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Mary E. Williams, Book Editor Mary E. Williams, Book Editor Daniel Leone, President Bonnie Szumski, Publisher Scott Barbour, Managing Editor Helen Cothran, Senior Editor San Diego • Detroit • New York • San Francisco • Cleveland New Haven, Conn. • Waterville, Maine • London • Munich © 2004 by Greenhaven Press. Greenhaven Press is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Greenhaven® and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license. For more information, contact Greenhaven Press 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyrighted material. Cover credit: Photodisc LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Immigration : opposing viewpoints / Mary E. Williams, book editor. p. cm. — (Opposing viewpoints series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7377-1692-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7377-1691-6 (lib. bdg. : alk. paper) 1. Immigrants—Government policy—United States. 2. United States— Emigration and immigration—Government policy. I. Williams, Mary E., 1960– . II. Opposing viewpoints series (Unnumbered) JV6483.I5533 2004 325.73—dc21 2003048320 Printed in the United States of America “Congress shall make no law. abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.” First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution The basic foundation of our democracy is the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of expression. The Opposing Viewpoints Series is dedicated to the concept of this basic freedom and the idea that it is more important to practice it than to enshrine it. Contents Why Consider Opposing Viewpoints? 7 Introduction 10 Chapter 1: Historical Debate: Should Immigration Be Restricted? Chapter Preface 15 1. America Should Welcome Immigration 17 Thomas L. Nichols 2. America Should Discourage Immigration 26 Garrett Davis 3. Restrictions on Immigration Are Necessary 33 Frank Julian Warne 4. Restrictions on Immigration Are Not Necessary 42 Peter Roberts 5. National Origins Quotas Should Be Abolished 51 John F. Kennedy 6. National Origins Quotas Should Be Retained 59 Marion Moncure Duncan Chapter 2: Is Immigration a Serious Problem? Chapter Preface 69 1. Immigration Is Harming American Culture 71 Lawrence Auster 2. Immigration Is Good for American Culture 80 Ben Wattenberg 3. Immigration Strains the Economy 90 George J. Borjas 4. Immigration Benefits the Economy 98 Joel Kotkin 5. Middle Eastern Immigration Threatens National Security 103 Steven A. Camarota 6. Middle Eastern and Asian Immigrants Are Unfairly Scapegoated 109 David Van Biema Periodical Bibliography 116 Ch. 3: How Should the United States Address Illegal Immigration? Chapter Preface 118 1. U.S. Border Patrol Strategies Help Prevent Illegal Immigration 120 U.S. Border Patrol 2. U.S. Border Patrol Strategies Are Cruel and Ineffective 126 Justin Akers 3. Resident Illegal Immigrants Should Receive Amnesty 135 Sheila Jackson Lee 4. Illegal Immigrants Should Not Receive Amnesty 141 Robert Byrd Periodical Bibliography 149 Ch. 4: How Should U.S. Immigration Policy Be Reformed? Chapter Preface 151 1. Immigration Should Be Restricted 153 Dirk Chase Eldredge 2. Immigration Should Not Be Restricted 160 Jacob G. Hornberger 3. The United States Must Restrict Immigration to Prevent Terrorism 167 Samuel Francis 4. Restricting Immigration Would Not Prevent Te rrorism 171 Daniel T. Griswold 5. The U.S. Government Should Discourage Dual Citizenship 175 Allan C. Brownfeld 6. Dual Citizenship Is Not a Threat to the United States 180 Peter H. Schuck and Peter J. Spiro 7. Birthright Citizenship Should Be Repealed 184 Bonnie Erbe 8. Naturalization and Birthright Citizenship Should Be Encouraged 188 John S. Cummins Periodical Bibliography 193 For Further Discussion 194 Organizations to Contact 196 Bibliography of Books 201 Index 203 Why Consider Opposing Viewpoints? “The only way in which a human being can make some approach to knowing the whole of a subject is by hearing what can be said about it by persons of every variety of opinion and studying all modes in which it can be looked at by every character of mind. No wise man ever acquired his wisdom in any mode but this.” John Stuart Mill In our media-intensive culture it is not difficult to find dif- fering opinions. Thousands of newspapers and magazines and dozens of radio and television talk shows resound with differing points of view. The difficulty lies in deciding which opinion to agree with and which “experts” seem the most credible. The more inundated we become with differing opinions and claims, the more essential it is to hone critical reading and thinking skills to evaluate these ideas. Opposing Viewpoints books address this problem directly by present- ing stimulating debates that can be used to enhance and teach these skills. The varied opinions contained in each book examine many different aspects of a single issue. While examining these conveniently edited