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Home , Albert de Vleeschauwer, Camille Gutt, Confederation, Constitutional monarchy, Free French Air Forces, Hubert Pierlot

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see sections -Activities, -Activities, -Activities, THE NETHER­ LANDS-Activities, and -Activities] THE ALLIED FORCES (Norwegian air forces) Order, 1941, June 26, 1941, S. R. & 0. (1941) No. 918, CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE provides for application of the Allied Forc·es Act to the Norwegian air forces. Text: Burke, John M., ed. Loose-leaf war legislation, 1941/ 42, p. 560-561. LIBRARY

THE ALLIED POWERS (Maritime Courts) () Rules, 1941. S. R. & 0 . (1941) No. 966. 700 JACKSON PLACE WASHINGTON, 0. C . THE ALLIED FORCES (Application of Acts to , etc. (No. 2)) Order, 1941, July 26, 1941, S. R. & 0. (1941) No. 1102, applies this act to the Free French colonies. Text: Burke, John M., ed. Loose-leaf w ar legislation, 1941/42, p. 613-616. Memoranda Series, no. 3 Revised January 25, 1943 ALLIED POWERS (War service) ACT, 1942 (5 & 6 Geo. 6. Ch. 29, 1941/ 42) permits conscription for war service of nationals of all Allied in . .. I EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS IN EXILE Compiled by HELEN LA WR ENCE SCANLON Librarian

NOTE: This memorandum attempts to set forth the organization, personnel, diplomatic activities and publications of the European governments which are now functioning outside their own territories. In addition, certain British and regulations which especially concern these governments are listed and described briefly. Information about these governments has not been easily available and many contradictory statements concerning them have been published. So far as it has been possible to ascer­ tain, the information given herein is correct as of January 25, 1943.

CONTENTS Page Belgium ------2 Czechoslovakia ------4 French National Committee ------7 Greece ------10 Luxemburg ------12 The ------13 Norway ------15 Poland ------17 ------20 Joint Activities ------21 British Laws ------23

[ 24 ] FEB BELGIUM Signed an economic pact with Great Britain on June 4, 1942, renewing the agreements of January 21 , 1941. Text: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. series no. 1 (1 942) Cmd. 6365. Organization Comment: Times, , 1942, p. 3. The of 1831 states that Belgium is a "constitutional representative . .. ." Times, June 5, 1942, p . 7. According to this Constitution the power is vested in the and his while the On June 4, 1942, signed a military agreement with Great Britain, similar to the agreements between legislative power rests with the King and the jointly. The present Cabinet, representing Great Britain and the Czech, Dutch and Polish governments. all parties in Belgium, was constituted on January 5, 1940. When, on May 28, 1940, King Leopold sur­ Summary: London Times, June 5, 1942, p. 3. rendered to the Germans, the Cabinet issued a statement that the King, being a prisoner, was unable to Signed a lend-lease agreement with the on June 16, 1942. rule but that the Government would continue to prosecute the war. Prime Pierlot set up his Text: Belgium (N. Y.) July 1942, v . 3: 261-262. Government in , where it was recognized by and Great Britain as "the only legal govern­ Department of bulletin, June 20, 1942, v. 6: 551-553. ment of Belgium." During the invasion of France its headquarters were successively in various towns U. S. Dept. of state. Executive agreement series, no. 254. in France. On June 18 the Ministers in Council voted to give, for the duration of the war, full executive Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) July 15, 1942, v. 2: 153. and legislative powers for the Belgian colonial territories to the Minister for Colonies, Albert De Vlee­ • On July 22, 1942, with fourteen other countries, signed the protocol extending the duration of the schauwer. After spending some six weeks in , he proceeded to England and was joined by international agreement of May 6, 1937, regarding the regulation of production and marketing of sugar. , Minister of Finance. The two set about establishing the Belgian Government in London. Text: Department of state bulletin, Aug. 1, 1942, v . 7: 678-679. The following October Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Paul Henri Spaak reached London. The Cabinet was then reorganized and the duties of the members who had remained in France On Sept. 9, 1942, signed an agreement with Bolivia, the and the Netherlands, concerning were distributed among the four in London. On January 25, 1941, a "juridical council" was established, the international control of the production and export of tin. with eight members and later others were added. Its duty is to advise the government on laws and Text: Gt. Brit. Forei gn office. Treaty series no. 9 (1942) Cmd. 6396. decrees. The following February 19, three Undersecretaries of State were appointed, who do not Announced on Nov. 19, 1942, that the Belgian Government had notified the Chinese Government that participate in legislation, but are in charge of administrative services. In addition, on February 11 , Belgium would give up her extraterritorial rights in . 1942, the Conseil Consultatif du Gouvernement, made up of former Senators and Deputies and other Noted: New York Times, Nov. 20, 1942, p. 3. leaders in exile, was established, to serve in an advisory capacity to the Government. On April 29, 1942, by official act of the Cabinet, the legislative power for the colonies was restored to the Cabinet. In Official Publications September, 1942, Antoine Delfosse, Antoine de Schryver, and Auguste Balthazar, former Ministers, reached London and again took up their duties as Cabinet members. Inbel. Daily. A mimeographed information sheet issued by the Belgian Information Office, London, beginning Oct. 21, 1940. Personnel Moniteur belge (Official gazette) Irregular. First issued in exile in Paris, May 18-30, 1940; first issued Prime Minister, Minister for National Defense ______Hubert Pierlot in London, Nov. 22, 1940. Minister of Foreign Affairs, Communications, Labor, Refugees and Militia ______Paul Henri Spaak News from Belgium. Weekly, published by the Belgian Information Center, .New York. No. 1 appeared Minister of Finances and Economic Affairs ______Camille Gutt on April 4, 1941. Minister for Colonies and Education ______Albert De Vleeschauwer Minister of Justice and Information ______Antoine Delfosse Postwar Reconstruction Members of the Cabinet on Mission abroad ______Antoine de Schryver Auguste Balthazar The Belgian Commission for the Study of Post-War Problems was established in January, 1941, and Undersecretary for Education ______Jules Hoste formally constituted by an order of the Council of Ministers on June 4, 1942. Its headquarters are in Undersecretary for Labor and Refugees ______Gustave Joassart London and a branch is maintained in New York. The Commission is set up in seven sections, dealing respectively with foreign policy, state reform, education, economic questions, social questions, reconstruc­ tion, colonial questions. The Luxemburg Government is participating in the activities of the Belgan Activities Commission. Issued a decree stating that the King was unable to rule, being under the power of the invader, May 28, 1940. Text: Moniteur belge (Paris) May 18-30, 1940, p . 6. London Times, May 31 , 1940, p. 6. On Aug. 6, 1940, signed an agreement with Luxemburg, on behalf of the , whereby Luxem­ burg received financial assistance. Text has not been published. This was superseded by the agreement of June 17, 1941. Signed on Jan. 21, 1941, purchase and finance agreements with Great Britain, relating to the Belgian Congo. Under these agreements Britain agreed to buy such products as copper and palm oil at a fixed rate of exchange. In addition the whole of the Congo gold production and foreign exchange, except for its own essential requirements were to be ceded to the Bank of England against payment in sterling. Text: Gt. Brit. Forei gn office . Treaty series no. 1 (1941) Cmd. 6248. Moniteur belge (London) July 19, 1941 , v . 111: 133-141. Summary: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) April-May, 1941, no. 4: 4. On June 17, 1941, signed an agreement with Luxemburg, whereby Belgium advanced to the Luxemburg government, sufficient funds for its operation. Text: Moniteur belge (London) Aug. 8, 1941, v. 111 : 209-210. Declared war on , Dec. 20, 1941. Noted: Department of state bulletin, Dec. 27, 1941, v. 5: 599. Opened Belgian maritime courts on Feb. 10, 1942, at Middlesex Guildhall, Westminster. Text of decree of establishment: Moniteur belge (London) Nov. 14, 1941, v. 111: 264. Comment on opening: London Times, Feb. 11, 1942, p. 2.

