysburg wound, had were rearranged to Hood's satisfaction, it was parties from the 72nd Indiana again crossed ridden hastily to join Johnson's column and near sunset. Reed's Bridge had been gained the stream and returned with copious assume command. With the cheers of his by 3:00p.m. and Minty had departed not long amounts of plunder, causing others to Texans ringing in his ears, Hood rode afterward, but at last Johnson's column (now follow their example in late morning. forward seeking Johnson. He found the Hood's) was finally implementing Bragg's Chased back by outriders of John Pegram's division commander just as Johnson was intent to turn the Federalleft.47 cavalry and cut off from the bridge, they preparing to cross the bridge. Johnson swam the creek to safety. Wilder, produced Bragg's most recent circular and South of Reed's Bridge, William H. T. meanwhile, had been importuned by Minty the two discussed what was to be done next. Walker's crossing of the Chickamauga for assistance and had sent seven Meanwhile, Bledsoe's Battery began to proved even more difficult than Johnson's. companies of the 72nd Indiana, all of the hammer Minty's position on the ridge to As was his custom, Walker had moved 123rd Illinois, and two of Lilly's guns to the west, shooting a wheel off one of the promptly, but the inadequate road network Minty's aid. Thus, only the 17th Indiana Chicago Board of Trade Battery's guns. 46 and the encounter with Buckner's Corps and the 98th Illinois remained to defend the With the Confederates across Reed's slowed his advance. At last free of Buckner, position. While the 98th Illinois watched Bridge in force and himself absurdly Walker gradually marched northward east Smith's Ford upstream, Wilder positioned outnumbered by Johnson's command, of Pea Vine (now Boynton) Ridge, then the 17th Indiana to support Lilly's guns at Minty saw little option but to withdraw turned west through Napier's Gap and the Alexander house. From the artillery southward toward the main army. There headed directly toward Alexander's Bridge. position, the ground sloped gently downward was now no reason to have Wilder's two In front of his column, elements of John across open fields and pastures to the skirt regiments continue to contest the Pegram's cavalry division screened the of timber along the Chickamauga.48 downstream crossings, so he called them advance. The bridge had been held since Arriving within a mile of Alexander's to rejoin him. By the time they did so, he the previous day by Col. John T. Wilder's Bridge, William H. T. Walker utilized a had learned that Wilder's command itself mounted infantry brigade, operating time-tested selection method in had been forced from its position a mile to directly under the orders of army determining which unit would make the the south covering Alexander's Bridge. headquarters. One of his regiments, the assault. Controlling both his own and Realizing that further delay would ensure 92nd Illinois, had been detached for several Liddell's Division, Walker, around 2:00 the destruction of his small command, days and was still in McLemore's Cove. p.m., assigned Liddell to make the attack. Minty reluctantly gave the order to retreat. Wilder thus controlled only four regiments, In turn, Liddell controlled his own brigade, Mounting their horses, the cavalrymen the 17th and 72nd Indiana, and the 98th and now under Col. Daniel C. Govan, and the quickly placed distance between themselves 123rd Illinois, plus Capt. Eli Lilly's 18th brigade of Brig. Gen. Edward C. Walthall. and Johnson's now exultant Confederates. Indiana Battery. Emplacing Lilly's six 3- Following Walker's precedent, Liddell Even the Chicago Board of Trade was able inch Ordnance rifles on high ground just assigned Walthall's Brigade to seize to carry off its damaged gun, dragging it in front of Alexander's house 400 yards Alexander's Bridge. Forming his five safely away with only one wheel. Minty's north of the bridge, Wilder screened the regiments into line, from right to left the

