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The Implications of Changes in Land Use on Forests And LUCID’s Land Use Change Analysis as an Approach for Investigating Biodiversity Loss and Land Degradation Project The Implications of Land Use C hange on Forests and Biodiversity: A Case of the “Half Mile Strip” on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania LUCID Working Pa per Series Number: 30 By Christopher Mungo Peter William Department of Geography University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35049 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania March 2003 Address Correspondence to: LUCID Project International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 30709 Nairobi, Kenya E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +254-20-630743 Fax. +254-20-631481/ 631499 The Implications of Land Use Change on Forests and Biodiversity: A Case of the “Half Mile Strip” on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania The Land Use Change, Impacts and Dynamics Project Working Paper Number: 30 By Christopher Mungo Peter William Department of Geography University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35049 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Email: [email protected] March 2003 Address Correspondence to: LUCID Project International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 30709 Nairobi, Kenya E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +254-20-630743 Fax. +254-20-631481/ 631499 Copyright © 2003 by the: University of Dar es Salaam, International Livestock Research Institute, and United Nations Environment Programme/Division of Global Environment Facility Coordination. All rights reserved. Reproduction of LUCID Working Papers for non-commercial purposes is encouraged. Working papers may be quoted or reproduced free of charge provided the source is acknowledged and cited. Cite working paper as follows: Author. Year. Title. Land Use Change Impacts and Dynamics (LUCID) Project Working Paper #. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute. Working papers are available on www.lucideastafrica.org or by emailing [email protected]. LUCID Working Paper 30 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ...........................................................................................................................v List of Figures ..........................................................................................................................v List of Maps and Plates ............................................................................................................v List of Boxes ............................................................................................................................v ABSTRACT 1.0. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................1 1.1. Background.....................................................................................................................1 1.2. Statement of the Problem................................................................................................2 1.3. Study objectives..............................................................................................................3 1.3.1. Specific objectives ..........................................................................................................3 1.4. Hypotheses......................................................................................................................3 1.4. Conceptual and Theoretical Framework.........................................................................3 2.0. THE STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................6 2.1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................6 2.2. Selection of the study area ..............................................................................................6 2.3. Description of the study Area .........................................................................................6 2.3.1. Location .........................................................................................................................6 2.3.2. Physiography and climatic conditions ...........................................................................7 2.3.3. Geology and soils ..........................................................................................................7 1.4.1. Vegetation......................................................................................................................8 2.3.5. Population ......................................................................................................................9 2.4. Research Methodology .................................................................................................10 2.4.1. Sampling design...........................................................................................................10 2.3.4. Sampling procedure and Sample size ..........................................................................10 2.4.3. Types and sources of data............................................................................................11 2.3.5. Data collection techniques ...........................................................................................11 2.4.4.1 Interpretation of Satellite images and Mapping..........................................................13 2.4.4.2.Structured interviews ..................................................................................................13 2.4.4.3.In-depth interviews .....................................................................................................14 2.4.4.4.Observations ...............................................................................................................14 2.5. Data processing and analysis ......................................................................................14 2.6. Presentation of findings ..............................................................................................16 2.7. Limitations of the study ..............................................................................................16 3.1 CHANGING LAND USE AND ITS IMPACTS ON FOREST COVER AND BIODIVERSITY..........................................................................................................16 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................16 3.2 Land use/cover patterns and change between 1952 and 2000 .....................................16 3.2.1 Types and extent of land use/cover and change, 1952-1982 .......................................16 3.2.2. Types and extent of land use/cover and change in 2000..............................................19 3.3. Local peoples’ perception of land use changes............................................................20 3.4.1. Forest degradation and loss of biodiversity .................................................................22 LUCID Working Paper 30 iii 3.4.1.1.Forest cover loss and degradation...............................................................................22 3.4.1.2.Loss of plant species diversity ....................................................................................25 3.4.2. Forest products that have disappeared or not easily obtained.....................................26 4.0. ROOT CAUSES OF LAND USE CHANGE AND LOSS OF DIVERSITY...............26 4.1. People’s perception on causes of land use change.......................................................26 4.2. Immediate causes.........................................................................................................26 4.2.1. Expansion of agriculture..............................................................................................27 4.2.2. Encroachment on HMFS..............................................................................................27 4.3.. Root causes of land use/cover change, forest degradation and biodiversity loss.........28 4.3.1. Demographic change ...................................................................................................28 4.3.2. Policies........................................................................................................................30 4.3.2.1.Colonial policies .........................................................................................................30 4.3.2.2.Post independence policies .........................................................................................31 a) Villagization policy.................................................................................................31 b) Forestry policies .....................................................................................................31 c) Agricultural Policies ...............................................................................................32 4.3.3. Management of the HMFS and institutional change....................................................32 4.3.3.1.The HMFS under the Chagga Council........................................................................32 4.3.3.2.Management under district councils and the central government...............................33 4.3.4. Economic factors ........................................................................................................36 4.3.5. Social/cultural factors .................................................................................................37 4.3.6. Top-down Approach to forest management................................................................39 5.0. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................40 5.1.
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