[ 2 ] [ 3 ] CZECHOSLOVAKIA Signed a financial agreement with Great Britain Dec: 12, 1940. Text not released. Noted: Czechoslovak yearbook of international . 1942, p. 235. Organization When war broke out in September 1939, Dr. Eduard Benes, former President of the Czechoslovak In January, 1941, in cooperation with the Polish Government, opened the Polish-Czechoslovak Military , set up in Paris a Provisional Czechoslovak government. He then entered into negotiations School in London. with France and Great Britain to gain their recognition of his government and their permission to form Noted: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Jan. 1941, no. 1: 12. an independent Czech army in France. On November 17, 1939, the Czechoslovak National Committee Signed an agreement with on July 18, 1941, under which the two exchanged diplomatic represen­ of eight members was formed, with Dr. Benes as President. On that same day France recognized this tatives, pledged mutual aid in the war on and outlined the general arrangements under which Committee as qualified "to represent the Czecho-Slovak peoples" and specifically to make arrangements Czech military units should be organized and used on Russian soil. for the Czech army in France. Britain gave similar recognition on December 20, 1939. The Czechoslovak Text: Czechoslovak yearbook of international law. 1942, p. 236. State Council was established by Presidential decree on July 21 , 1940. Its members, of whom there can Embassy o.f the U.S.S.R. Information bulletin (Washington) July 21, 1941, no. 6: 3-4. be no more than fifty, are appointed by the President for a term of one year. The Council serves as a Free (London) July 25, 1941, v. 4: 119. Parliament, controlling finances and acting in an advisory capacity to the Government. Members of Inter-Allied review (N. Y .) Aug. 15, 1941, no. 7: 5. the Cabinet are ex-officio members of the Council, but have no vote therein. With the establishment Made a joint declaration with the Polish Government on September 24, 1941, on the occasion of the second of the Council, the National Committee ceased to exist as such, its members continuing their activities Inter-Allied meeting of their intention to cooperate both during the war and in the peace-making to as members of the Cabinet. The " of Czechoslovakia'', which Great Britain follow. recognized on July 18, 1941 and the United States on July 30, consisted of the President, his Cabinet, and Text: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. Miscellaneous ser. no. 3 (1941) Cmd. 6315. the National Council. On February 4, 1942 the Czechoslovak Legal Council, of five members was estab­ Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Oct. 15, 1941, no. 9: 11. lished. It passes on the legality of decrees of the Government, acts as a supreme court in considering On Sept. 27, 1941, signed a military agreement with Russia, identic with that signed by Britain and appeals by citizens against the Government and advises on future legislation. On Dec. 4, 1942, ~he Czechoslovakia on Oct. 25, 1940. National Committee extended the term of office of President Benes until such time as a new elect10n Summary: Bulletin of international news (London) Oct. 18, 1941, v . 18: 1771. is possible. , Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Nov. 15, 1941, no. 10 : 6-7. London Times, Oct. 1, 1941, p. 4. Personnel Participated in the joint declaration of friendship and post-war collaboration by the government work­ President ______Eduard Benes ers' and employers' delegations of Czechoslovakia, Greece, Poland and Yugoslavia to the International Labor Conference in New York, Nov. 4, 1941. Prime Minister ______Jan Sramek Text: Foreign policy reports (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 18 : 12. Foreign Minister ______Jan Masaryk Free Europe (London) Nov. 28, 1941, v. 4: 290. Minister of National Defense ______Gen. Sergej Ingr Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Nov. 15, 1941, no. 10 : 1. Minister of Interior ______Juraj Slavik Polish review (N. Y.) Dec. 1, 1941, v. 1, no. 14: 3. Minister of Finance ______:______: ______Ladislav Feierabend Czechoslovak-Polish Coordinating Committee held its first meeting in London on Nov. 11, 1941. Its Minister for Economic Reconstruction, Industry and Commerce ______Frantisek Nemec purpose is to work toward a Polish-Czech after the war, intended to serve as the nucleus Minister without portfolio, assisting in Ministry of State ______Herbert Ripka for a European . Minister without portfolio, assisting in Ministry of Defense ______Gen . Rudolf Viest Summary: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Jan. 15, 1942, v. 2: 8. . . Minister of Justice ______J aroslav Stransky Recommendations of the Committee: News flashes from Czechoslovakia under Nazi domination. Release no. Minister of Social Welfare ______------______Jan Becko 118, Feb. 2, 1942, p. [2] . . Minister of Agricultural Planning and Public Works ______Jan Lichner Declared war on "all countries at war with Great Britain, Russia and the United States" on Dec. 16, 1941. Noted: Department of state bulletin, Dec. 20, 1941, v. 5: 561. Ac:tiviiies Following their declaration to the International Labor Conference in New York, Nov. 4, 1941, the Czecho­ slovak, Polish, Greek and Yugoslav delegations established on J~n . 7, 1942, the Central and Eastern Signed an agreement with France, Oct. 2, 1939, relative to the formation of Czech army units in France. European Planning Board, to study plans of reconstruction for this area. Text: Czechoslovak yearbook of international law. 1942. p. 232-234. Personnel and diS'cussion: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 2: 43 . Summary: Free Europe (London) Nov. 17, 1939, v . 1: 19; Jan. 26, 1940, v. 1: 117. New Europe (N. Y.) Mar. 1942, v. 2: 90-91. Declared Nov. 17, 1939, that it refused to accept the agreement with Germany whereby Czechoslovakia Signed an agreement of confederation with Poland on Jan. 23 , 1942. was partitioned and stated that Czechoslovakia still exists as an independent state. Text: Foreign policy reports (N. Y .) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 18: 9. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Feb. 15, 1942, v. 2: 26-27. Ordered mobilization of Czech citizens in all parts of the world, on Dec. 2, 1939. [NoTE: The men called London Times, Jan. 24, 1942, p. 3. to service under this order are now being trained in various British and then coordinated with New Europe (N. Y.) Feb. 1942, v . 2: 81-82. the Czech units in England and elsewhere.] On June 10, 1942, with the Polish government, issued_ a joint ar:n~uncement concerning th_eir a~~ivity toward confederation, including the establishment of mixed commissions to study the economic, military, Pledged mutual support and friendship with Polish Government on Oct. 9, 1940, in London. Noted: Free Europe (London) Oct. 18, 1940, v. 2: 238. social and cultural aspects of the federation. New York Times, Oct. 10, 1940, p. 8. Text: Central European observer (London) June 26, 1942, v. 19 : 203. Inter- Allied review (N. Y.) June 15, 1942, v. 2: 118. Signed an agreement with Great Britain on Oct. 25, 1940, concerning the organization and employment Summary: London Times, June 11, 1942, p. 3. of the Czech armed forces in Britain. Text not released. Notified the by formal note dated June 11: ~942, that the _Czech gov~rnment would ~ake Summary: Bulletin of international news (London) Nov. 2, 1940, v. 17 : 1444. all necessary steps to secure retribution for alleged atrocities by occupying forces m Czechoslovakia. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Jan. 1941, no. 1: 5. Partial text: Central European observer (London) June 26, 1942, v. 19: 203. London Times, Oct. 26, 1940, p. 3. On June 17, 1942 adopted a resolution denouncing Nazi atrociti_es in Cz~choslovakia and stating that In an agreement signed on Nov. 11, 1940, with Poland, the two countries pledged friendship and coopera­ immediately on cessation of the war it will bring those responsible to tnal. tion both during the war and in the peace settlement thereafter. Text: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) July 15, 1942, v . 2: 157. Text: Czechoslovak yearbook of international law. 1942, p. 235-236. Free Europe (London) Nov. 15, 1940, v. 3: 3. Signed a lend-lease agreement with the United States on July 11 , 1942. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Jan. 1941, no. 1: 12. Text: Department of state bulletin, July 11, 1942, v. 7: 607-609. London Times, Nov. 12, 1940, p. 3. U. S. Dept. of state. Executive agreement series, no. 261.