46 BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 24th, 27th, 29th, 30th and 34th Mississippi twos and threes. Amazingly, the detachment soldiers on the opposite bank. Bate, on the ' I Infantry, Walthall began his advance with suffered only two wounded, although some right, also brought his artillery, the Eufaula the road on his left as a guide. Problems of the men did not rejoin their regiment for Battery, into action against Eli Lilly's 18th soon developed, first because the brigade's several days. As he withdrew, Wilder, at Indiana Battery at the Alexander house with left moved faster than its right, and second 3:30 p.m., sent a message to Rosecrans some success. Return shots caused a few because the road soon made a sharp turn to describing his and Minty's departure, casualties in both Clayton's and Bate's the right, throwing the left two regiments explaining that he had done his best, and that brigades, and even struck near Stewart and into an open field beyond it. he was falling back toward cavalry commander John Pegram, but Lilly Those movements brought Wood's position at Lee and soon departed as Wilder withdrew to the the bridge squarely in front Gordon's Mills. He did not southwest. While Bate occupied the of the 29th Mississippi, go quite so far, however, attention of the few 98th Illinois soldiers Walthall's center regiment. halting and forming a line still contesting the ford, Clayton put several Defending the bridge were across the road a mile from companies across the creek slightly 37 members of Co. A, 72nd Alexander's and well short upstream. The Federals quickly withdrew, Indiana, most of whom had of the La Fayette-Rossville leaving Thedford's Ford in Stewart's hands. been among the foragers Road. Behind him, Walker's Without word of success downstream, forced to swim back across Reserve Corps turned however, and with orders not to bring on a the creek. Unwilling to risk northward toward Byram's general engagement, Buckner and Stewart I'I braving the quarter-mile of Ford, where its leading did not immediately exploit the crossing. open ground rising to the elements crossed the Chick­ Upstream, Brig. Gen. William Preston Alexander house, the amauga around 5:00 p.m. approached Dalton's (Hunt's) Ford with Edward C. Walthall, CSA detachment, led by two The fight at Alexander's equal caution. Finding no significant sergeants, elected to stand its ground at the Bridge had cost Walker 105 casualties, Federal presence, Preston nevertheless bridge itself. Pulling up the bridge planking, principally in the 29th and 34th Mississippi, waited for further instructions. Even though they used part of it to build an impromptu and although he had the bridge, it would both objectives were in his hands by mid­ fort and threw the remainder into the be some time before it could afternoon, Buckner chose stream. From behind their plank barricade be used by wheeled vehicles. not to exceed his orders. they poured a heavy fire from their Spencer Byram's Ford with its steep Until he learned that rifles into the ranks of the hapless 29th and increasingly sloppy Johnson and Walker were Mississippi. Almost equally exposed, in a approaches was a poor successfully across the field on Walthall's left, was the 34th substitute for a bridge. Never­ Chickamauga, Buckner Mississippi, which took accurate fire from theless, as darkness fell, would hold his corps at the Lilly's guns at the Alexander house and another of Bragg's columns creek's edge, quietly probably some from elements of the 98th had placed significant awaiting developments 1 Illinois as well. Still, Walthall's men numbers of Confederates on elsewhere. 5 persisted in pressing the assault and within the west bank of Chicka­ 45 minutes had reached the now visibly mauga Creek. 5° Unaware of the full unusable bridge.49 The circular that sent extent of the Confederate By 3:00 p.m. Wilder could clearly see Johnson and Walker into crossings of Chickamauga A. P. Stewart, CSA that the large number of Confederates battle at Reed's and Alex- Creek beyond his left flank, facing him could cross the Chickamauga ander's bridges also called for a crossing William Rosecrans nevertheless began to at fords both above and upstream of those positions respond by mid-afternoon to the below Alexander's Bridge. at Thedford's Ford. Only in fragmentary reports reaching Crawfish Indeed, Walker's orders had this location was the Spring. The signal stations on Lookout specified that if Alexander's crossing easy, but according Mountain continued to observe distant Bridge was unusable, he to Bragg's design it was not Confederate movements, mostly beyond could cross approximately to be exploited until the the Federal left, as well as the noise of one mile downstream at downstream crossings had artillery fire emanating from the lower Byram's Ford. Knowing occurred. Reaching the ford Chickamauga crossings. As reports from that to remain longer would around 2:00p.m., Buckner Minty began to indicate his deteriorating risk the safety of his two assigned Maj. Gen. situation, Garfield at 3:45 p.m. sent word regiments and Lilly's gun Alexander P. Stewart the to Gordon Granger at Rossville to dispatch sections, Wilder decided to task of leading the corps additional support to assist Minty's withdraw toward the across the Chickamauga. withdrawal. Thereafter, the orders from southwest. Left behind was Buckner's engineer, Maj. army headquarters were all concerned with Eli Lilly, USA the detachment of the 72nd James Nocquet, found good expediting the movement of both Thomas' Indiana at the bridge, which was told to positions for the brigades of Brig. Gens. and McCook's corps northward. Thomas follow as best it could. Most of their horses Henry D. Clayton and William B. Bate was to quickly relieve those portions of the having been shot, these unfortunate men overlooking the ford and soon their XXI Corps still around Glass' Mill and be fell back from their fortification on foot by skirmishers engaged the handful of Federal prepared to move even farther north if

BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 47 necessary. McCook was to follow Thomas Tabler Viniard. Unwilling to push farther had worked out as he had intended. and tie into his right. In addition, McCook against unknown but stiffening opposition, Whitaker was halted short of Red House was to maintain contact with Robert Gregg halted the attack around 9:00 p.m. Bridge by an aggressive display by Col. Mitchell's cavalry and ensure that Stevens' Behind him, the brigades of Fulton, John Scott's brigade from Pegram's Gap and the road to the Bridgeport bridges McNair, and Robertson formed line of Division of Forrest's command. McCook remained secure. To Rosecrans and battle facing west and lay down to rest in arrived in the vicinity of Jay's Mill after Garfield, Bragg's design to turn the Federal the dark woods. Beyond them, in the edge dark and, hearing noise ahead, halted left was becoming increasingly obvious, of the Vi niard field and surrounding woods, several hundred yards from the Reed's but even more disastrous would be the loss Wilder's brigade, Dick's two regiments, Bridge-Jay's Mill road junction. Sending of the logistical unbilical cord to the and Minty's cavalrymen also waited for scouts forward in the gloom, McCook Stevenson, Ala., depot. Therefore, Granger morning. Wilder's horses had been taken learned that a wagon train was turning was told to use Reserve Corps units to the rear, carrying with them the men's southward at the junction and heading scattered along the army's line of blankets and haversacks, so toward Alexander's Bridge. communication to defend key sites to the his troopers lay cold and Unsure of the size of the last extremity. Ponderously, the Army of hungry among the trees, train guard, McCook the Cumberland began to respond to this alone with their thoughts decided to wait for an easier flurry of orders. In the XXI Corps sector, and fears about what the target. Soon, along came the as the afternoon progressed, Van Cleve's morning would bring. surgeons and medical staff division left its Glass' Mill positions on Although they may not of McNair's Brigade. Wood's right, passed behind him, and have been aware of the McCook's scouts halted extended the Federal line north beyond larger picture and their them, and called them Wood's left at Lee and Gordon's Mills. place in it, Wilder's and forward individually. Palmer's division slid into Van Cleve's old Minty's troopers could Although some were positions and prepared to relinquish them have taken considerable suspicious and at least one to Thomas' corps as soon as it could arrive. consolation from the fact went in the opposite As the hours passed, Rosecrans began to that they had played a large Daniel McCook, USA direction, eventually 22 consider an even more radical response to role in thwarting Braxton Confederates were captured the Confederate flanking gambit, so at 5:40 Bragg's grand design. They had not held and carried to McCook for interrogation. p.m. he called George Thomas to the Confederates east of Chickamauga All cheerfully admitted that they were part headquarters to discuss it. 52 Creek, but they had delayed Bragg's three of McNair's Brigade. When Mitchell's While Rosecrans pondered his options, flanking columns significantly and halted brigade arrived, McCook deployed them in John Bell Hood and Bushrod Johnson them short of the La Fayette-Rossville road, support of his own troops, covered his continued their march southward from Jay's thereby buying time for Rosecrans to craft position with pickets, and waited for Mill. Ahead of them, John Wilder arrayed a response. 53 morning. Gordon Granger meanwhile rode his two regiments across the path leading Although Hood and Johnson had halted to Crawfish Spring to meet personally with to the La Fayette-Rossville Road. There he for the night, highly significant events Rosecrans.54 received welcome reinforcements from the involving elements of Gordon Granger's At the headquarters of the Army of the XXI Corps. Responding to earlier calls for Reserve Corps were transpiring in their Cumberland, Rosecrans continued to assistance, Thomas Wood rear. Robert Minty's calls monitor the movements of the XIV and XX brought two regiments of for assistance in mid­ corps northward. The plan of the afternoon Col. George Dick's brigade afternoon had led Granger had been for Thomas to relieve Palmer's of Van Cleve's division to to dispatch Col. Daniel division around Glass' Mill and Crawfish extend Wilder's line McCook's brigade to his aid Spring so Palmer in turn could pass behind southward. Just before around 4:00 p.m. At the Wood and Van Cleve in another extension dusk, Robert Minty arrived same time, Granger had of the army's line north of Lee and with his own brigade and ordered Brig. Gen. Walter Gordon's Mills. Leading Thomas' corps Wilder's two remaining Whitaker to take his brigade northward was Maj. Gen. James Negley's regiments. Minty took to Red House Bridge over division, which was supposed to relieve position on the right of the Chickamauga and Palmer's division before dark. When Dick's infantry. The secure it. That left Granger Negley arrived at Palmer's position, he reinforcements arrived with only Col. John found Palmer absent surveying the ground none too soon, as John Evander McNair, CSA Mitchell's brigade and two at his new location and the brigade Gregg's leading regiments attached regiments, all of commanders without orders to be relieved. were soon upon them. Meeting Wilder's which had just returned from James Adamantly refusing to relinquish hi s skirmishers, Gregg pressed forward in the Steedman's expedition to Ringgold. Upon position without formal authority, Brig. darkness. The attack struck Dick's 59th receipt of Garfield's message to cover Gen. William B. Hazen flippantly Ohio and 44th Indiana, causing them to Minty's withdrawal, Granger had dismissed Negley's concerns, causing the displace a short distance to the rear. Wilder dispatched Mitchell's four regiments to join division commander to complain at army then cobbled together a new line at the east McCook's brigade already on the way to headquarters. Negley was ill with dysentery edge of a field owned by a citizen named Reed's Bridge. None of Granger's moves and Hazen was tired of the constant

