Dynamics of Power in Dutch Integration Politics, 1980-2005
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UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Dynamics of power in Dutch integration politics Uitermark, J.L. Publication date 2010 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Uitermark, J. L. (2010). Dynamics of power in Dutch integration politics. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:26 Sep 2021 DYNAMICS OF POWER IN DUTCH INTEGRATION POLITICS ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel der Universiteit op donderdag 23 september 2010, te 12:00 uur door Justus Leander Uitermark geboren te Amsterdam Kopie van uitermark-dissertation-printed proefdruk 17x24.pdf 1 23-8-2010 8:55:27 Promotiecommissie: Promotores: Prof. dr. W.G.J. Duyvendak (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Prof. dr. M.A. Hajer (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Overige Leden: Prof. dr. N. Brenner (New York University) Prof. dr. G.B.M. Engbersen (Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam) Prof. dr. R.F. Eyerman (Yale University) Prof. dr. J.C. Rath (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Prof. dr. J.N. Tillie (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen Kopie van uitermark-dissertation-printed proefdruk 17x24.pdf 2 23-8-2010 8:55:29 Table of contents Tables and figures Acknowledgements Part I 1. Introduction: integration politics and the enigma of power 1 2. The struggle for civil power 5 Part II 3. Introduction to Part II: civil power and the integration debate 29 4. The evolution of the Dutch civil sphere 43 5. The ascendancy of Culturalism 57 6. Contesting Culturalism. Anti-racism, Pragmatism and Civil Islam 99 Part III 7. Introduction to Part III: civil power and governance figurations 129 8. The minorities policy and the dominance of the radical left. Ethnic corporatism in Amsterdam in the 1980s 141 9. The gentrification of civil society. Civil liberalism in Amsterdam in the 1990s 161 10. The civilizing of Islam. Civil differentialism in Amsterdam after 9/11 and the assassination of Theo van Gogh 177 11. The rise of Culturalism and the resilience of minority associations. Civil corporatism in Rotterdam 193 12. Comparing the power of minority associations in Amsterdam and Rotterdam 211 Part IV 13. Conclusion: the dynamics of power 225 Bibliography 241 Appendices 1. Assigning codes to articles 261 2. Assigning codes to relations between actors 267 3. Graphs of positive and negative interactions in the integration debate 269 Summary 271 Dutch summary 277 Notes 283 Kopie van uitermark-dissertation-printed proefdruk 17x24.pdf 3 23-8-2010 8:55:29 Tables and figures Table 2.1 The cultural structure of the civil sphere 285 Table 3.1 Relative and absolute support for five integration discourses 38 Table 4.1 Tone of newspaper reporting in 1956 elections 288 Table 4.2 Registered unemployment, 1979-1985 288 Table 4.3 Highest level of completed education for adults per ethnic group 289 Table 5.1 Relationships between clusters in integration politics 83 Table 6.1 Relative and absolute support for five integration discourses 101 Table 7.1 Ethnic composition of Amsterdam and Rotterdam in 2005 137 Table 7.2 Highest completed education of labor force 137 Table 7.3 Cito scores in Amsterdam and Rotterdam in 2002 137 Table 7.4 Unemployment rates in Amsterdam and Rotterdam 138 Table 8.1 Municipal subsidies to minority associations in Amsterdam 150 Table 8.2 Subsidy requests to Amsterdam’s DMO in 1995, 2000 and 2005 155 Table 9.1 Subsidies awarded through the “Reporting Point for Good Ideas” 171 Table 11.1 Structural subsidies of the Municipality of Rotterdam 197 Table 11.2 Recipients of the Rotterdam Mee subsidy fund 198 Table 12.1 Governance figurations in Amsterdam and Rotterdam 212 Table 12.2 Beneficiaries of funds for the promotion of civil initiatives 218 Table 12.3 Membership and participation in civil society associations 220 Table 12.4 Turn-out at municipal elections in Amsterdam and Rotterdam 221 Figure 3.1 Intensity of the debate on minority integration 39 Figure 5.1 Conflicts and alliances between 1991 and 1994 85 Figure 5.2 Conflicts and alliances between 2000 and 11 September 2001 87 Figure 5.3 Conflicts and alliances between May 2002 and 2006 89 Figure 5.4 Conflicts and alliances between 1991 and 2006 91 Figure 6.1 Multiple correspondence