Post-World War II Allied Trials for Axis War Crimes
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
"Justiz Und Erinnerung" 4 / Mai 2001
Verein Verein zur Erforschung zur Förderung nationalsozialistischer justizgeschichtlicher Gewaltverbrechen und Forschungen ihrer Aufarbeitung A-1013 Wien, Pf. 298 A-1013 Wien, Pf. 298 Tel. 270 68 99, Fax 317 21 12 Tel. 315 4949, Fax 317 21 12 E-Mail: [email protected] oder E-Mail: [email protected] [email protected] Bankverbindung: Bank Austria 660 502 303 Bankverbindung: Bank Austria 660 501 909 JUSTIZ UND ERINNERUNG Hrsg. v. Verein zur Förderung justizgeschichtlicher Forschungen und Verein zur Erforschung nationalsozialistischer Gewaltverbrechen und ihrer Aufarbeitung vormals »Rundbrief« Nr. 4 / Mai 2001 Beiträge Gedenken an die Opfer von Engerau Claudia Kuretsidis-Haider Claudia Kuretsidis-Haider Am 25. Mai 1945 erging bei der Polizei im 3. Wiener Gedenken an die Opfer von Engerau .......... 1 Gemeindebezirk nachstehende »Anzeige gegen An- gehörige der SA im Judenlager Engerau«: Peter Gstettner »Als die SA das Judenlager in Engerau errich- Das KZ in der Lendorfer Kaserne tete, wurden ca. 2000 Juden (ungarische) in vor den Toren der Stadt Klagenfurt. das genannte Lager aufgenommen. An den Ju- Ein Vorschlag zur Geschichts- den wurden folgende Gewalttaten verübt: An- aufarbeitung und Erinnerung ................ 3 lässlich des Abmarsches Ende April 1945 aus dem Lager in der Richtung nach Deutsch Al- tenburg wurde ich als Wegführer bestimmt und Meinhard Brunner ging an der Spitze des Zuges. Hinter mir fand Ermittlungs- und Prozessakten eine wüste Schießerei statt bei der 102 Juden britischer Militärgerichte in Österreich den Tod fanden.« im Public Record Office ................... 12 Ein weiterer SA-Mann präzisierte diese Angaben: »Vom Ortskommandanten erhielt ich den Be- Sabine Loitfellner fehl alle Juden welche den Marsch nicht Arisierungen während der NS-Zeit durchhalten zu erschießen. -
Camilla Da Dalt, the Case of Morpurgo De Nilma's Art Collection in Trieste
STUDI DI MEMOFONTE Rivista on-line semestrale Numero 22/2019 FONDAZIONE MEMOFONTE Studio per l’elaborazione informatica delle fonti storico-artistiche www.memofonte.it COMITATO REDAZIONALE Proprietario Fondazione Memofonte onlus Fondatrice Paola Barocchi Direzione scientifica Donata Levi Comitato scientifico Francesco Caglioti, Barbara Cinelli, Flavio Fergonzi, Margaret Haines, Donata Levi, Nicoletta Maraschio, Carmelo Occhipinti Cura scientifica Daria Brasca, Christian Fuhrmeister, Emanuele Pellegrini Cura redazionale Martina Nastasi, Laurence Connell Segreteria di redazione Fondazione Memofonte onlus, via de’ Coverelli 2/4, 50125 Firenze [email protected] ISSN 2038-0488 INDICE The Transfer of Jewish-owned Cultural Objects in the Alpe Adria Region DARIA BRASCA, CHRISTIAN FUHRMEISTER, EMANUELE PELLEGRINI Introduction p. 1 VICTORIA REED Museum Acquisitions in the Era of the Washington Principles: Porcelain from the Emma Budge Estate p. 9 GISÈLE LÉVY Looting Jewish Heritage in the Alpe Adria Region. Findings from the Union of the Italian Jewish Communities (UCEI) Historical Archives p. 28 IVA PASINI TRŽEC Contentious Musealisation Process(es) of Jewish Art Collections in Croatia p. 41 DARIJA ALUJEVIĆ Jewish-owned Art Collections in Zagreb: The Destiny of the Robert Deutsch Maceljski Collection p. 50 ANTONIJA MLIKOTA The Destiny of the Tilla Durieux Collection after its Transfer from Berlin to Zagreb p. 64 DARIA BRASCA The Dispossession of Italian Jews: the Fate of Cultural Property in the Alpe Adria Region during Second World War p. 79 CAMILLA DA DALT The Case of Morpurgo De Nilma’s Art Collection in Trieste: from a Jewish Legacy to a ‘German Donation’ p. 107 CRISTINA CUDICIO The Dissolution of a Jewish Collection: the Pincherle Family in Trieste p. -
16. the Nuremberg Trials: Nazi Criminals Face Justice