48 BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 shuffling of units, so a minor altercation and sliding the XIV and XX corps a similar Unaware that their destination had changed, that could have been handled easily with distance to their left. As the news from the men of the XIV Corps only knew that good will instead escalated to the attention Wilder and Minty became increasingly they had a long night ahead of them. The of Rosecrans, in the presence of numerous grim, a new idea began to coalesce in day had been chilly and the evening proved other general officers. Under great stress Rosecrans' mind. What if he kept Thomas' to be disagreeably cold. The dust, which himself, Rosecrans intervened on Negley's corps, which was already in motion, had plagued both armies throughout the behalf. Until the situation was clarified, marching northward beyond Crittenden's campaign, continued to rise in choking Negley's command waited impatiently at left? Such a move would bring the main clouds, adding to the universal discomfort. Crawfish Spring. Eventually the relief was army's left within four miles ofthe Reserve Finally, to warm themselves while they accomplished and Palmer's three brigades Corps position at Rossville as well as waited for the units ahead to clear the road, marched northward, but not until well after covering another route to Chattanooga via the soldiers began to kindle fires along the midnight, leaving all concerned angry and McFarland's Gap in Missionary Ridge. By rail fences lining the road. Soon the fences frustrated. En route to his new position, 5:00p.m., when Charles Dana sent his last themselves caught fire, lighting the path of Hazen stopped to pay his respects at army message of the day to Washington, the ghostly marchers as they trudged headquarters and was roundly and publicly Rosecrans was still undecided. He needed through the smoke and dust. 56 castigated by the army commander. After advice from George Thomas and shortly three weeks of active campaigning, the thereafter called him to Crawfish Spring. By midnight the two armies that had physical and mental toll inflicted upon the Leaving his troops toiling along the dusty maneuvered for positional advantage for senior leaders of the Army of the Cumberland roads, Thomas arrived at army headquarters three long weeks were finally concentrated 5 was beginning to be visible to all. 5 at the Gordon house after night had fallen. and within striking distance of each other. The principal reason Rosecrans was The exact words that passed between the For the Army of Tennessee, the day had especially edgy when he saw Hazen was two men are unknown, but the decision been a partial success. Bragg had hoped to that he had just placed a large bet upon a reached was soon apparent to all. Leaving be pressing upon the Federal left flank in course of action that was fraught with Negley's division to replace Palmer's men the vicinity of Lee and Gordon's Mills by potential consequences. During the as originally planned, Thomas would mid-afternoon. His flanking columns had afternoon he had simply expected to sidle continue marching northward through the not yet succeeded in that task, but were northward less than a corps front by night with the divisions of Absalom Baird, finally poised to do so early on the morrow. reversing the order of Crittenden's divisions John Brannan, and Joseph Reynolds. Hood and Johnson were halted less than Battle of Gettysburg Photographic Seminar '"FARMS AT GETTYSBURG: THE FIELDS OF BATTLE''

