LUCID’s Land Use Change Analysis as an Approach for Investigating Biodiversity Loss and Land Degradation Project The Implications of Land Use C hange on Forests and Biodiversity: A Case of the “Half Mile Strip” on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania LUCID Working Pa per Series Number: 30 By Christopher Mungo Peter William Department of Geography University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35049 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania March 2003 Address Correspondence to: LUCID Project International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 30709 Nairobi, Kenya E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +254-20-630743 Fax. +254-20-631481/ 631499 The Implications of Land Use Change on Forests and Biodiversity: A Case of the “Half Mile Strip” on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania The Land Use Change, Impacts and Dynamics Project Working Paper Number: 30 By Christopher Mungo Peter William Department of Geography University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35049 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Email: [email protected] March 2003 Address Correspondence to: LUCID Project International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 30709 Nairobi, Kenya E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +254-20-630743 Fax. +254-20-631481/ 631499 Copyright © 2003 by the: University of Dar es Salaam, International Livestock Research Institute, and United Nations Environment Programme/Division of Global Environment Facility Coordination. All rights reserved. Reproduction of LUCID Working Papers for non-commercial purposes is encouraged. Working papers may be quoted or reproduced free of charge provided the source is acknowledged and cited. Cite working paper as follows: Author. Year. Title. Land Use Change Impacts and Dynamics (LUCID) Project Working Paper #. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute. Working papers are available on www.lucideastafrica.org or by emailing [email protected]. LUCID Working Paper 30 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ...........................................................................................................................v List of Figures ..........................................................................................................................v List of Maps and Plates ............................................................................................................v List of Boxes ............................................................................................................................v ABSTRACT 1.0. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................1 1.1. Background.....................................................................................................................1 1.2. Statement of the Problem................................................................................................2 1.3. Study objectives..............................................................................................................3 1.3.1. Specific objectives ..........................................................................................................3 1.4. Hypotheses......................................................................................................................3 1.4. Conceptual and Theoretical Framework.........................................................................3 2.0. THE STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................6 2.1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................6 2.2. Selection of the study area ..............................................................................................6 2.3. Description of the study Area .........................................................................................6 2.3.1. Location .........................................................................................................................6 2.3.2. Physiography and climatic conditions ...........................................................................7 2.3.3. Geology and soils ..........................................................................................................7 1.4.1. Vegetation......................................................................................................................8 2.3.5. Population ......................................................................................................................9 2.4. Research Methodology .................................................................................................10 2.4.1. Sampling design...........................................................................................................10 2.3.4. Sampling procedure and Sample size ..........................................................................10 2.4.3. Types and sources of data............................................................................................11 2.3.5. Data collection techniques ...........................................................................................11 2.4.4.1 Interpretation of Satellite images and Mapping..........................................................13 2.4.4.2.Structured interviews ..................................................................................................13 2.4.4.3.In-depth interviews .....................................................................................................14 2.4.4.4.Observations ...............................................................................................................14 2.5. Data processing and analysis ......................................................................................14 2.6. Presentation of findings ..............................................................................................16 2.7. Limitations of the study ..............................................................................................16 3.1 CHANGING LAND USE AND ITS IMPACTS ON FOREST COVER AND BIODIVERSITY..........................................................................................................16 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................16 3.2 Land use/cover patterns and change between 1952 and 2000 .....................................16 3.2.1 Types and extent of land use/cover and change, 1952-1982 .......................................16 3.2.2. Types and extent of land use/cover and change in 2000..............................................19 3.3. Local peoples’ perception of land use changes............................................................20 3.4.1. Forest degradation and loss of biodiversity .................................................................22 LUCID Working Paper 30 iii 3.4.1.1.Forest cover loss and degradation...............................................................................22 3.4.1.2.Loss of plant species diversity ....................................................................................25 3.4.2. Forest products that have disappeared or not easily obtained.....................................26 4.0. ROOT CAUSES OF LAND USE CHANGE AND LOSS OF DIVERSITY...............26 4.1. People’s perception on causes of land use change.......................................................26 4.2. Immediate causes.........................................................................................................26 4.2.1. Expansion of agriculture..............................................................................................27 4.2.2. Encroachment on HMFS..............................................................................................27 4.3.. Root causes of land use/cover change, forest degradation and biodiversity loss.........28 4.3.1. Demographic change ...................................................................................................28 4.3.2. Policies........................................................................................................................30 4.3.2.1.Colonial policies .........................................................................................................30 4.3.2.2.Post independence policies .........................................................................................31 a) Villagization policy.................................................................................................31 b) Forestry policies .....................................................................................................31 c) Agricultural Policies ...............................................................................................32 4.3.3. Management of the HMFS and institutional change....................................................32 4.3.3.1.The HMFS under the Chagga Council........................................................................32 4.3.3.2.Management under district councils and the central government...............................33 4.3.4. Economic factors ........................................................................................................36 4.3.5. Social/cultural factors .................................................................................................37 4.3.6. Top-down Approach to forest management................................................................39 5.0. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................40 5.1.