Inmigración Y Postnacionalidad En La Literatura Española

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Inmigración Y Postnacionalidad En La Literatura Española LOS LÍMITES DE LA HERENCIA: INMIGRACIÓN Y POSTNACIONALIDAD EN LA LITERATURA ESPAÑOLA CONTEMPORÁNEA by ALICIA BARRÓN LÓPEZ B.A., University of Oviedo, Spain, 1998 M.A., University of New Mexico, 2003 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Spanish and Portuguese 2015 This thesis entitled: Los límites de la herencia: Inmigración y postnacionalidad en la literatura española contemporánea written by Alicia Barrón López has been approved for the Department of Spanish and Portuguese _______________________________ Dr. Nina Molinaro _______________________________ Dr. Julio Baena Date_____________ The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. iii Barrón López, Alicia María (Ph.D., Department of Spanish and Portuguese) Los límites de la herencia: Inmigración y postnacionalidad en la literatura española contemporánea Thesis directed by Associate Professor Nina Molinaro Globalization and the phenomenon of widespread immigration have changed the ways communities and feelings of belonging are conceived. This dissertation analyzes Spanish literature's portrayal of how immigration has affected Spanish society as it becomes the subject of a process of transnationalization in the European framework and as recipient of a large number of immigrants during the decade of 1990s. Based on the critical theory on globalization and migration delivered by Néstor García Canclini and Iain Chambers, this research focuses on the study of the ways immigration is perceived by several Spanish mediating literary characters and how they describe their developing hybrid communities. For this purpose we have selected three texts entitled El techo del mundo/Le toit du monde (1998) by Felipe Vega y Julio Llamazares, Por la vía de Tarifa (2000) by Nieves García Benito and Los novios búlgaros (1993) by Eduardo Mendicutti. All of them contribute a new transnational glance that allows us to reconsider physical territories, social spaces and citizenship based on an alternative perspective that transcends our inherited national framework of knowledge. We base our argumentation on the belief that since the arrival of democracy, Spain has been influenced by the presence of several “factors of postnationality” that have accentuated the crisis of the national framework derived from globalization and that have opened up symbolic spaces on which a new postnational paradigm is based. Los límites de iv la herencia explores the discourses and tropes through which new transnational communities are portrayed along the parallel process of such denationalization of social imaginaries in Spain. v AGRADECIMIENTOS Deseo primero mostrar mi más profundo agradecimiento a la Dra. Nina Molinaro por todo lo que me ha enseñado, así como por su ayuda, apoyo, comprensión y confianza a lo largo de estos años. Siempre será una persona muy estimada, querida y admirada por mí no solo por su trabajo como profesora, académica, mentora y directora de tesis, sino también por su fortaleza y sus sólidos principios morales. Mi agradecimiento también al Dr. Javier Krauel por sus muy valiosas sugerencias, su tiempo y su dedicación durante el proceso de escritura de esta disertación. Gracias especiales al Dr. Julio Baena por haberme inspirado y emocionado tanto con sus lecturas en los cursos que tuve el placer de tomar con él y por haber participado en mi comité de tesis. Quiero manifestar además mi respeto, admiración y agradecimiento a la Dra. Asunción Horno Delgado por haber compartido su sabiduría, emoción y compromiso social con sus estudiantes y por sus aportaciones a este proyecto. Mi gratitud para el Dr. Robert Ferry por su tiempo y entusiasmo como quinto miembro de mi comité. Finalmente, gracias a la Dra. Leila Gómez por los conocimientos que me transmitió durante los cursos graduados que han contribuido de forma importante al desarrollo de mi interés en los temas de la interculturalidad y la hibridez. Le quiero dedicar esta disertación a mi hija Alba, mi pequeña latina/hispana/ chicana/española preferida, agradeciéndole el tiempo que me he robado para redactar la tesis. Infinitas gracias a ella y a José por todo su cariño, comprensión y apoyo incondicional durante el proceso de escritura e investigación. En mi recuerdo tengo también a mi familia transnacional. A vi mis padres les debo sobre todo el haberme enseñado la importancia de la educación, de la bondad, de la ética y del trabajo duro. Gracias también a mi hermano Guille por su ayuda, cariño y ánimos y por haberme acogido en su casa en Madrid durante el tiempo de investigación en la Biblioteca Nacional. Y una mención muy especial a mi abuela, gracias África por ser mi narradora de historias favorita y mi memoria viva. Gracias finalmente a todos los profesores que me han inspirado y apoyado a lo largo de mis estudios. Entre ellos a Mercedes Serrano García del Bachillerato Internacional en el instituto Cardenal López de