[ 4 ] [ 5 ] On July 22, 1942, with fourteen other countries signed the protocol exte.nding the dura~ion of the inter­ FRENCH NATIONAL COMMITTEE national agreement of May 6, 1937, regarding the regulation of product10n and marketmg of sugar. Text: Department of state bulletin, Aug. 1, 1942, v. 7: 678-679. Organization By exchange of notes on Aug. 5, 1942, the British and Czechoslovak governments agreed that in the Following the establishment of the Petain government in France, General , former postwar settlement of frontiers the Munich Pact will be completely disregarded. Under Secretary of War, in a broadcast, appealed to all French soldiers to join him in a continuing fight Text: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. Treaty series, no. 3 (1942) Cmd. 6379. against the Axis. He established a French National Committee of three members to organize and London Times, Aug. 6, 1942, p. 3. direct further and on June 28, 1940 the British government recognized de Gaulle as On Aug. 10, 1942, President Benes announced by telegram to ~he · Cz~choslovak n'.1tional c?uncil of "the leader of the group to maintain French resistance." Territories of France which affiliated them­ America that the Russian Commissar for foreign affairs had notified him that Russia recognizes only selves with the de Gaulle (Free French) movement were French , including New Caledonia the pre-Munich frontiers of Czechoslovakia. the Society Islands, the Marquesas Islands, the Wallis and Futuna Group, and the Franco-British con~ Comment: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Sept. 15, 1942, v. 2: 231-232. dominium of the New Hebrides; , including the French ; the French News flashes from Czechoslovakia under Nazi domination. Release no. 146, Aug. 17, 1942, p. [1] settlements in ; and later, St. Pierre, Miquelon, Madagascar, Reunion and French Somaliland. After On Sept. 29, 1942, General de Gaulle, rejected the Munich agreement in the name of Fighting France, the Allied occupation of and the Lebanon the Free French established a civil administration for these thereby accepting the pre-war frontiers of Czechoslovakia. territories but later gave them independence, although still defending them. By two decrees published at Text of statement: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Oct. 15, 1942, v . 2: 248-249. Brazzaville on October 27, 1940, de Gaulle outlined his plan of government, under which the local divisions Noted: New York Times, Sept. 30, 1942, p. 5. were organized into High Commissariats but retained whatever local autonomy they had enjoyed under the French . A Council of Defense of the French Empire, composed of nine members, was estab­ Official Publications lished to serve as a to assist the chief. Great Britain, on January 5, 1941, recognized this Council as the government of all Free French territories. On September 24, 1941, de Gaulle Uredni vestnik ceskoslovensky (Czecho-slovak official gazette) Irregular. First issued in exile Jan. 1, announced the reorganization of the Free French government under which legislative powers rest in 1940; no. 10 (1940) dated Dec. 4, was the first number issued in London. his hands, as President of an enlarged French National Committee. This Committee serves as a Cabinet Zpravy statni rady (Bulletin of the Czechoslovak state council) Irregular. First issued in March, 1941. and its decisions are carried out by decree of the President. The Council of Defense of the French Empire is maintained as an advisory committee on defense and military affairs, and a military high Postwar Reconstruction command was later established to coordinate military activities. On July 14, 1942, the name of the Free French became officially Fighting France. The United States government has never officially recog­ A Ministry of Economic Reconstruction has been added to the Czecho~lova~ G?vernment, the ~u~ctions nized the French National Committee but it has acknowledged that certain territories are "under the of which are: to prepare to meet the reconstruction prob~e~s that will arise m Czechoslovakia imme­ effective control" of the Committee. It has appointed representatives to deal with the Committee and diately on cessation of hostilities, i.e., supply of food, med1cme, etc.; to pr~pare r~ports of war ~amage has entered into agreements with it. and to work out plans for compensation; to outline plans for land reform, i~dustnal reconstr~ct10? .and reform; to establish a planning center to work out the: long-ter~ reconstruct10n pr?blems.. It is d1v1ded Personnel into four departments: Supplies and food; Reparat10ns; Public works; E~onom1c que~t10ns . It also coordinates the reconstruction work of other Departments and cooperates. ~1th other All~ed reco~stru~­ President ______General Charles de Gaulle tion agencies and with the Czechoslovak R~search Institute of the Mm1stry of Foreign Affairs,. m National Commissioner for Economic Affairs, Finance and Merchant Marine ______Andre Diethelm studying the theoretical aspects of reconstruct10n. See also the Central and Eastern European Plannmg National Commissioner for Foreign Affairs and Colonies ______Rene Pleven Board, established Jan. 7, 1942, supra, p. 5. National Commissioner for War ------______General Paul Louis Legentilhomme National Commissioner for the Navy ------______Rear Admiral Phillipe Auboyneau National Commissioner for Justice and Public Instruction ______Rene Cassin National Commissioner for the ______Colonel Martial Valin National Commissioner for the Interior and Labor ______Andre Philip National Commissioner for Information ------______------______Jacques Soustelle National Commissioner without portfolio ______Commandant Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu National Commissioner without portfolio ______General Georges Catroux

Activities Signed an agreement on Aug. 6, 1940 with Great Britain for economic aid between and New Caledonia. Text not released. Agreed by exchange of letters on Aug. 7, 1940, between the British Prime Minister and General de Gaulle, on arrangements concerning the organization, employment and conditions of service of the French volunteer force. Text: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. France no. 2 (1940) Cmd. 6220. Journal officiel de la France Libre (London) Jan. 20, 1941 [v. 1]: 2-3. On Jan. 15, 1941, concluded an agreement with Great Britain, complementing their agreement of Aug. 7, 1940, concerning jurisdiction of French military forces on British territory. Noted: Journal officiel de la France Libre (London) Feb. 25, 1941 [v. 1] : 12. Agreed on Jan. 21, 1941, by exchange of notes between , British for Foreign Affairs and General de Gaulle, on policy regarding commercial and economic relations between the United Kingdom and the Cameroons under French mandate. Text: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. France no. 1 (1941) Cmd. 6249. Journal officiel de la France Libre (London) Feb. 25, 1941 [v. 1]: 12. On Jan. 28, 1941, concluded an agreement with British Indian authorities, whereby a customs union for the French establishments in India and British India was established. Noted: Journal officiel de la France Libre (London) June 28, 1941 [v. 1] : 28.

[ 6 ] [ 7 ] Signed two agreements with Great Britain on March 19, 1941, fixing the rate of exchange between the Postwar Reconsiruciion two countries and providing for an autonomous Free French budget and for credits to finance the Free French war efforts. By decree of Dec. 2, 1941 General de Gaulle set up a commission to study postwar problems. Four Summary: Bulletin of international news (London) April 5, 1941, v. 18: 442. committees were established to study: Journal officiel de la France Libre (London) April 29, 1941 [v. 1] : 20. 1 - economic, financial and social problems, both national and international. Agreed on May 20, 1941, by exchange of notes, on a policy for commercial and economic relations between 2 - problems of foreign policy, notably boundaries and national security. the United Kingdom and French Equatorial Africa. 3 - national defense and military matters. Text: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. France no. 2 (1941) Cmd. 6281. 4 - internal and international problems of a legal or cultural type. Journal officiel de la France Libre (London) June 28, 1941 [v. 1] : 28. The Service d'Etude, de Documentation et de Liaison, under the Comissariat for Justice and Public Reaffirmed on Aug. 15, 1941, by exchange of letters, the Anglo-French determination to give independence Instruction, carries out research for various departments. It issues, for official and private circulation to Syria and the Lebanon although recognizing France's pre-eminent position in those countries. a bimonthly review (in French) on postwar problems. ' Summary: Bulletin of international news (London) Aug. 23, 1941, v. 18: 1115. Declared war upon Japan, Dec. 8, 1941. Announced Feb. 12, 1942, the future establishment in London of the Free French Caisse Centrale, having a capital of 100 million francs and holding the exclusive privilege of issuing notes which will circulate as legal tender. Discussion: New York Times, Feb. 13, 1942, p. 8. Agreed on Mar. 18, 1942, by exchange of notes with Great Britain, on a policy for commercial and economic relations between the United Kingdom and the French Cameroons. (See above for agreement of Jan. 21, 1941, which this supersedes) Text: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. France no. 1 (1942) Cmd. 6345. Journal officiel de la France Libre (London) April 14, 1942, v. 2: 18-19. Agreed on Mar. 18, 1942, by exchange of notes with Great Britain, on a policy for commercial and eco­ nomic relations between the United Kingdom and French Equatorial Africa. (See above for agree­ ment of May 20, 1941, which this supersedes) Text: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. France no. 2 (1942) Cmd. 6346. Journal officiel de la France Libre (London) April 14, 1942, v . 2: 18. On Sept. 3, 1942, by exchange of notes, effected a lend-lease agreement with the United States. Prior to this, Britain had released certain of American lend-lease supplies to the Fighting French, but there was no direct aid from the United States. Text: Department of state bulletin, Sept. 5, 1942, v. 7: 739-740. U. S . Executive agreement series, no. 273 . (N. Y.) Oct. 15, 1942, v . 2: 202-203. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Oct. 15, 1942, v. 2: 239. Journal officiel de la France Combattante (London) Sept. 30, 1942, v. 2: 55. On Sept. 23, 1942, it was announced that the U. S. Navy department and the Fighting French naval authorities had reached an agreement on plans for the cooperation of the naval aviation service of Fighting France with the American navy. Under it a French unit, equipped by the U. S. , will serve with the American forces. Summary: Bulletin of international news (London) Oct. 3, 1942, v. 19: 918-919. Free France (N. Y.) Oct. 1, 1942, v. 2: 168-169. On Sept. 28, 1942, issued joint communique with Russia which stated that Russia recognizes the French National Committee as exclusively "qualified to organize the participation in the war of French citizens and territories and to represent in respect to the government of the U. S. S. R., French interests, espe­ cially as they are affected by the pursuit of the war." Text: Free France (N. Y.) Oct. 1, 1942, v. 2: 169. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Oct. 15, 1942, v. 2: 252. Journal officiel de la France Combattante (London) Sept. 30, 1942, v. 2: 55. General de Gaulle, on Sept. 29, 1942, rejected the Munich agreement in the name of Fighting France. Text of statement: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Oct. 15, 1942, v . 2: 248-249. Texts of notes exchanged with Czechoslovak Government: Journal officiel <;le la France Combattante (London) Sept. 30, 1942, v. 2: 55-56. On Dec. 14, 1942 signed an agreement with Great Britain turning over control of Madagascar to the Fighting French. Gen. Paul LeGentilhomme was made High Commissioner for Madagascar. Noted: Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 14, 1942. p. 1.