fdr4freedoms 1 16. The Nuremberg Trials: Nazi Criminals Face Justice On a ship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, four months before the United States entered World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill agreed to commit themselves to “the final destruction of Nazi tyranny.” In mid-1944, as the Allied advance toward Germany progressed, another question arose: What to do with the defeated Nazis? FDR asked his War Department for a plan to bring Germany to justice, making it accountable for starting the terrible war and, in its execution, committing a string of ruthless atrocities. By mid-September 1944, FDR had two plans to consider. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. had unexpectedly presented a proposal to the president two weeks before the War Department finished its own work. The two plans could not have been more different, and a bitter contest of ideas erupted in FDR’s cabinet. To execute or prosecute? Morgenthau proposed executing major Nazi leaders as soon as they were captured, exiling other officers to isolated and barren lands, forcing German prisoners of war to rebuild war-scarred Europe, and, perhaps most controversially, Defendants and their counsel in the trial of major war criminals before the dismantling German industry in the highly developed Ruhr International Military Tribunal, November 22, 1945. The day before, all defendants and Saar regions. One of the world’s most advanced industrial had entered “not guilty” pleas and U.S. top prosecutor Robert H. Jackson had made his opening statement. “Despite the fact that public opinion already condemns economies would be left to subsist on local crops, a state their acts,” said Jackson, “we agree that here [these defendants] must be given that would prevent Germany from acting on any militaristic or a presumption of innocence, and we accept the burden of proving criminal acts and the responsibility of these defendants for their commission.” Harvard Law School expansionist impulses. -
From the Nuremberg Trials to the Memorial Nuremberg Trials
Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Memorium Nürnberger Prozesse Hirschelgasse 9-11 90403 Nürnberg Telefon: 0911 / 2 31-66 89 Telefon: 0911 / 2 31-54 20 Telefax: 0911 / 2 31-1 42 10 E-Mail: [email protected] www.museen.nuernberg.de – Press Release From the Nuremberg Trials to the Memorial Nuremberg Trials Nuremberg’s name is linked with the NSDAP Party Rallies held here between 1933 and 1938 and – Presseinformation with the „Racial Laws“ adopted in 1935. It is also linked with the trials where leading representatives of the Nazi regime had to answer for their crimes in an international court of justice. Between 20 November, 1945, and 1 October, 1946, the International Military Tribunal’s trial of the main war criminals (IMT) was held in Court Room 600 at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice. Between 1946 and 1949, twelve follow-up trials were also held here. Those tried included high- ranking representatives of the military, administration, medical profession, legal system, industry Press Release and politics. History Two years after Germany had unleashed World War II on 1 September, 1939, leading politicians and military staff of the anti-Hitler coalition started to consider bringing to account those Germans responsible for war crimes which had come to light at that point. The Moscow Declaration of 1943 and the Conference of Yalta of February 1945 confirmed this attitude. Nevertheless, the ideas – Presseinformation concerning the type of proceeding to use in the trial were extremely divergent. After difficult negotiations, on 8 August, 1945, the four Allied powers (USA, Britain, France and the Soviet Union) concluded the London Agreement, on a "Charter for The International Military Tribunal", providing for indictment for the following crimes in a trial based on the rule of law: 1. -
Excerpt from Elizabeth Borgwardt, the Nuremberg Idea: “Thinking Humanity” in History, Law & Politics, Under Contract with Alfred A
Excerpt from Elizabeth Borgwardt, The Nuremberg Idea: “Thinking Humanity” in History, Law & Politics, under contract with Alfred A. Knopf. DRAFT of 10/24/16; please do not cite or quote without author’s permission Human Rights Workshop, Schell Center for International Human Rights, Yale Law School November 3, 2016, 12:10 to 1:45 pm, Faculty Lounge Author’s Note: Thank you in advance for any attention you may be able to offer to this chapter in progress, which is approximately 44 double-spaced pages of text. If time is short I recommend starting with the final section, pp. 30-42. I look forward to learning from your reactions and suggestions. Chapter Abstract: This history aims to show how the 1945-49 series of trials in