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Animal Feed Resources for Small-Scale Livestock Producers - Proceedings of the Second PANESA Workshop, Held in Nairobi, Kenya, 11-15 November 1985

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Animal Feed Resources for Small-Scale Livestock Producers - Proceedings of the Second PANESA Workshop, Held in Nairobi, Kenya, 11-15 November 1985 Animal feed resources for small-scale livestock producers - Proceedings of the second PANESA workshop, held in Nairobi, Kenya, 11-15 November 1985 Table of Contents International Development Research Centre Centre de recherches pour le développement international RAPPORT MANUSCRIT MANUSCRIPT REPORT Rapport manuscrit du CRDI La présente série est réservée aux documents issus de colloques, aux rapports internes et aux documents techniques susceptibles d'être publics plus tard dans une série de publications plus soignées. D'un tirage restreint, le rapport manuscrit est destine a un public très spécialisé. IDRC Manuscript Report This series includes meeting documents, internal reports, and preliminary technical documents that may later form the basis of a formal publication. A Manuscript Report is given a small distribution to a highly specialized audience. Edited by J.A. Kategile, A.N. Said, and B.H. Dzowela Material contained in this report is produced as submitted and has not been subjected to peer review or rigorous editing by IDRC Communications Division staff. Unless otherwise stated, copyright for material in this report is held by the authors. Mention of proprietary names does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. Proceedings of the second Pastures Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (PANESA) workshop, held at the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya, 11-15 November 1985 IDRC-MR165e November 1987 The International Development Research Centre is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to support research designed to adapt science and technology to the needs of developing countries. The Centre's activity is concentrated in five sectors: agriculture, food and nutrition sciences; health sciences; information sciences; social sciences; and communications. IDRC is financed solely by the Parliament of Canada; its policies, however, are set by an international Board of Governors. The Centre's headquarters are in Ottawa, Canada. Regional offices are located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Le Centre de recherches pour le développement international, société publique créée en 1970 par une loi du Parlement canadien, a pour mission d'appuyer des recherches visant a adapter la science et la technologie aux besoins des pays en vole de développement; il concentre son activité dans cinq secteurs: agriculture, alimentation et nutrition; information; santé; sciences sociales; et communications. Le CRDI est finance entièrement par le Parlement canadien, mais c'est un Conseil des gouverneurs international qui en détermine l'orientation et les politiques. Établi à Ottawa (Canada), il a des bureaux régionaux en Afrique, en Asie, en Amérique latine et au Moyen-Orient. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editors are grateful to Mrs. C. Ogola for proof-reading and Mrs. Angela Kiura for typing. This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version. Table of Contents SESSION I: INVENTORY OF ANIMAL FEED RESOURCES Inventory of feed resources for the smallholder farmer in Kenya Introduction Non-ruminant smallholder farm livestock Smallholder ruminants in Kenya Smallholder livestock feeding systems Feed-resource options available to the smallholder Conclusions Acknowledgements References An inventory of livestock feed resources in Tanzania Abstract Introduction Livestock feed resources Conclusion References Feed resources in Ethiopia Introduction Present livestock production systems Feed resources and status Feed development constraints Strategy for feed development Feed resources for small-scale livestock producers in Zimbabwe Abstract Introduction Geographical distribution of small-scale farmers in Zimbabwe Livestock holdings Arable cropping Natural grassland or veld The way ahead References Inventory of livestock feeds in Malawi Introduction Grazing resources Planted forage and fodder crops Crop residues Concentrate feeds Utilization of feed resources Conclusion References Inventory of animal feed resources in Burundi Abstract Introduction Inventory of feed resources for small-scale livestock producers in Madagascar Introduction Pastures Agro-industrial by-products and crop residues Rice straw Cotton-seed cake Cotton-seed Groundnut cake Livestock by-products Crops used as livestock feeds Conclusion References An inventory of animal feed resources for small-scale livestock producers in Botswana Abstract Introduction Drought relief measures Agro-industrial