analysis of newspaper articles 100 Figure A3.1 Graph of interactions between 1994 and 2000 271 Figure A3.2 Graph of interactions between 11 September 2001 and May 2002 272 Kopie van uitermark-dissertation-printed proefdruk 17x24.pdf 4 23-8-2010 8:55:29 Acknowledgements First of all, and most of all, I want to thank my promotores, Jan Willem Duyvendak and Maarten Hajer. Their intellectual influence on my work will become apparent on the following pages but I also want to thank them for their support and encouragement in times of doubt and confusion. The Amsterdam School for Social Sciences at the University of Amsterdam financed this research and offered a stimulating and exciting working environment – the PhD students, the faculty, the management: everything was perfect (but not in a sterile or over-organized sort of way). I started writing this manuscript during a fellowship at the Center for Cultural Sociology at Yale University. I want to thank Ron Eyerman and Phil Gorski for hosting me and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) for providing a travel grant. The manuscript was completed while I was starting a new job at the Sociology department of the Erasmus University Rotterdam. Godfried Engbersen gave me all the time I needed to complete the manuscript; I wish to thank him for his patience and trust. I also want to thank my new colleagues for their warm welcome at the department. In various settings and at different stages, I received helpful comments and criticisms on ideas or draft texts from Miriyam Aouragh, Ward Berenschot, Christian Broër, Peter Cohen, Bram de Swaan, Mustafa Emirbayer, Ron Eyerman, Nancy Foner, Marcel Ham, Silke Heumann, Maarten Loopmans, Marcel Maussen, Walter Nicholls, Katharina Paul, Kateryna Pishchikova, Willem Schinkel, Christian Scholl and Imrat Verhoeven. Takeo David Hymans helped me in the last stages of the process with correcting and editing the manuscript. A number of people helped me with gathering, processing and analyzing the data presented in Parts II and III of this study. First of all, I need to mention my respondents. This study is based in part on 120 interviews with participants in integration politics. I promised them that I would protect their anonymity as much as possible, which is why I do not mention their (real) names. The data on discursive struggles in Part II were processed with the help of several student assistants, including Tito Bachmeyer, Aicha Fadel, Frank Heuts, Josip Kesic, Lester van der Pluijm and Wendy Wittenberg. Vincent Traag of the University of Louvain and Jeroen Bruggeman of the University of Amsterdam provided invaluable help in processing the network data and developing the network measures. The chapters on Amsterdam in Part III build upon and extend certain arguments that were first developed in a joint research project Kopie van uitermark-dissertation-printed proefdruk 17x24.pdf 5 23-8-2010 8:55:29 with Ugo Rossi and Henk van Houtum. Part III also uses data on subsidy relationships that Frank van Steenbergen gathered as part of his research assistantship and master’s thesis. I wish to thank these colleagues and friends for helping me in so many different ways. It has been a pleasure and a privilege to work with – and learn from – you. I of course take full responsibility for any errors of fact or interpretation that remain. This dissertation is dedicated to my parents and to our weekly dinner meetings. Our get- togethers did not just give me a pleasant break from work but also taught me valuable lessons on love, empathy and the art of conviviality. I have so often told my love, my friends and my family that I could not spend time with them because I had to work on this project. I will be happy to thank them in person for their forbearance and support at a nice post-doctoral party. Kopie van uitermark-dissertation-printed proefdruk 17x24.pdf 6 23-8-2010 8:55:30 PART I Kopie van uitermark-dissertation-printed proefdruk 17x24.pdf 7 23-8-2010 8:55:30 Kopie van uitermark-dissertation-printed proefdruk 17x24.pdf 8 23-8-2010 8:55:30 1. Introduction: integration politics and the enigma of power Movements for cultural protectionism have proliferated in recent years throughout Europe and many other parts of the world. The idea that immigration and multiculturalism are the natural and inevitable side-effects of globalization has been discredited.