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The Use of Nominal Group Technique in Identifying Community Health Priorities in Moshi Rural District, Northern Tanzania

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The Use of Nominal Group Technique in Identifying Community Health Priorities in Moshi Rural District, Northern Tanzania 133 Tanzania Health Research Bulletin 7, September 2005 The use of nominal group technique in identifying community health priorities in Moshi rural district, northern Tanzania E.A. MAKUNDI1*, R. MANONGI2, A.K. MUSHI1, M.S. ALILIO1, T.G. THEANDER3, A.M. RØNN 3 & I.C. BYGBJERG3 1National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania 3Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark ______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: This article highlights issues pertaining to identification of community health priorities in a resource poor setting. Community involvement is discussed by drawing experience of involving lay people in identifying priorities in health care through the use of Nominal Group Technique. The identified health problems are compared using four selected village communities of Moshi district in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. We conducted this study to trace the experience and knowledge of lay people as a supplement to using 'health experts' in priority setting using malaria as a tracer condition. The patients/caregivers, women's group representatives, youth leaders, religious leaders and community leaders/elders constituted the principal subjects. Emphasis was on providing qualitative data, which are of vital consideration in multi-disciplinary oriented studies, and not on quantitative information from larger samples. We found a high level of agreement across groups, that malaria remains the leading health problem in Moshi rural district in Tanzania both in the highland and lowland areas. Our findings also indicate that 'non-medical' issues including lack of water, hunger and poverty heralded priority in the list implying that priorities should not only be focused on diseases, but should also include health services and social cultural issues. Indeed, methods which are easily understood and applied thus able to give results close to those provided by the burden of disease approaches should be adopted. It is the provision of ownership of the derived health priorities to partners including the community that enhances research utilization of the end results. In addition to disease-based methods, the Nominal Group Technique is being proposed as an important research tool for involving the non-experts in priority setting in Tanzania. Key words: health, priority setting, lay people, nominal group technique, Tanzania Introduction lay-people's preferences in order to increase the quality and rationality of demand. Health systems in low-income countries are facing Priority setting is a process by which policy pressing problems, including high incidences of makers and community representatives rank health communicable diseases and a rising prevalence of problems by order for the allocation of the limited chronic diseases while having limited resources for resources so that the joint efforts result in positive health care. In such a complex health arena, decision and significant health changes and reduction in making in health care is faced with great challenges. health problems (GFHR, 2000). There are many attempts to quantify the burden of Assessment of community values is necessary disease and estimate costs and outcomes for both for measurement of burden of disease and different interventions aimed at reducing this burden resource allocation in order to make informed and to improve efficiency in service delivery and to choices for health policy priorities. The importance reassure more equity among users. of measuring individual preferences is well As a part of multi-sectoral reforms, Tanzania is recognised among some health professionals, but currently implementing a Health Sector Reform using patients' or society's values in decision- (HSR) based on decentralisation and devolving making is far from a common practice (Froberg & power to districts (MoH, 1999). In this case, there is Kane, 1989). a need to develop good methods for involving the Recently there has been a growing concern in communities in priority setting. One concern now is public health and health economics that health state the need for broader representation in the priority valuation measures should reflect the perceptions of setting process to get a more socially representative the lay public, including patients (Nord, 1992; Gill picture expressing views of decision makers and * Correspondence: Emmanuel Makundi; Email: [email protected], [email protected] Tanzania Health Research Bulletin 7, September 2005 134 & Feistein, 1994; Leplege & Sonia, 1997). Some society's' preferences (WHO, 1998). Another issue scholars argue that quality of life can be suitably in the DALY calculation is the fact that, just like in measured only by determining the opinions of many other health state valuation studies the person patients and thereby supplementing the instruments trade-off method is based on proxies where the developed by 'experts' (Nord, 1992). Many subjects are asked to consider states that they have valuation techniques consist of abstract thought not experienced themselves (Nord, 1992). exercises in which people assign weights to life Various studies have shown that non-health years in different health states. Several valuation professionals in resource poor settings are able to techniques are currently in use including the simple draw reasoned conclusions and rank different rating scale, visual analogue scale, magnitude disabilities and conditions in a rational and logical estimation, standard gamble, time trade-off and fashion (WHO, 1998). One challenge facing health person trade-off. These techniques have been sectors, particularly in resource poor settings, is to compared in several studies and a considerable integrate the perspectives of marginalized groups difference in results has been observed (Torrance, and communities within the policy making and 1986; Froberg & Kane, 1989; Nord, 1992). priority setting process. One of the approaches to quantifying disease This study was motivated by these concerns and burden in human populations for priority setting is used the nominal group technique to assess societal the use of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) preferences to reflect 'burden of disease' in the (Murray & Lopez, 1996). DALYs provide a valuation process. The main objective of the study framework for different professions in determining was to determine the usefulness of the nominal priorities in health care and evaluating efficacy of group technique in eliciting societal preferences of interventions since they employ a time-based health problems, and to assess if the technique measure that allows comparability across diseases, would yield consistent ranking of health problems risk factors and between morbidity and mortality between different groups from a community of lay (Murray & Lopez, 1996). Just like Quality Adjusted people in Moshi Tanzania. The study attempted to Life Years (QALYs), DALYs combine information compare these problems across strata and gender about quality and quantity of life into a single and finally to orienting the district health managers number. The QALY approach uses weights on a on this particular tool for articulating community scale going from 0 to 1, 'zero' for “death” and 'one' views regarding various problems of health in the for “full health.” In the DALY approach, the scale district. is actually reversed where 'dead' scores one and This study also supposed to complement data 'healthy' scores zero (Nord, 1999). The purpose of obtained among caretakers of children admitted to health state valuation in the context of burden of hospital with malaria, and from studies undertaken disease research is to get additional information on on quality of health services by observing health non-fatal health outcomes on human populations facilities at primary health care and referral hospital (Murray & Lopez, 1996). In the DALY levels, in the Kilimanjaro Region (Manongi et al., development the person trade-off valuation method 2005a, b). is used to generate disability weights by a panel of 'health experts' who are considered to be familiar Materials and Methods with health outcomes with regard to relative ranking of health states in health care. Study site and population Several scholars have expressed their concerns This study was carried out in Moshi district in regarding conceptual and methodological problems northern Tanzania and involved two communities, regarding the DALY approach (Anand & Hanson, one in a rural highland area in Okaoni Ward, 1997; Sayers & Fliedner, 1997; WHO, 1998; Kibosho Division and another in a semi-urban Arnesen & Nord, 1999). One of the concerns is a lowland area in Mabogini Ward, Arusha Chini need for broader representation in the DALY Division. The study subjects included community valuation methodology, to get a more socially leaders/elders, patients or caregivers, religious representative picture expressing a particular leaders, youth leaders and women group 135 Tanzania Health Research Bulletin 7, September 2005 representatives living in two communities. A prepared to work as a team to resolve a problem. “ward” is defined as a collection of several hamlets The sharing of ideas (which are anonymously with same geographical location. Okaoni Ward submitted) promotes a sense of involvement and represents a community with relatively high motivation within the group (Delbecq et al., 1976). economic status, while Mabogini
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