NovEMBER 2 AND 3, 2007

PRESENTED BY THE ADAMS CouNTY HISTORICAL SociETY

Join author, licensed battlefield guide, and the historical society's research assistant Timothy H. Smith on a day long tour of the Gettysburg battlefield using the images of the farms and the fields where the Union and Confederate soldiers struggled. See the field as you have never seen it before. View rare and priceless images, see how the battlefield has changed over time. The Tour Includes: * Friday evening lecture on the farms of the battle (7:00 · 8:00 PM) * Saturday tour of the field (9:00 ·4:00PM) * Bus Transportation * Saturday lunch * Autographed copy of the Society's book Fields of Battle

For more information contact: Adams County Historical Society • P.O. Box 4325, Gettysburg, PA 17325 Ph: (717) 334·4723 • Register online at: www.achs·pa.org • E-mail: [email protected]

BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 49 600 yards from the La Fayette-Rossville and the Army of the Cumberland had found ripe for just such an unplanned conflagration, road with four infantry brigades and five September 18 to be a day of frustration. At but neither was aware that the spark to ignite batteries, while their rear was screened by some point during the day, nine of the ten it was already burning. The explosion that Henry B. Davidson's cavalry brigade of divisions comprising the army's three would occur with the morning light of Pegram's Division. North of them, William principal corps were in motion, and at least September 19, 1863, would instantly cast H. T. Walker was pushing three of his four five of them would continue to march aside all the best-laid formulations of the brigades forward from the Byram's Ford northward throughout the night. Only two commanders and force them to plan crossing to bivouacs around the ruins of the Thomas Wood's division had remained anew. The great battle that would eventually Alexander house, while his remaining stationary at Lee and Gordon's Mills. For take its name from the languid stream the brigade guarded the corps ordnance train more than a week Wood's division had Indians called the "River of Death" was east of the Chickamauga. Southeast of represented the left of the main Army of about to begin. 58 ~ Hood's position, Simon Buckner crossed the Cumberland. Now with the Clayton's Brigade of Stewart's Division at rearrangement of the XXI Corps divisions About the Author Thedford's Ford and Archibald Gracie's and the night march of the XIV Corps, brigade of Preston's Division at Dalton's Wood's position by the morning of WILLIAM GLENN ROBERTSON is the Deputy (Hunt's) Ford before midnight. Thus Bragg September 19 would represent the army's Director, Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, had gotten nine infantry brigades safely right-center. Ever since James Negley's Kansas. A native of Virginia, he holds a Ph.D. across Chickamauga Creek by the time near disaster in McLemore's Cove on the from the University of Virginia, and is the au­ September 18 ended, and they were within September 11, Rosecrans had been trying thor oftwo books: Back Door to Richmond: The striking distance of the Federal positions to concentrate the XIV, XX, and XXI corps. Bermuda Hundred Campaign, and The Peters­ around Lee and Gordon's Mills. Early the Now that the concentration was virtually burg Campaign: The Battle of Old Men and next morning, one brigade of Walker's, four complete, he could begin to maneuver the Young Boys. He is also the author of numerous of Buckner's, two of Longstreet's, and the Army of the Cumberland in front of articles on Civil War topics. He resides in five brigades of Cheatham's Division from Chattanooga to secure the fruits of the Leavenworth, Kansas, with his wife and son. This Polk's Corps could quickly join their army's labors. If only the Confederates is Dr. Robertson's third installment of a projected five-issue treatment on the Chickamauga Cam­ compatriots on the Chickamauga's west would grant Rosecrans a little more time, paign (see Pg. 66 to obtain the first two install­ bank. If the Federal flank remained at Lee he could end the campaign with ments, or visit our website listed below). and Gordon's Mills, as Bragg believed, the Chattanooga in Federal hands at no more Army of Tennessee would still be able to than nominal cost. Still, the proximity of Blue & Gray acknowledges the valuable assistance of James execute his long-held desire to drive the the two armies was worrisome; the Ogden, Historian, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. Tour Assistant for the project was Lt. Col. Army of the Cumberland to its destruction simplest inadvertent encounter could B. Kevin Bennett, U.S. Army, Retired, Granville, Ohio. in McLemore's Cove. 57 trigger a full-scale battle before either In contrast to the optimism that pervaded commander was ready for it. Both Bragg .I www.bluegraymagazine.com I the Army of Tennessee, William Rosecrans and Rosecrans knew that conditions were

The Chattanooga waterfront in 1864. At the time of the events described in this issue, Union General George D. Wagner commanded here.