Official Publications Bulletin officiel des forces franc;aises libres. One number appeared Aug. 15, 1940. Superseded by Journal officiel de la France Libre. Journal officiel de la France Libre. Irregular. Number 1, Jan. 20, 1941-v. 2, no. 8, July 14, 1942. Journal officiel de la France Combattante, v. 2, no. 9, Aug. 28, 1942, was first issue with this title. La Marseillaise: l'hebdomadaire de la France au . Weekly. v. 1, no. 1, June 14, 1942.

[ 8 ] [ 9 ] GREECE Signed a lend-lease agreement with the United States, July 10, 1942. Text: Department of state bulletin, July 11, 1942, v. 7: 601-603. Organization U. S. Executive agreement series, no. 260. Greece is a monarchy, having decided by a plebiscite in 1935 to discard its republic and restore King George II to power. Less than a year later, on August 4, 1936, fearing a Communist revolt, the Official Publications Government proclaimed martial law, suspended certain articles of the Constitution, dissolved the Parlia­ Ephemeris tes kuberneseos (Official gazette) Irregular. Nos. 16?, 168 and 169, . July 2~, August 15 and ment, and set up a . This Government was forced to withdraw to after the German Sept. 5, 1941, were issued at Johannesburg, . No. 170, ISsued m London, Sept. invasion of Greece. On April 22, 1941, General Tsolakoglu signed for Greece an armistice with 24, 1941. and Germany. The next day King George and the Government disavowed the armistice which was signed without the knowledge of the Commander-in-chief and the Government, and announced their Pos:twar Recons:truc:tion determination to continue the struggle from Crete. When they were forced to leave that island they fled to and eventually to London where they are now established. On October 22, 1941, a "Con­ To date no official agency has been established in the Greek Government, to _deal with the proble~s ?f stituent act" repealed the act of 1936, and outlined the Government's constitutional prerogatives. reconstruction, although the Prime Minister has stated his intentio~ of creatmg such an ag~ncy w1thm the Ministry of Labor. The Ministry of Finance is also establishmg a b~reau to deal with .postwar Personnel economic problems. The Government is cooperating with tl:~e Inter-Allied P?st-War Reqmrements Committee and with the Central and Eastern European Planning Board, established Jan. 7, 1942, see King George II above, p. 10. Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, National Defense, Interior and Labor ______Emmanuel Tsouderos Deputy Prime Minister ______Panaghiotis Kanellopoulos Permanent Under Secretary of State ______Charalambos Simopoulos Undersecretary of State for Information ___ _ ------______A. Michalopulos Minister of Finance ______Kyriascos "Varvaresos Undersecretary of State for Shipping ______Stavros Theophanides Undersecretary of State for Navy ______Epaminondas Kavadias

Activities Disavowed on April 23, 1941, by proclamation, the armistice with Germany and Italy, signed by General Tsolakoglu for Greece. Text: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) April-May, 1941, no. 4: 7- 8. Repudiated puppet government in Greece on May 3, 1941, by official release from the Government. Summary: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) June 15, 1941, no. 5: 10. Pledged continuance of the war until ultimate victory, in radio broadcast by Prime Minister Tsouderos, June 5, 1941. Text: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) June 15, 1941, no. 5: 10-11. Participated in the joint declaration of friendship and postwar collaboration by the government workers' and employers' delegations of Czechoslovakia, Greece, Poland and Yugoslavia to the International Labor Conference in New York, Nov. 4, 1941. Text: Foreign policy reports (N. Y.) Mar. 15,- 1942, v . 18: 12. Free Europe (London) Nov. 28, 1941, v. 4: 490. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Nov. 15, 1941, no. 10 : 1. Polish review (N. Y.) Dec. 1, 1941, v. 1, no. 14: 3. Declared war on Japan Dec. 7, 1941. Following their declaration to the International Labor Conference in New York, Nov. 4, 1941, the Czech, Polish, Greek and Yugoslav delegations established on Jan. 7, 1942, the Central and Eastern European Planning Board, to study plans of reconstruction for this area. Personnel and discussion: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 2: 43. New Europe (N. Y.) Mar. 1942, v. 2: 90-91. Signed an agreement with Yugoslavia, Jan. 15, 1942, providing for political, economic and military coop­ eration and outlining a constitution for a future Balkan union. Text: Foreign policy reports (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 18: 10-11. Free Europe (London) Jan. 30, 1942, v. 5: 42-43. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Feb. 15, 1942, v . 2: 25-26. New Europe (N. Y.) Feb. 1942, v. 2: 79-80. On March 9, 1942, signed an agreement with Great Britain whereby Greece gets lend-lease aid and whereby arrangements are outlined for the organization and use of Greek land, sea and air forces in collaboration with British forces. Summary: Bulletin of international news (London) Mar. 21, 1942, v. 19: 251-252. Free Europe (London) Mar. 27_. 1942, v. 5: 107. New York Times, Mar. 10, 1942, p. 4. Opened Greek maritime courts at Middlesex Guildhall, Westminster, March 11, 1942. Comment: London Times, Mar. 12, 1942, p . 8.

[ 10 ] [ 11 ] LUXEMBURG THE NETHERLANDS Organization Organization The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg was one of the smallest independent states in Europe prior to the The government of The Netherlands is a . According to the present consti­ present war, its total area being 999 square miles. Although independent politically, it was closely linked tution [revision of 1938] the executive power belongs exclusively to the Sovereign while the legislative economically with Belgium. Its government consisted of the Grand Duchess, her Cabinet of five members power belongs to the Sovereign and the Parliament jointly. The Queen and her Cabinet have taken over and a Parliament of two houses. By laws of Sept. 28, 1938 and Aug. 29, 1939, the Parliament entrusted full powers of both the legislative and the executive since the invasion of The Netherlands and the flight full executive and legislative powers to the Grand Duchess and her Government. On May 10, 1940, of the Government to England on May 14, 1940. A decree of Mar. 21, 1942 provided for the Extraordinary German military forces invaded the country and the Government fled to France, thence to Portugal and Advisory Council to assist the Government "as long as it has to exercise powers outside The Netherlands." to London and Montreal. Both these cities are now official seats of the Government. Four Cabinet This Council of at least fourteen members, is appointed by the Queen on the proposal of her Ministers. members escaped from Luxemburg and they have continued their work in these cities. The opening session of the Council was held on July 15, 1942.