the Nuremberg Palace of Justice distilled the modern idea of “crimes against humanity,” and in the process established the groundwork for the modern international human rights regime. Over the course of the World War II era, a 19th century version of crimes against humanity, which might be rendered more precisely in German as Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit (crimes against “humane-ness”), competed with and was ultimately co-opted by a mid-20th- century conception, translated as Verbrechen gegen die Menschheit (crimes against “human- kind”). Crimes against humaneness – which Hannah Arendt dismissed as “crimes against kindness” – were in effect transgressions against traditional ideas of knightly chivalry, that is, transgressions against the humanity of the perpetrators. Crimes against humankind – the Menschheit version -- by contrast, focused equally on the humanity of victims. Such extreme atrocities most notably denied and attacked the humanity of individual victims (by denying their human rights, or in Arendt’s iconic phrasing, their “right to have rights”). -
Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group
HISTORICAL MATERIALS IN THE DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY OF INTEREST TO THE NAZI WAR CRIMES AND JAPANESE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT RECORDS INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP The Dwight D. Eisenhower Library holds a large quantity of documentation relating to World War II and to the Cold War era. Information relating to war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and by the Japanese Government during World War II can be found widely scattered within the Library’s holdings. The Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group is mandated to identify, locate and, as necessary, declassify records pertaining to war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and Japan. In order to assist the Interagency Working Group in carrying out this mission, the Library staff endeavored to identify historical documentation within its holdings relating to this topic. The staff conducted its search as broadly and as thoroughly as staff time, resources, and intellectual control allowed and prepared this guide to assist interested members of the public in conducting research on documents relating generally to Nazi and Japanese war crimes. The search covered post- war references to such crimes, the use of individuals who may have been involved in such crimes for intelligence or other purposes, and the handling of captured enemy assets. Therefore, while much of the documentation described herein was originated during the years when the United States was involved in World War II (1939 to 1945) one marginal document originated prior to this period can be found and numerous post-war items are also covered, especially materials concerning United States handling of captured German and Japanese assets and correspondence relating to clemency for Japanese soldiers convicted and imprisoned for war crimes. -
The Trial of Paul Touvier
A CENTURY OF GENOCIDES AND JUSTICE: THE TRIAL OF PAUL TOUVIER An Undergraduate Research Scholars Thesis by RACHEL HAGE Submitted to the Undergraduate Research Scholars program at Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the designation as an UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH SCHOLAR Approved by Research Advisor: Dr. Richard Golsan May 2020 Major: International Studies, International Politics and Diplomacy Track TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................1 Literature Review.....................................................................................................1 Thesis Statement ......................................................................................................1 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................2 Project Description...................................................................................................2 KEY WORDS ..................................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................5 United Nations Rome Statute ..................................................................................5 20th Century Genocide .............................................................................................6 -