Mendoza en Burgos. Mi gratitud para mis profesores de la Universidad de Burgos, el Dr. Francisco Quintana Docio, la Dra. Inés Praga Terente y el Dr. Antonio Álvarez Tejedor de la Facultad de Humanidades así como para el Dr. Alejandro Ruiz Huerta de la Facultad de Derecho. Les quiero dar las gracias también a la Dra. María Esther Álvarez López y a la Dra. María Socorro Suárez la Fuente del Departamento de Filología Anglogermánica y Francesa de la Universidad de Oviedo. Un agradecimiento y un recuerdo cariñoso a mis profesores de la Universidad de Western Michigan, la Dra. Mercedes Tasende, la Dra. Irma López y el Dr. Jorge Febles. Gracias también al Departamento de Español y Portugués de mi muy querida Universidad de Nuevo México y en particular a la Dra. Susana Rivera, la Dra. Tey Diana Rebolledo, la Dra. Kathryn Mcknight y el Dr. Michael Kidd. Le agradezco también a la Dra. Nuria Sagarra todo lo que he aprendido de ella sobre la enseñanza del español y que ha marcado profundamente mi carrera. Gracias finalmente a mis profesores de la Universidad de Colorado en Boulder por la riqueza de los conocimientos que me han transmitido en sus seminarios graduados. Todos ellos me han inculcado mi amor por la literatura, por la lengua y por la enseñanza. vii CONTENIDOS CAPÍTULOS I. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………1 1.1. Presentación: descripción del corpus de estudio y del argumento…1 1.2. Zonas de intersección: la confluencia entre autóctonos e inmigrantes………………………………………………………….5 1.3. El proceso de reconfiguración de los imaginarios de pertenencia en España: crisis de la nación, nación “postnacional” y negociación de la diversidad cultural en las zonas de intersección………………………………………………………...48 II. Dibujando los espacios sociales transnacionales en El techo del mundo……..86 III. El Estrecho de Gibraltar como zona de intermediación cultural en Por la vía de Tarifa………………………………………………………………………..151 3.1. “Cailcedrat”………………………………………………………..161 3.2. “Gabriela”………………………………………………………….176 3.3. “Benué, el sueño de la embarazada”………………………………189 IV. Madrid, kilómetro 0: Resemantizando la capital en Los novios búlgaros…….222 V. CONCLUSIÓN………………………………………………………………...269 OBRAS CITADAS…………………………………………………………………………….286 APÉNDICE…………………………………………………………………………………….315 1 CAPÍTULO I INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1. Presentación: descripción del corpus de estudio y del argumento La llegada de un alto número de inmigrantes a España está resultando uno de los fenómenos más llamativos de las últimas décadas 1 y como tal afecta a los imaginarios que se desarrollan dentro de un país que, desde la caída del régimen dictatorial de Franco, la llegada de la democracia y la entrada e incorporación en la Comunidad Económica Europea y en la Unión Europea se encuentra sometido a procesos de revisión identitaria que llaman a la creación de nuevos sentidos de pertenencia que se desarrollan en el contexto de la globalización y de los diferentes posts que la acompañan: postfranquismo, postmodernidad y postnacionalismo. Esta disertación se propone, en este sentido, analizar cómo el encuentro con el fenómeno de la inmigración y las relaciones que se generan en las zonas de intersección entre personas autóctonas e inmigrantes sirven para atisbar y diseñar nuevas comunidades imaginadas en una realidad contemporánea global y transnacional en la que el viaje, el desarraigo, y la ansiosa búsqueda por parte del ser humano de una comunidad propia fuera del entorno en el que antes se encuadraba, sobre todo la familia y la nación, se esconde tras la mirada de muchos de los que nos rodean y con quienes se cruzan nuestras vidas. 2 Para ello, dirigiremos nuestra intuición hacia una serie de obras literarias que captan algunas de las adscripciones que parecen estar en proceso de construcción en España y que surgen en el contacto y la convivencia entre personas nacidas en España y/o de nacionalidad española y personas inmigrantes. Estas obras son El techo del mundo/Le toit du monde (1998) de Julio Llamazares y Felipe Vega, Por la vía de Tarifa (1999) de Nieves García Benito y Los novios búlgaros (1993) de Eduardo Mendicutti. Hemos escogido para nuestro análisis un guión, una colección de cuentos y una novela escritos durante los años noventa por haber sido esta década el momento en el que la sociedad española se enfrenta por vez primera en el siglo XX con la inmigración como fenómeno masivo. Así, en solo diez años, la población inmigrante en España se incrementa en torno a unas 700.000 personas en cifras oficiales. En los textos seleccionados estudiaremos las primeras reacciones ante la fuerte oleada migratoria planteadas desde el punto de vista de los personajes autóctonos en su contacto con personajes inmigrantes. El impacto de este fenómeno se combina a su vez con el que tiene el ingreso de España en la Comunidad Económica Europea en 1986 y su derivada entrada en la Unión Europea en 1993 que sirve como culminación del proceso de internacionalización del país.
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