Personnel Personnel Grand Duchess Charlotte Queen Wilhelmina Prime Minister ______Pierre Dupong Prime Minister and Minister for Coordination of Warfare ______. ______P; S. Gerbrandy Minister of Foreign Affairs ______Josef Bech Foreign Minister ______E, N. van Kleffens Minister of Labor and Social Insurance ______Pierre Krier Minister of Colonies ______Hubertus J . van Mook Minister of Justice and Public Works ______Pierre Bodson Minister for Commerce, Industry, Shipping, Agriculture and Fisheries ______Pieter A. Kerstens Minister of Finance ______J, van den Broek Activities Minister of Home Affairs and General Affairs ______H, van Boeyen Minister of Public Works ______J, W. Alberda Signed a financial agreement with the Belgian Congo on Aug. 6, 1940. This was superseded by the agree­ Minister of Education, Arts and Sciences ______G. Bolkestein ment of June 15, 1941, with Belgium. The text was not released. Minister of Social Affairs ______J. van den Tempel Signed on June 15, 1941, an agreement with the Belgian government whereby Belgium advances sufficient Minister of War ______O. C. A. van Lidthe de Jeude funds for the operation of the Luxemburg government. Minister of Naval Affairs ______Lt. Admiral J. T. Furstner Text: Moniteur belge (London) Aug. 8, 1941, v. 111 : 209 - 210. Minister of Justice ______J . R. M. van Angeren Minister without Portfolio ______E. F. M. J . Michiels van Verduynen On Dec. 10, 1941, declared its participation in the moral offensive against Japan and its solidarity with Minister without Portfolio ______Pangaren Ario Soejono the American peoples. · Activities Official Publications Signed an exchange agreement with Great Britain and France on June 13, 1940. Memorial (Official gazette) Irregular. First issued in exile, Montreal. No. 1, Feb. 1, 1941. (United Nations Information Offi'ce supplied this information)

Postwar Recon$iruction On July 28, 1941 suspended foreign exchange transactions between Netherlands East Indies and Japan and applied licensing system to exports to Japan. The Luxemburg Government is cooperating with the Belgian Commission for the Study of Postwar Prob­ Noted: London Times, July 29, 1941, p . 4. lems [which see, p. 3]. In addition, the Minister of Justice is conducting official research in these On Nov. 3, 1941, installed the Netherlands High Court for Maritime Courts, the first court to be installed problems. under the Allied Powers (Maritime Courts) Bill [see section British Laws, p. 23] This Court was set up by a Dutch decree of Oct. 3, 1941, which provided for the establishment of a high court in London and six courts of summary jurisdiction in Cardiff, Fleetwood, Glasgow, Liverpool, London, and Newcastle. Noted: N.etherlands news (N. Y .) Oct. 11 / 25, 1941, v . 1: 312. " " Oct. 26/ Nov. 10, 1941, v . 2: 21-22. On Nov. 24, 1941, announced an agreement with the United States under which that country would send troops to protect the bauxite mines in Surinam (Dutch Guiana) and an agreement with for cooperation in the defense of Surinam. Noted: Department of state bulletin, Nov. 29, 1941, v. 5: 425. Netherlands news (N. Y.) Nov. 11/ 25, 1941, v. 2: 67-69. Declared war on Japan Dec. 8, 1941. Declared war on Italy as of Dec. 11, 1941. "It was learnt [Feb. 11, 1942] that the Government [of The Netherlands] had reached an agreement with Venezuela whereby Venezuela would co-operate in defense measures [for Surinam] in a manner similar to that agreed upon between the Government of Brazil and the Netherlands ..." Noted: Bulletin of international news (London) Feb. 21, 1942, v . 19: 165. Signed an agreement with Great Britain, regularizing the position of the Netherlands military forces in the United Kingdom, May 5, 1942. Noted: Bulletin of international news (London) May 16, 1942, v. 19 : 452. Summary: London Times, May 6, 1942, p. 3. Netherlands news (N. Y.) May 15, 1942, v . 3: 169. Announced June 6, 1942, that all Dutch merchant shipping had been requisitioned by the Government and chartered to Great Britain and the United States, under recent contracts. Noted: Bulletin of international news (London) June 13, 1942, v. 19 : 544.

[ 12 ] [ 13 ] Signed a lend-lease agreement with the United States, July 8, 1942. NORWAY Text: Department of state bulletin, July 11, 1942, v. 7: 604-606. Organization U. S. Executive agreement series, no. 259. On July 10, 1942, signed an agreement with Russia, renewing diplomatic relations. Norway is a constitutional monarchy. Its King Haakon VII was elected King of Norway ~y the Text: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) July 15, 1942, v. 2: 169. Parliament on November 18, 1905. His Cabinet, called the Statsraad, or Council of State, includes a Netherlands news (N. Y.) June 26 / July 10, 1942, v. 4: 16. and at least seven Ministers. The Parliament is an elective body which holds the legislative power of the Government and controls finance. The present Cabinet was constituted by the Norwegian Concluded an agreement on July 17, 1942, with the British Board of Trade and the Cotton Board for the Labor Party in March 1935 and was continued in office by the elections of 1936. After the Nazi invasion disposal of stocks of Dutch-owned cotton frozen in English ports. of April 9, 1940, the King and Cabinet were granted full powers for the duration of the emergency by Summary: Netherlands news (N. Y.) July 11 / 25, 1942, v. 4: 44. a unanimous vote of Parliament. On April 16, 1940, the Norwegian Supreme Court set up a Council of On July 22, 1942, signed, with fourteen other countries, the protocol extending the duration of the inter­ Administration to aid the civilian administration in the occupied territories, but this was replaced by a national agreement of May 6, 1937, regarding the regulation of production and marketing of sugar. German puppet government on September 25, 1940. At that time Joseph Terboven, the German Com­ Text: Department of state bulletin, Aug. 1, 1942, v. 7: 678-679. missioner in Norway announced that the Parliament had been banned, the King deprived of all powers On Sept. 9, 1942, signed an agreement with Belgium, Bolivia and the United Kingdom concerning the and a State Council set up to govern Norway. After the Allies had been forced to give up the battle in international control of the production and export of tin. Norway, the King, , and the Cabinet withdrew to London where, on June 10, 1940, they Text: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. Treaty series no. 9 (1942) Cmd. 6396. issued a statement pledging themselves to continue the war until Norway was freed.

Official Publications Personnel King Haakon VII Nederlandsche staatscourant (Official gazette) Irregular. First issued in exile, no. 150, May 24, 1940. Prime Minister ______Johan Nygaardsvold Netherlands news ... Fortnightly bulletin published by the Netherlands Information Bureau, New York. Minister of Foreign Affairs ------______Trygve Halvdan Lie Fortnightly. v. 1, no. 1 issued July 15, 1941. Minister of Defense ______Oscar Fredrik Torp Minister of Agriculture ______Hans Ystgaard Statsblad van het Koninkrijk Nederlanden (Laws) Irregular. First issued in London, no. A. 1, 1940. Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs and Education ______Nils Hjelmtveit Minister of Finance ______Paul Hartmann Postwar Reconsiruc:tion Minister of Social Affairs ______Sverre K. E. St¢stad A committee of ministers has been appointed to coordinate the work of the various government depart­ Minister of Justice ______Terje Wold ments among which the responsibility for reconstruction is divided. The Prime Minister is the chairman Minister of Commerce ______Olav Hindahl and the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Economic Affairs, Colonies, Social Affairs, and Public Works are Minister of Supply and Reconstruction ______Anders Frihagen members. Assisting this ministerial committee is another, composed of civil servants whose duty it is Minister of Shipping ______Arne Sunde to study the problems of reconstruction and to work out a pattern for future action. Minister without Portfolio ______Anders Fjelstad Minister without Portfolio ______Sven Nielsen

Ac:tiviiies Signed an agreement with Great Britain, May 28, 1941, affirming their joint determination to prosecute the war to a successful end and to reestablish the freedom and independence of Norway through its complete liberation from German domination. The agreement also laid down the principles under which Norwegian armed forces should be organized for cooperation with the Allied forces. Summary: Free Europe (London) June 13, 1941, v. 4: 56. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) June 15, 1941, no. 5: 12. London Times, May 29, 1941, p. 2. On October 10, 1941 entered into agreement with Great Britain whereby the Norwegian Government guaranteed to reserve its mercantile marine for the transport of essential war supplies. (United Nations Information Office supplied this information) Formally opened the Norwegian Maritime Courts in Great Britain on Nov. 7, 1941. These courts include an appellate court in London and maritime courts in London, Cardiff, Liverpool, Glasgow and Newcastle. They were established under the Allied Powers (Maritime Courts) Act of May 22, 1941. [See section British Laws, p. 23] Comment: Free Europe (London) Nov. 14, 1941, v. 4: 276. Broke off diplomatic relations with Finland, Dec. 7, 1941. Noted: Bulletin of international news (London) Dec. 13, 1941, v. 18 : 1991. Broke off diplomatic relations with Japan, Dec. 9, 1941. Noted :. News of Norway (Washington) Dec. 13, 1941, v. 1, no. 45 : 2. Towards the end of 1941, reached an agreement with Gt. Britain by which a part of new British merchant ships was allocated to the Norwegian merchant marine. (United Nations Information Office supplied this information) Signed a lend-lease agreement with the United States on July 11, 1942, and at the same time, by exchange of notes, clarified certain of its provisions relative to the operation of the Norwegian merchant fleet for the Allies. Text of agreement and notes: Department of state bulletin, July 11, 1942, v. 7: 609-613. U. S. Executive agreement series, no. 262. Text of notes: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) July 15, 1942, v. 2: 170-171.