by-products Suggestions on future research priorities References A year-round feeding plan for the livestock owner in Swaziland Introduction Pattern of pasture production in Swaziland References Inventory of feed resources for small-scale livestock production in Mozambique Introduction A brief description of Mozambique Livestock and livestock-production systems Natural pastures Improved pastures and forages Crop by-products and crop residues Present strategies and constraints Research priorities References Session I: Inventory of animal feed resources SESSION II: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES Fodder for high-potential areas in Kenya Abstract Introduction Types of fodder Nutritive value Non-conventional sources of fodder Factors limiting increased use of fodder crops Conclusion References Research on animal feed resources: Medium-potential areas of Kenya Abstract Introduction Natural pasture grazing Vegetation Plant factors affecting nutritive value of natural herbage Planted pastures Crop residues Summary References Research on feed resources for small ruminants on smallholder farms in Western Kenya Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion References Small-ruminant production: The present situation and possible interventions for improvement Introduction Conclusion References Feed resources for dairy farmers in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Abstract Introduction Conclusion References Maize stover improvement with legume forages Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusion Acknowledgements References Introduction of fodder crops in rural areas of Burundi Introduction Conclusion References Research experience of reinforcing veld with legumes in Zimbabwe* Abstract Introduction Productivity of reinforced veld Discussion and conclusions Acknowledgement References SESSION III: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS Farmer circumstances in Ethiopia and the improvement of animal feed resources Abstract Introduction An overview of smallholder feeding systems in Ethiopia Examples of feeding systems Implications for research Acknowledgements References Economics of intercropping maize with forage crops in small-scale farming systems in western Kenya Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions References The economics of smallholder dairy production in Hai District, Tanzania Abstract Introduction Conclusions and recommendations References Strategies for farming systems research Abstract Overview of FSR Methodological guidelines and issues Types of on-farm research trials The FSR unit in Zimbabwe References Rapportuer's report on session III - Socio-economics aspects SESSION IV: REGIONAL/SUBREGIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMMES Legumes in forage research programmes for small-scale livestock producers Abstract Introduction Methods of legume introduction into farming systems Availability of germplasm for research List of participants Inventory of feed resources for the smallholder farmer in Kenya H. L. Potter Animal Production Research Department Kenya Agricultural Research Institute P. O. Box 21, Kikuyu, Kenya Introduction Non-ruminant smallholder farm livestock Smallholder ruminants in Kenya Smallholder livestock feeding systems Feed-resource options available to the smallholder Conclusions Acknowledgements References Introduction The use of agro-ecological zone delineation to define areas with similar natural production potentials and constraints has been found to be of considerable value for planning purposes in many countries (FAO 1978). In Kenya a comprehensive field survey of six provinces was carried out during the period 1977-1980 by the Ministry of Agriculture with assistance from the Federal Republic of Germany. This survey resulted in the publication of the Farm Management Handbook of Kenya in which the agricultural areas were classified according to agro- ecological potential (Jaetzold and Schmidt 1982). Maps were prepared for each District at a scale of 1:500,000. Seven major ecozones were identified, very largely on the basis of water availability, with subsidiary classification being based on combinations of altitude, temperature and soil-type parameters (Table 1). Table 1. Agro-ecological potential zones in Kenya Zone Climate type Water availability (rainfall/Eo) % of country 1 Humid >80 5 2 Sub-humid 65-80 5 3 Semi-humid 50-65 5 4 Transitional 40-50 10 5 Semi-arid 25-40 15 6 Arid 15-25 20 7 Pre-arid >15 40 Eo = Potential evapotranspiration. Source: Kenya Soil Survey 1982. Care is needed in the use of such classifications based on average conditions. Variation in the climate in any particular season can shift the effective zone boundaries considerably (Downing et al. 1985). However, using the average classification, the small-farm sector to be considered in the
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