Lookout Mountain Cameron Hill

50 BLUE & GRAY MAGAZINE-FALL 2007 Dave Roth of B&G "is one of the few rivers in America that flows almost its entire length on 0 top of a mountain." The area was a camping ground for McCook's column during its march north.

5. Colonel Winston's

Located in the town of Valley Head, Ala., located off US 11 about 15 TENNESSEE miles south of Rising Fawn, Ga. ALABAMA Today it is a bed and breakfast called The Winston Place, fronting on the railroad.-Builtca. 1831 , the house (inset) is on the National Register of Historic Places. Colonel Winston's, located in the Wills' Valley, was on the route traveled by McCook's XX Corps to join the army in McLemore's Cove, and was passed more than once by some units during the bungled and confused march. The B&B is operated by Lt. Col. Wellborn Matthews, U. S. Army, Retired. He can be contacted at 256-635-6381 or 888-494-6786, or write P. 0. Box 165, Valley Head, AL 35989.

1 6. Johnson's Crook

Best viewed from Rising Fawn, Ga. , located off US 11 and Ala. Rt. 117 southwest of Chatta­ nooga and about I 5 miles north of Valley Head, Ala.; the photo above was taken from Scale in Miles Lambert Lane off US 1I in Rising Fawn.-This hook-shaped topographical feature in Lookout 0.0 2.5 5.0 Mountain provides a convenient and less precipitous approach onto the mountain. In the photo, looking northeast, the mountain range in the foreground makes a bend and is con­ nected to the range visible in the background. By this route Phil Sheridan's division of McCook's corps arrived in McLemore's Cove. E.

7. Davis' Crossroads

Rt. 193 west of LaFayette crosses Pigeon } Mountain (but not through wartime Dug / Gap). The intersection with Rt. 341 is Davis' Crossroads.-The Widow Davis house is pictured at right. The crossroads was the focal point of operations in McLemore's Cove, which on September 11 resulted in nothing more than a skirmish. During events described in this issue, the Crossroads was between the two opposing armies. Dave Roth of B&G 54 Rosecrans Maneuvers For An Offensive (See Pg. 12 for icon key)

·. West East \ Chickct. Chicka >. K Ck. \ lliill (? r s~i;> "~ RINGGOLDQ _ sc 0 J? WooD ~ IS ( ' ~ IJ /) PALMER () :\ 1 \ ' ~ }!o s'j \ \·· ..... TU~::i' \ I ~ \ ' \ n · ~ ,~u \ \ McNAll(• ; ; \ B l \ D:~~~-.6

I'

B~=R~ I ~ ~~~~~~~E"~ GLASS' MILL ~ ~ [j&) L EE & GORDON'S M ILLS VJLLANOW II: ·...... [11] LEErS T ANYARD \\ If!:) PEA VINE CHURCH ' ~ POND SPRING \ lliill REED'S BRIDGE ' ' [gg ROCK SPRI NG CHURCH \ ... --...... ~STO NE CHURCH ) \D

TON'S ' ~" ' CROOK \ \ WHEELER ' ' [ITCHELL \ ~ ~ ;7 ), E"]TRAIN& §JGUARD ' TO ,S '\ t?WHARTON l -~~ ~ l \ ~/ \ CALHO~ SUMMERVILLE Q

' ' ALPINE y \ ' \ lv [ I ~\;)f?,w !Iii CA~RTON" s • &RRY 5 \ ' r- ~

Sitttatioll Se})tember 16 1863

Rosecrans Waits for McCook's XX Corps (See Pg. 12 for icon key)