[ 14 ] [ 15 ] Renounced claims of exterritoriality in China and announced the forthcoming signature of a treaty to POLAND that effect. .Noted: .Christian Science Monitor (Boston) Oct. 27, 1942, p. 1. Organization On September 17, 1939, following the German invasion of Poland, it became evident that the Govern­ Official Publications ment _wol!-ld have to leave Poland. . President M6scic~i , by decree, therefore, designated Wladyslaw News of Norway, issued by the Royal Norwegian information service, Washington, D. C. Weekly. First Raczk1ew1cz as successor to the President of the Republic, should that office become vacant before peace issued, v. 1, no. 1, Jan. 17, 1941. · was restored. This was in accordance with the Polish Constitution, which provides that in time of war the President names his successor who may remain in office until three months after the conclusion of the Norsk Lovtidend (Official law gazette) Irregular. First issued in England, no. 1, 1940, Aug. 15, 1940. war. On September 30 Moscicki resigned and Raczkiewicz constituted in Paris a "Government of unity Norsk Tiderid. Bi-weekly news bulletin, issued by Norwegian Information office, London. v. 1, no. 1, Aug. and national defense" headed by Wladyslaw Sikorski. President Raczkiewicz, on November 9, 1939, 30, 1940. dissolved by decree the Polish Parliament which had been elected in 1938. He gave as his reasons for this action: 1. The Parliament did not represent all the parties of the country. 2. It had done nothing to modify the electoral law which had been responsible for the boycotting of the· election of 1938 by all Postwar Reconstruction parties. One month later he constituted by Presidential decree the National Council, a pro­ The Norwegian Government, in the fall of 1942, established an independent department, called the Min­ visional Parliament, its members appointed by the President to serve in an advisory capacity to the istry of Supply and Reconstruction, to deal with post-war problems. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is Government. The council held its first meeting in Paris on January 23 , 1940. With the fall of France also organizing a committee for reconstruction research. the Government withdrew to London where it established headquarters on June 21 , 1940. On September 3, 1941 the President dissolved the National Council in order to appoint one which would include repre­ sentatives of all Polish political parties. The present National Council was appointed on February 9, 1942, and held its first session February 24. At that time it adopted a charter setting forth Polish war and peace aims. [For text of this charter see Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 2: 62]

Personnel President ______Wladyslaw Raczkiewicz Prime Minister ______Gen. Wladyslaw Sikorski Vice-Premier and Minister of Interior ______Stanislaw Mikolajczyk Minister of Labor and Social Welfare ______Jan Stanczyk Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs ______Edward Raczynski Minister of Finance ______Henryk Strasburger Minister of Education ______Gen. Josef Haller Minister of Information ______Stanislaw Str6nski Minister of Justice ------Waclaw Komarnicki Minister of War ______Marjan Kukiel Minister of Commerce, Industry and Shipping ______:, ______Jan Kwapiriski Minister of Preparatory Work concerning the Peace Conference ______Dr. Maryan Seyda

Activities Signed an agreement with France on Sept. 9, 1939, concerning the organization of a military force in France as an integral part of the Polish army. Summary: Free Europe (London) Nov. 17, 1939, v . 1: 18. Effected an agreement with Great Britain regarding the utilization of units of the Polish merchant marine, by exchange of notes, Oct. 12-Nov. 25, 1939. Text: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. Treaty series, no. 5, 1940. Cmd. 6172. League of nations. Treaty series, 1939 / 1940, v . 199 : 66-69. Signed an agreement Nov. 18, 1939, with Great Britain, providing for the cooperation of certain units of the Polish naval forces with those of the British navy for the duration of the war. Summary: Free Europe (London) Dec. 1, 1939, v. 1: 39 . . London Times, Nov. 20, 1939, p . 5. Signed an agreement with Great Britain on Dec. 7, 1939, concerning mutual cooperation. Summary: Free Europe (London) Jan. 26, 1940, v . 1: 108. Issued a manifesto stating Poland's war and peace aims Dec. 18, 1939. Text: Free Europe (London) Dec. 29, 1939, v. 1: 62. Signed an agreement with France Jan. 4, 1940, relative to the formation of a Polish army in France. Summary: Free Europe (London) Jan. 26, 1940, v . 1: 108. Signed an agreement with Great Britain, July 18, 1940, reaffirming their political and military . Noted: London Times, July 24, 1940, p . 5. Signed an agreement with Great Britain, Aug. 5, 1940, relative to the organization of Polish army and air units in England. Summary: Bulletin of international news (London) Aug. 10, 1940, v . 17 : 1040- 1041. Free Europe (London) Aug. 9, 1940, v. 2: 122. London Times, Aug. 8, 1940, p. 3.