opposing views, readers can develop critical thinking skills such as the ability to compare and contrast authors’ credibility, facts, argumenta- tion styles, use of persuasive techniques, and other stylistic tools. In short, the Opposing Viewpoints Series is an ideal way to attain the higher-level thinking and reading skills so essential in a culture of diverse and contradictory opinions. In addition to providing a tool for critical thinking, Op- posing Viewpoints books challenge readers to question their own strongly held opinions and assumptions. Most people form their opinions on the basis of upbringing, peer pres- sure, and personal, cultural, or professional bias. By reading carefully balanced opposing views, readers must directly confront new ideas as well as the opinions of those with whom they disagree. This is not to simplistically argue that 7 everyone who reads opposing views will—or should— change his or her opinion. Instead, the series enhances read- ers’ understanding of their own views by encouraging con- frontation with opposing ideas. Careful examination of oth- ers’ views can lead to the readers’ understanding of the logical inconsistencies in their own opinions, perspective on why they hold an opinion, and the consideration of the pos- sibility that their opinion requires further evaluation. Evaluating Other Opinions To ensure that this type of examination occurs, Opposing Viewpoints books present all types of opinions. Prominent spokespeople on different sides of each issue as well as well- known professionals from many disciplines challenge the reader. An additional goal of the series is to provide a forum for other, less known, or even unpopular viewpoints. The opinion of an ordinary person who has had to make the de- cision to cut off life support from a terminally ill relative, for example, may be just as valuable and provide just as much in- sight as a medical ethicist’s professional opinion. The editors have two additional purposes in including these less known views. One, the editors encourage readers to respect others’ opinions—even when not enhanced by professional credibil- ity. It is only by reading or listening to and objectively eval- uating others’ ideas that one can determine whether they are worthy of consideration. Two, the inclusion of such view- points encourages the important critical thinking skill of ob- jectively evaluating an author’s credentials and bias. This evaluation will illuminate an author’s reasons for taking a particular stance on an issue and will aid in readers’ evalua- tion of the author’s ideas. It is our hope that these books will give readers a deeper understanding of the issues debated and an appreciation of the complexity of even seemingly simple issues when good and honest people disagree. This awareness is particularly important in a democratic society such as ours in which people enter into public debate to determine the common good. Those with whom one disagrees should not be re- garded as enemies but rather as people whose views deserve careful examination and may shed light on one’s own. 8 Thomas Jefferson once said that “difference of opinion leads to inquiry, and inquiry to truth.” Jefferson, a broadly educated man, argued that “if a nation expects to be ignorant and free . it expects what never was and never will be.” As individuals and as a nation, it is imperative that we consider the opinions of others and examine them with skill and dis- cernment. The Opposing Viewpoints Series is intended to help readers achieve this goal. David L. Bender and Bruno Leone, Founders Greenhaven Press anthologies primarily consist of previ- ously published material taken from a variety of sources, in- cluding periodicals, books, scholarly journals, newspapers, government documents, and position papers from private and public organizations. These original sources are often edited for length and to ensure their accessibility for a young adult audience. The anthology editors also change the orig- inal titles of these works in order to clearly present the main thesis of each viewpoint and to explicitly indicate the opin- ion presented in the viewpoint. These alterations are made in consideration of both the reading and comprehension lev- els of a young adult audience. Every effort is made to ensure that Greenhaven Press accurately reflects the original intent of the authors included in this anthology. 9 Introduction “Today, the annual tidal wave of over a million immigrants . is endangering our American way of life.” —Americans for Immigration Control “Immigration is not undermining the American experiment; it is an integral part of it.” —Daniel T. Griswold Between 1790 and 1920 the population of the United States grew from 4 million to 106 million. About 1 million new im- migrants—most of them European—had arrived each year, and by the 1920 census, the foreign-born comprised more than 13 percent of the U.S.
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