( \ IE] \ JOHNSON N w-\>-E POST ~ MITCHELL WHEELER TRAIN

/ DESOTO FALLS ~' (~ ) \ .;:: :3 ___I. \ ,. SUMMERYILLE Q A LPINE • I 8. Stevens' Gap Stevens' Gap Proceed west from the Davis house and \ "NER'S ATION Crossroads on Rt. 193, which soon bends 90 degrees to the north; then in a short distance turn left onto Harold Stephens Rd. The road winds around to the Stevens' Gap Chickamauga Cam­ paign marker at the intersection with Frick's Gap Rd.-The marker (inset) is ----f-J---:~---- not oriented to face the gap. Some :....•... 40,000 Yankees used this gap to reach East \ Chicka>. McLemore's Cove.-Leave the marker by turning right onto Frick's Gap Rd. As you climb Ck. . the ridge look to your left for a good view of Stevens ' Gap. Follow Back Valley Rd. toRt. 136 or Mack Coulter Rd. to Rt. 193. 0 J? $!t 9. Crawfish Spring & Gordon-Lee Mansion I'l ~E~~:AW (/) I ( Rt. 341, Cove Rd., south of Gordon Ave. BENNING& I ( and across from the wartime Gordon­ Lee Mansion (below), now a bed & T._,; ~f' n breakfast, in the town of Chicka­ mauga.-This spring (right) was a n () \U \ popular watering hole during the war. The spring gave its name to the small u B~~~~~~ \ ...... _ Q: u .. community that grew up around it, now called Chickamauga. Union Colonel / ) Ill] nDAL~: :; John Sanderson, aide-de-camp to Gen­ Ill eral Rosecrans, described Crawfish ( u Spring: "The spring here is a magnifi­ cent one, affording an abundant supply, .. ... """' : for man and beast of the entire army, of ) GO ~~~~ ~Mil"CATOOSA ~ PLATFORM .... J [Q'_] cool, soft, delicious water. It runs out [£§] CRAWFISH SPR ING [Qg D AV IS CROSSROADS of a hill and forms a very large creek." ~ GLASS" MILL General Rosecrans made his headquar­ ILLANOW 1!&1 LEE & GORDON"S MILLS ters for a time at the 12-room Gordon-Lee Mansion, then the home of James Gordon, who [1!] L EETS TANYARD [f£1 PEA VINE CHURCH in partnership with James Lee prospered through the operations of Lee and Gordon's Mills. ~PON D SPRING After the Battle of Chickamauga, September 19-20, the mansion served as a hospital. r:B!!] REED'S BRIDGE [B9 ROCK SPRING CHURCH [§£] STONE CHURCH I ~ )J

)

~ : ~ ~ \ ~ n : ~ ~ ! Ro 1\.DAIRSVILLE 0 57 "---.~ \ \ / I Situatio11 \ Se})tember 17 1863

McCook Arrives in the Cove, .. ·· Bragg Heads North (See Pg. 12 for icon key)

WAUHATCHTE ...0 .··? GRANGER ·. !IONNE§§§!L ______- ~- ~ ---.,.,.....-'---+--- ______I _~ ~-- ____ ~ · -· J -.. .. ROSSVIL ~ GEORGIA Q GRAYSVILLE -

/ MINTY REED'S BRI DGE

WILDER

~ALEXANDER'S BRIDGE ~iiTTE~ENWOOD RANS ~ ~ ~ CRAWFISH VAN .LEE& SPRING CLEVE GORDON'S . I I MILLS • PALMER PEGRAM EJ PEA VINE LEET'S • '":il ~~:URDJ.'IL.MI.UU

ROCK SPRlNG CH URCH

DAVIS CROSSROADS

MITCHELL

HILL McLemore's Cove

Scale in Miles

0.0 2.5 5.0 • • Y ILLANOW IB! ·······I Situatio11 Se})tember 18 (a.m.) 1863

Skirmishers Clash, Bragg Maneuvers into Position On Rosecrans' Left Flank (See Pg. 12 for icon key) WAU HATCHIE 0 ... GRANGER

I" I TENNESSEE ·. ------~ ---- - G E ORG-I A ------b-G R AYS~~L-;:;-- - -- RossviL/ I (Y Easr · ·-.

Q \ ;~ "''-> ~'d:>q

I MINTY JAY 'S REED'S ]115] M ILL • BRIDGE =

WILDER Q.,~ STONE ~ ~ ~ ALEXANDER'S CHURCH _y! BRI DGE . 1-TE~EN FORD ~~ ·~ CATOOSA ~~'t.~oN·s WooD ••RM THEDFORD'S MI L LS~rE FOR D ~ - ~ DALTON'S LAW a.:UENNING S CRANS"· ~ FORD H~OD CRAWFISH VAN ~ SPRING CLEVE ~~ ~ EJ~ r I I ~STRONG

(

DAV IS CROSSROADS

MITCHELL

M cLe mor e's HILL Cove

Scale in Miles

BRECKINRIDGE {) 0.0 2.5 5.0 ( VILLANOW !\ \ (_) ) ( I \ Situatio11 Se})tember 18, 1863 (AfterilOOil) " M ATIANOOGA

Bragg Forces A Crossing of West Chickamauga Creek WAUHATCHIE (See Pg. 12 for icon key) 0 ...