Indictment Presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945)
Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) Caption: On 18 October 1945, the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg accuses 24 German political, military and economic leaders of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Source: Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal sitting at Berlin on 18th October 1945. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, November 1945. 50 p. (Cmd. 6696). p. 2-50. Copyright: Crown copyright is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the Queen's Printer for Scotland URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/indictment_presented_to_the_international_military_tribunal_nuremberg_18_october_1945-en- 6b56300d-27a5-4550-8b07-f71e303ba2b1.html Last updated: 03/07/2015 1 / 46 03/07/2015 Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS — AGAINST — HERMANN WILHELM GÖRING, RUDOLF HESS, JOACHIM VON RIBBENTROP, ROBERT LEY, WILHELM KEITEL, ERNST KALTEN BRUNNER, ALFRED ROSENBERG, HANS FRANK, WILHELM FRICK, JULIUS STREICHER, WALTER FUNK, HJALMAR SCHACHT, GUSTAV KRUPP VON BOHLEN UND HALBACH, KARL DÖNITZ, ERICH RAEDER, BALDUR VON SCHIRACH, FRITZ SAUCKEL, ALFRED JODL, MARTIN BORMANN, FRANZ VON PAPEN, ARTUR SEYSS INQUART, ALBERT SPEER, CONSTANTIN VON NEURATH, AND HANS FRITZSCHE, -
Appendix 1: Sample Docum Ents
APPENDIX 1: SAMPLE DOCUMENTS Figure 1.1. Arrest warrant (Haftbefehl) for Georg von Sauberzweig, signed by Morgen. Courtesy of Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde 129 130 Appendix 1 Figure 1.2. Judgment against Sauberzweig. Courtesy of Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde Appendix 1 131 Figure 1.3. Hitler’s rejection of Sauberzweig’s appeal. Courtesy of Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde 132 Appendix 1 Figure 1.4. Confi rmation of Sauberzweig’s execution. Courtesy of Bundesarchiv Berlin- Lichterfelde Appendix 1 133 Figure 1.5. Letter from Morgen to Maria Wachter. Estate of Konrad Morgen, courtesy of the Fritz Bauer Institut APPENDIX 2: PHOTOS Figure 2.1. Konrad Morgen 1938. Estate of Konrad Morgen, courtesy of the Fritz Bauer Institut 134 Appendix 2 135 Figure 2.2. Konrad Morgen in his SS uniform. Estate of Konrad Morgen, courtesy of the Fritz Bauer Institut 136 Appendix 2 Figure 2.3. Karl Otto Koch. Courtesy of the US National Archives Appendix 2 137 Figure 2.4. Karl and Ilse Koch with their son, at Buchwald. Corbis Images Figure 2.5. Odilo Globocnik 138 Appendix 2 Figure 2.6. Hermann Fegelein. Courtesy of Yad Vashem Figure 2.7. Ilse Koch. Courtesy of Yad Vashem Appendix 2 139 Figure 2.8. Waldemar Hoven. Courtesy of Yad Vashem Figure 2.9. Christian Wirth. Courtesy of Yad Vashem 140 Appendix 2 Figure 2.10. Jaroslawa Mirowska. Private collection NOTES Preface 1. The execution of Karl Otto Koch, former commandant of Buchenwald, is well documented. The execution of Hermann Florstedt, former commandant of Majdanek, is disputed by a member of his family (Lindner (1997)). -
The 2015 Auschwitz-Trial of Lüneburg
Human Rights III, Spring 2016 Astrid Juckenack (930613-T005) The 2015 Auschwitz-trial of Lüneburg: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Collective Memory of the Holocaust in Nazi-trials in Modern-day Germany. Author: Astrid Juckenack Malmö Högskola Human Rights III; MR106L Spring 2016 Supervisor: Malin Isaksson 1 Human Rights III, Spring 2016 Astrid Juckenack (930613-T005) Abstract The points of departure in this thesis are the reciprocal relationship between the memories of human rights violations, the application of the relevant law and the understanding of what is criminal, as well as the recent trend in German courts to belatedly try low-profile Nazi- criminals. To explore these phenomena further, a critical discourse analysis incorporating historical elements is conducted on the 2015 trial of “the bookkeeper of Auschwitz” Oskar Gröning and the related media-reports. By identifying and investigating the expression of collective memory therein, a shift is revealed in that low-level participation in the Holocaust is no longer remembered as a moral infringement exclusively, but accepted as a criminal act for which a perpetrator ought to be held liable. Alongside