[ 16 ] [ 17 ] Pledged mutual support and friendship with Czechoslovak government, Oct. 9, 1940. Signed an agreement of confederation with Czechoslovakia on Jan. 23, 1942. Summary: Free Europe (London) Oct. 18, 1940, v . 2: 238. Text: Foreign policy reports (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 18 : 9. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Feb. 15, 1942, v. 2: 26-27. London Times, Jan. 24, 1942, p . 3. Signed an agreement with Czechoslovakia, Nov. 11 , 1940, pledging friendship and cooperation both during New Europe (N. Y.) Feb. 1942, v. 2: 81-82. the war and in the peace settlement thereafter. Text: Czechoslovak yearbook of international law. 1942, p. 2~5 - 236. Signed an agreement with Russia on Jan. 23, 1942, whereby Russia loaned 300,000,000 roubles for the Free Europe (London) Nov. 15, 1940, v. 3: 3. upkeep of the Polish army in Russia. Previously a loan of 100,000,000 roubles for Polish civilians in Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Jan. 1941, no. 1: 12. London Times, Nov. 12, 1940, p. 3. Russia had been made. Comment: Free Europe (London) Jan. 30, 1942, v. 5: 45. In January, 1941, in cooperation with the Czech Government, opened the Polish-Czechoslovak Military On June 11, 1942, with the Czech Government, issued a joint announcement concerning their activity School in London. to""."ard confederation, including the establishment of mixed commissions to study the economic, military, Noted: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Jan. 1941, no. 1: 12. social and cultural aspects of the federation. Text: Central European observer (London) June 26, 1942, v. 19: 203. Signed joint Polish-Canadian declaration April 5, 1941, announcing the completion of arrangements for Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) June 15, 1942, v. 2: 118. constituting a Polish army in for duty overseas. Summary: London Times, June 11, 1942, p. 3. Text: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) April-May, 1941, no. 4: 12. On June 16, 1942, the National Council adopted a resolution approving the Anglo-Soviet treaty of Signed an agreement with Russia on July 30, 1941, pledging mutual aid and arranging for the organiza­ May 26, 1942. tion of Polish army units on Russian territory. Russia agreed to grant amnesty to Polish citizens held Noted: Bulletin of international news (London) June 27, 1942, v. 19: 586. prisoner in Russia. Text: Foreign policy reports (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 18: 9-10. Signed a lend-lease agreement with the United States July 1, 1942. Free Europe (London) Aug. 8, 1941, v. 4: 136. Text: Department of state bulletin, July 4, 1942, v . 7: 577 . Inter-Allied review (N. Y .) Aug. 15, 1941, no. 7: 12. U. S. Executive agreement series, no. 257. On Aug. 14, 1942, passed a law legalizing the service of Polish citizens in other than Polish military Signed an agreement with Russia on Aug. 15, 1941, providing in detail for the formation of Polish army formations. units in the U. S. S. R. Summary: Free Europe (London) Aug. 28, 1942, v. 6: 78. Summary: Free Europe (London) Aug. 22, 1941, v. 4: 157. London Times, Aug. 16, 1941, p. 3. On Oct. 17, 1942 approved a decree concerning the punishment of German crimes committed in Poland. New York Times, Aug. 17, 1941, p. 20. Text: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Nov. 15, 1942, v. 2: 299. Made a joint declaration with the Czech Government on Sept. 24, 1941, on the occasion of the second On Dec. 11, 1942, it was announced that Poland had sent to the Allied Governments a detailed note on Inter-Allied meefing, of their intention to cooperate both during the war and in the peace-making to German persecution of the Jews. follow. Summary: London Times, Dec. 11, 1942, p. 3. Text: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. Mis·cellaneous ser. no. 3 (1941) Cmd. 6315. Inter-Allied review (N. Y .) Oct. 15, 1941, no. 9: 11. Postwar Reconstruction Participated in the joint declaration of friendship and postwar collaboration by the government workers' The planning of reconstruction work in Poland is divided between two ministries. Economic reconstruc­ and employers' delegations of Czechoslovakia, Greece, Poland and Yugoslavia to the International Labor tion is being considered by the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Shipping, while the Ministry of Conference in New York, Nov. 4, 1941. Labor and Social Welfare is dealing with other phases of the problem, such as social conditions, labor Text: Foreign policy reports (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v . 18 : 12. problems, food distribution, health, etc. The Polish Government is also cooperating with the Central Free Europe (London) Nov. 28, 1941, v. 4: 290 . and Eastern European Planning Board, established Jan. 7, 1942. [see above] The Ministry of Prepara­ Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Nov. 15, 1941, no. 10 : 1. Polish review (N. Y.) Dec. 1, 1941, v . 1, no. 14 : 3. tory Work concerning the Peace Conference is studying problems based upon Poland's peace and war aims. Czechoslovak-Polish Coordinating Committee held its first meeting in London on Nov. 11, 1941. Its purpose is to work toward a Polish-Czech confederation after the war, intended to serve as the nucleus for a European federation. Summary: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Jan. 15, 1942, v. 2: 8. Recommendations of the Committee: News flashes from Czechoslovakia under Nazi domination. Release no. 118, Feb. 2, 1942, p . [2]. Signed with Russia a declaration of friendship and mutual aid during and after the war, with the announced aim of organizing a just peace through a union of democratic states in Europe, Dec. 4, 1941. Text: Embassy of the U. S. S. R. Information bulletin (Washington) Dec. 6, 1941, no. 123, p. A -B. Foreign policy reports (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 18: 10. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Jan. 15, 1942, v. 2: 19-20. New York Times, Dec. 6, 1941, p. 7. Declared war on Japan as of Dec. 11, 1941. Started a Polish postal service on Dec. 15, 1941, operating on Polish vessels under the Universal Postal Convention of May 23, 1939. Opened Polish Maritime Courts on January 5, 1942. Comment: Free Europe (London) Jan. 16, 1942, v. 5: 30. London Times, Jan. 7, 1942, p. 2. Following their declaration to the International Labor Conference in New York, Nov. 4, 1941, the Czechoslovak, Polish, Greek and Yugoslav delegations established on Jan. 7, 1942, the Central and Eastern European Planning Board, to study plans of reconstruction for this area. Personnel and discussion: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 2: 43. New Europe (N. Y.) Mar. 1942, v. 2: 90-91. ,. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] YUGOSLAVIA JOINT ACTIVITIES Organization In September, 1940 the Inter-Allied Information Center was established in New York, to serve as a Yugoslavia is a constitutional parliamentary monarchy, with the governing power vested in the clearing house between the information services of the Allied Nations then at war with the Axis King and a Parliament of two houses. On March 25, 1941, Prime Minister Tsvetkovitch signed the Powers. In November, 1942 the name of the Center was changed to the United Nations Information Three Power Pact, allying Yugoslavia with the Axis nations. So great was the opposition to this within Office while the committee which controls it became the United Nations Information Hoard. Member­ the country, that the Government was forced out of office and the young King Peter assumed power ship in the Board is open to all the Allied Nations. At present 19 governments are participating. and formed a government under General Richard Dushan Simovitch. The German invasion of Yugo­ (The United Nations Information Office supplied this information) slavia began on April 6, 1941. On April 21 King Peter and his Cabinet arrived in Jerusalem and estab­ lished their Government there. Two months later they transferred their headquarters to London. The first Inter-Allied meeting was held in London on June 12, 1941. Great Britain and the Dominions, On January 2, 1943, the Cabinet was reorganized in its present form. Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Yugoslavia, Luxemburg, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Gen­ eral De Gaulle, Leader of the Free French, were represented. The delegates agreed to continue the war Personnel to victory and to work thereafter in unison with other free peoples for an enduring peace. King Peter II . , Text of proceedings: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. Miscellaneous no. 1 (1941) Cmd. 6285. Prime Minister, Foreign and Interior Minister______Slobodan _J ova~ov~~ Partial text: Free Europe (London) June 27, 1941, v. 4: 76. Deputy Prime Minister Minister of Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones ______JuraJ KrnJev1c Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) June 15, 1941, no. 5: 1. Deputy Prime Minister' Minister of Public Works ______Miho Krek Minister of War, Navy 'and Air Force ______Draia Mihanovic On September 24, 1941, the second Inter-Allied meeting was held with representatives of the groups which participated in the first meeting in attendance and in addition the representative of Russia. The Minister of Finance, Commerce and Industry ______Juraj Sutej meeting adopted a resolution approving the Atlantic Declaration of Churchill and Roosevelt and stating Minister of Education ------Milos Trifunovic the intention of the Allies to carry out the principles of that Declaration. To further this end the meet­ Minister of Communications ______Milan Grol ing considered the problem of providing Europe with food and raw materials in the postwar period. Minister of Justice, Agriculture, Food and Reconstruction ------Milan Gavrilovic It .was decided to create in the British government a bureau to assist the Allied officials in preparing Minister of Social Welfare and Public Health ______Srdjan Budisavljevic estimates of the kinds and amounts of supplies necessary, and to coordinate these estimates so as to Minister of Forestry and Mining ______Jovan Banjanin insure fair distribution. As a result, the Inter-Allied Postwar Requirements Bureau was formed with Sir Frederick Leith-Ross as Chairman. The Bureau has set up technical advisory committees on agri­ Activities culture, medicine, inland transportation, nutrition and refugees. The Bureau reports its findings to the Declared its support for Soviet Russia in the war against the Axis, July 11, 1941. Inter-Allied Relief Committee, which is composed of delegates of the Allied Governments. Text of proceedings: Gt. Brit. Foreign office. Miscellaneous no. 3 (1941) Cmd. 6315. Participated in the joint declaration of friendship and postwar collaboration by the government workers' Partial text: Department of state bulletin, Sept. 27, 1941, v. 5: 233-235. and employers' delegations of Czechoslovakia, Greece, Poland and Yugoslavia to the International Labor Inter-Allied r eview (N. Y.) Oct. 15, 1941, no. 9: 1-12. Conference in New York on Nov. 4, 1941. New York Times, Sept. 25, 1941, p. 1. Text: Foreign policy reports (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v . 18: 12. Free Europe (London) Nov. 28, 1941, v. 4: 290. On September 30, 1941 the Inter-Allied Information Committee was established in London to coordinate Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Nov. 15, 1941, no. 10: 1. Polish review (N. Y.) Dec. 1, 1941, v. 1, no. 14: 3. publicity policy and to expedite the flow of Allied news as distinct from national news. It works closely with the United Nations Information Office, the International Labor Office and the Inter-Allied Postwar On Dec. 9, 1941, stated that it considered that a state of war had existed between Japan and it since Requirements Bureau. Dec. 8, 1941. (The United Nations Information Office supplied this information) Signed an agreement with Greece, Jan. 15, 1942, providi~g for political, economic and military coopera­ tion and outlining a constitution for a future Balkan umon. On January 2, 1942, representatives of all the exiled governments except the Free French signed, with Text: Foreign policy r eports (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 18 : 10 - 11. other anti-, the United Nations Declaration, subscribing to the principles of the Atlantic Free Europe (London) Jan. 30, 1942, v. 5: 42-43. Charter and pledging full military and economic cooperation until victory. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Feb. 15, 1942, v. 2: 25-26. Text: Department of state bulletin, Jan. 3, 1942, v. 6: 3-4. New Europe (N. Y.) Feb. 1942, v. 2: 79-80. Free Europe (London) Jan. 16, 1942, v. 5: 19. Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Jan. 15, 1942, v. 2: 1-2. Following their declaration to the International Labor Conference in New York, Nov. 4, 1941, the Czech, Polish, Greek and Yugoslav delegations established on Jan. 7, 1942, the .Central and Eastern European The third Inter-Allied meeting took place on January 13, 1942. In addition to the groups represented Planning Board, to study plans of reconstruction for this area. at the second meeting, the United States and China sent delegates. Representatives of the governments Personnel and discussion: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Mar. 15, 1942, v. 2: 43 . New Europe (N. Y.) Mar. 1942, v . 2: 90-91. in exile, including the French National Committee, signed a resolution pledging themselves to exact a swift postwar retribution from Germany and her satellites for their oppression of occupied countries. Signed a lend-lease agreement with the United States on July 24, 1942. This punishment is to be dealt by the proper authorities and not by the general citizenry of the countries Text: Department of state bulletin, July 25, 1942, v. 7: 647-649. U. S. Executive agreement series, no. 26 3. involved. Text of resolution: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Jan. 15, 1942, v. 2: 2. New York Times, Jan. 14, 1942, p . 6. Official Publications Texts of speeches at meeting: Inter-Allied review (N. Y.) Feb. 15, 1942, v. 2: 32-35. Sluzbene novine Kraljevine Jugoslavije (Official gazette) Irregular. First issued in exile in London, On July 31, 1942, the exiled governments sent a collective note to President Roosevelt, asking that he Aug. 19, 1941. address a last warning to the Axis to cease crimes against the citizens of the occupied countries. Postwar Reconstruction Noted: Netherlands news (N. Y.) July 26/ Aug. 10, 1942, v. 4: 81-82. Yugoslavia has established a special committee_ <;>f five mem~e~s ~or the _study of postwar social and On November 16, 1942, a conference of Ministers of education of the governments of occupied countries economic problems. It is under the joint superv1s10n of the Mm1stnes of F~nanc e and Food _and Supply. was held to consider postwar educational problems. Yugoslavia is also participating in the Central and Eastern European Planmng Board, established Jan. 7, Noted: Netherlands news (N. Y.) Nov. 11/25, 1942, v. 5: 60. 1942 [see above.] On November 18, 1942, it was announced that a technical commission to consider "questions of special interest to the occupied countries in relation to an eventual armistice" had been established by eight governments in exile, Luxemburg not participating. Noted: New York Times, Nov. 19, 1942, p. 3.