·J~··. , _ - - .. - ~- --..- .-. ··::.j ·_·_ ,. . ... --· .. . . GRAYSVILLE . '

. PLEASANT GROVE CHURCH

ARMSTRONG PALMER II • PEA VINE CHURCH

s NEGLEY I I :ILL COOPER'SGAP mJ

BAIRD • •BIRD S. I I ( I!) ( ~~AN MILL WORTHEN s ROCK OJ) I• I SPRING SPR ING -- GOWER S GAP "0 I = FORD CHURCH ( MCCOOK LDS I I STEVENS 1: I ~ I GAP

·,_,"' ~~ ~ • 0 JO~N ~ DAVIS ~ CROSSROADS MITCHELL I. I

McLemo r e's Cove a N

0.0 2.5 5.0 YILLANOW

ll •;; --- \

to ROSSVILLE

~ TCHELL

'' STRANGE

\ McDONALD

McDONALD

SAVANNA H CH. MULLIS

Scale in Mil es

0.00 0.25 0.50

SNODGRASS -

VITTETOE I

I POE ~... ~x / WINFREY FORREST / BROCK } DYER ~ BROTHERTON I WINFREY

.,; 0:: \ BYRAM'S 2 FORD » t.I.." ....l" - ·· ~...-. El ALEXANDER \., WILDER LILLY ~ (part) BROCK 2 f · ••••• 98IL rp ~ WIDOW ··················. .. GLENN ALEXA~~~~ : ~ BRIDGE ~ L~ELL

VINIARD

THEDFORD

HUNT

THEDFORD'S to NAPIER 'S GAP FORD " (in Pea Vine Ridge)

HUNT

DALTO N I FORD • IB-I STEWART BATTLE ACTION / BUCKNER September 18 (Afternoon) CRITTENDEN I POLK I PALMER ~ ~ ~ 1, 1CHEATHAM r!il[!i] • I 7/j ~ Sitttatio11 Se})tember 18, 1863

.r .. ··.·.::.- (Late After110011 "~ATIANOOGA hltO Night)

Eve of the Battle of Chickamauga 12 for icon key) WAUHATCHIE .0 ... GRANGER

I I TENNESSEE - - .-: ------u-:------~------~ · - ~--~-­or (;'Qj ROSSYILL~ -= GEORGIA 1-=1 (} v -=: -= RED S casr = = ~:~~~E - (} )0 -~6F;" g Q;' D~· =OOK I OYER'S BRIDGE THOMAS' NIGHT MARCH JOHNSON .,;,~ On the night of the 18th, General Thomas (XIV Corps) was to post Negley's di vision ;"' I in th e position vacated by Palmer (XXI 0 Corps), and continue north with his remaining divisions under Baird, :: VAN Reynolds and Brannan. CLEVE

NDEN I I

Wooo THEDFORD's OSECRANS I IDAL:~:~s e = FORD LEE& . GORDON'S BUCKNER PLEASANT Ml GROVE • CHURCH •PEA VINE CHURCH

COOPER'S GAP ( HERIDAN . ~ -- •BIRD' / POND = MILL • SPRI NG I I GOWER' S K DAVIS = FORD

STEVENS' SON . I.SIGAP •

DAVIS CROSSROADS

McLe mor e' s N Cove LAFAYETTE 0 w-\rE 1::; tal a 0 1• 1 <1,) c:;' () 0.0 '«! "- t:l."' ~ VILLANOW ~ ~ cE \ to ROSSV' ILLE MITCHELL ~""" ~

N w-\>-' s

Scale in Miles

0.00 0.25 0.50

'\VITTETOE

POE

•W IDOW GLENN

VAN CRITTENDEN CLEVE BATTLE rE E ~ riiii5) A(~TION PALMER I ~ ! ~ September 18 ~ ~OD IB I POLK J!L~ L&G . (Late Afternoon to CRAWFISH ~ ~ ~ MILLS • ANDERSON SPRING into Night) NEGLEY