Holocaust-focused collective memory, there are further tendencies toward a distinct memory of the prolonged failure of the German judiciary. It was thus found that long-term societal change can prevail against a deeply ingrained culture of impunity. Keywords: human rights, collective memory, Holocaust, Germany, Auschwitz, Auschwitz trial, Oskar Gröning, SS, accessory to murder, impunity Wordcount: 16,497 words 2 Human Rights III, Spring 2016 Astrid Juckenack (930613-T005) Table of Contents Abstract 2 Abbreviations 6 1. Introduction 7 1.1 Introduction to the Problem Area 7 1.2 Research Problem, -Questions and –Aim 8 1.3 Relevance for the Field of Human Rights 9 1.4 Delimitations 9 1.5 Ethical Considerations 10 1.6 Disposition 10 2. -
Knut Døscher Master.Pdf (1.728Mb)
Knut Kristian Langva Døscher German Reprisals in Norway During the Second World War Master’s thesis in Historie Supervisor: Jonas Scherner Trondheim, May 2017 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Preface and acknowledgements The process for finding the topic I wanted to write about for my master's thesis was a long one. It began with narrowing down my wide field of interests to the Norwegian resistance movement. This was done through several discussions with professors at the historical institute of NTNU. Via further discussions with Frode Færøy, associate professor at The Norwegian Home Front Museum, I got it narrowed down to reprisals, and the cases and questions this thesis tackles. First, I would like to thank my supervisor, Jonas Scherner, for his guidance throughout the process of writing my thesis. I wish also to thank Frode Færøy, Ivar Kraglund and the other helpful people at the Norwegian Home Front Museum for their help in seeking out previous research and sources, and providing opportunity to discuss my findings. I would like to thank my mother, Gunvor, for her good help in reading through the thesis, helping me spot repetitions, and providing a helpful discussion partner. Thanks go also to my girlfriend, Sigrid, for being supportive during the entire process, and especially towards the end. I would also like to thank her for her help with form and syntax. I would like to thank Joachim Rønneberg, for helping me establish the source of some of the information regarding the aftermath of the heavy water raid. I also thank Berit Nøkleby for her help with making sense of some contradictory claims by various sources. -
Schweigen Und Erinnern Das Problem Nationalsozialismus Nach 1945
Alexander Pinwinkler und Thomas Weidenholzer (Hg.) Schweigen und erinnern Das Problem Nationalsozialismus nach 1945 Die Stadt Salzburg im Nationalsozialismus Herausgegeben von Peter F. Kramml, Sabine Veits-Falk, Thomas Weidenholzer und Ernst Hanisch Band 7 Schriftenreihe des Archivs der Stadt Salzburg 45 Peter F. Kramml Stadtplan der Stadt Salzburg aus 1 dem Jahr 1940. Ausschnitt mit nachträglicher Adolf-Hitler-Platz, Imberg, Kennzeichnung von NS-Namengut Gaismair-Hof . (Original und Repro: AStS). Um- und Neubenennungen öffentlicher Räume 2 im Zeichen der NS-Ideologie 1) Straße der SA 3 2) Imberg 3) Trompeter-Schlößl 4) Langemarck-Ufer 5) Hofstallgasse 6) Karl-Thomas-Burg 4 7) Georg-von- Zwei Jahre nach dem „Anschluß“ und ein Jahr nach der Durchführung Schönerer-Platz der zweiten großen Eingemeindung erschien im Jahr 1940 ein neuer, 5 vom Stadtbauamt herausgegebener Stadtplan der Gauhauptstadt Salz- 6 burg1, der jene Veränderungen des Namenguts dokumentiert, die die 7 neuen Machthaber bis dahin vollzogen hatten. Ein Blick auf diese Karte vermittelt Namen von Straßenzügen und auch Objektbezeichnungen, die sich von den heutigen deutlich unterscheiden. Namen wie das Kapuziner- Inhalte (Deutschtum im Ausland) besonders an. Auch vereinnahmte his- kloster und der Kapuzinerberg oder die Edmundsburg am Mönchsberg torische Gestalten, wie Paracelsus oder die „Helden“ des Bauernkriegs, waren ebenso verschwunden wie einige alte Straßennamen, darunter die wurden bemüht. Es erfolgte aber – wie auch in anderen Städten des Deut- Franziskanergasse, der Giselakai oder die Auerspergstraße. Neue waren schen Reiches – keine „ausschließliche Straßenstürmerei“ (M. Weidner) an ihre Stelle getreten, wie eine „Straße der SA“ oder das Langemarck- und zahlreichen Neubenennungen fehlt jeglicher NS-Bezug4. Es wurde Ufer.