[ 20 ] [ 21 ] On December 17, 1942, issued a joint declaration with the Soviet British and American governments, BRITISH LAWS concerning the treatment of Jews in territories under German oc~upation. Text: United Nations review (N. Y.) Jan. 15, 1943, v. 3: 1-5. In order to facilitate the most advantageous prosecution of the war, the British Government has made certain laws and regulations which grant to the governments in exile special privileges. Because On Jam~ary 5, 1943, .all the exiled governments participated, with nine other governments, m a joint of their unusual nature they are outlined here: declarat10n condemning forced transfers of property in enemy-controlled territory. Text: Department of state bulletin, Jan. 9, 1943, v. 8: 21-22. THE ALLIED FORCES ACT (3 & 4 Geo. 6. Ch. 51) permits exile governments in Britain to form, train and maintain military units in action under their own officers, their own flags and their own military S<;>cia~ welfare courses for postwar reconstruction have been set up in London. The Belgian, Czech, F1ghtmg French, G.reek,. ~utch, Norwegian, Polish, Yugoslav and British Governments are financing law. The administration and internal discipline of these forces is regulated by their own codes and these courses to tram relief workers for emergency needs in the liberated countries. offenders under these codes are tried and punished by their own courts. In matters of strategy these (The United Nations Information Office supplied this information) units are under the command of the British High Command. Offenses against the civil population fall under the jurisdiction of the regular civil courts which are superior to the military ones save in matters of internal discipline and adminstration of the troops. For example, a civil court may not interfere with the military courts by granting writs of Habeas Corpus to free soldiers from prison. This law, passed on August 22, 1940 applied to the Belgian, Czech, Dutch, Norwegian and Polish governments in exile. THE ALLIED FORCES (Relations with civil authorities (No. 1)) Order, 1940, Oct. 11, 1940, S. R. & 0. (1940) No. 1816, provides for the cooperation of the civil authorities with officers commanding the Allied forces [as listed above]. Text: Burke, John M., ed. Loose-leaf war legislation, 1940/ 41, p. 512. THE ALLIED FORCES (Relations with civil authorities (No. 2)) Order, 1941, Jan. 15, 1941, S. R. & 0. (1941) No. 48, extends the same courtesies to officers of the Free French forces. Text: Ibid, 1940/ 41, p . 797. THE ALLIED FORCES (Penal arrangements (No. 1)) Order, 1940, Oct. 11 , 1940, S. R. & 0 . (1940) No. 1817, provides that persons sentenced to imprisonment by the Allied service courts under the Allied Forces Act may be interned in British prisons. Text: Ibid, 1940/41, p. 512-513. THE ALLIED FORCES (Penal arrangements (No. 2)) Order, 1941, Jan. 15, 1941, S. R. & 0 . (1941) No. 49, provides for the application of the above order to the Free French forces. Text: Ibid, 1940/41, p. 779- 780. THE ALLIED FORCES (Application of 23 Geo. 5. Ch. 6 (No. 1) ) Order, 1940, Oct. 11, 1940, S. R. & 0. (1940) No. 1818, provides for the cooperation of British military authorities with officers commanding the Allied forces [to round up deserters, etc.] Text: Ibid, 1940/41, p. 513-516. THE ALLIED FORCES (Application of 23 Geo. 5. Ch. 6 (No. 2) ) Order, 1941, Jan. 15, 1941, S. R. & 0. (1941) No. 47, provides for the application of the above order to the Free French forces. Text: Ibid, 1940/41, p . 794-797. THE ALLIED FORCES (Free French air force) Order, 1941, Feb. 28, 1941, S. R. & 0. (1941) No. 260, provides for the application of the Allied Forces Act to the Free French air forces. Text: Ibid, 1940/41, p. 868. DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES (EXTENSION) ACT, 1941. (4 & 5 Geo. 6. Ch. 7) grants extension of diplomatic privileges to members of foreign governments in England. THE ALLIED FORCES (Application of the Acts to colonies, etc. (No. 1) ) Order, 1941, Jan. 15, 1941, S. R. & 0 . (1941) No. 155 applies the Allied Forces Act to Allied forces in British colonies and . Text: Burke, John M., ed. Loose-leaf war legislation, 1940/41, p. 834- 837. THE ALLIED FORCES (Greece & Yugoslavia) Order, 1941, May 9, 1941, S. R. & 0. (1941) No. 651, applies the Relations with civil authorities (No. 1) Order, 1940, the Penal arrangements (No. 1) Order, 1940, and the Application of the Acts to colonies _{No. 1) Order, 1940, to naval, military and air forces of Greece and Yugoslavia. Text: Ibid, 1940/41, p. 1002. THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR FORCE (Registration of nationals ["To enable the best use to be made of ... nationals in Great Britain in support of the common war effort"]) Orders, 1941, May 26, 1941, S. R. & 0. (1941) Nos. 719-724. No. 719 relates to Belgian, 720 to Dutch, 721 to Norwegian, 722 to Polish, 723 to Czech and 724 to French citizens. Text of No. 719: Ibid, 1940/41, p. 1051-1053. ALLIED POWERS (Maritime Courts) ACT (4 & 5 Geo. 6. Ch. 21) permits Allied Powers to establish and maintain in the United Kingdom courts for the trial and punishment of certain offenses by their nationals. In these courts trials may be conducted under their own national law and by judges and officials of their own nation. One of the objects of this law is the enforcement of discipline on Allied ships. It was p;i<' ~ ed on May 22, 1941. [For information on some of the courts established under this

[ 22 ] [ 23 ]