International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 2 Issue 10, October - 2013
A Case Study of South Vellar Sub Basin
R.Greesan, Asst.Prof/Dept of Civil Engg, Chendhurancollege of Engg and Tech, Pudukkottai.
Scope assist in the growing of agricultural crops, The aim and objective this thesis is maintenance of landscapes, to study the south vellar sub basin area and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry regarding the water potential and demand areas and during periods of inadequate and to recover a right solution for the rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a problems by executing some of the few other uses in crop production, which imperative techniques. include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain Abstract fields and helping in preventing soil Earth is the only plant, so far known consolidation. to have water and this makes it fit for human Status of Irrigation in Tamilnadu living. This paper was focussed on south Tamilnadu with a geographical vellar sub basin area to reduce the scarcity area of 13million heactares is ranked of water and to improve the water potential. eleventh in size among the Indian States. The scarcity on the sub basin is 77.74Mcm. The net area sown in Tamilnadu is about Some of the valuable techniques are 6million hectares ofwhich about 3million suggested to improve the potential of waterIJERT IJERTheactares or 50% get irrigation facilities to meet the demand in present and future. from sources as given below: PIM and Water Budgeting are very important techniques in this current situation 1. Governmentcanals: 0.95 million to overcome the demand and for an effective hectares utilisation of water resources.Micro and Sprinkler irrigation is also mentioned for 2. Tanks: 0.90 million hectares preventing the wastage of water and spoiling 3. Wells, Tube wells etc.:1.15million the water resources. Whatever the technique hectares we can implement, the complete success is purely depends on the awareness of public on optimum usage of water. So the training programme to the public and farmers was 0.95 Govt. Canals sturdily recommended to achieve the success 1.15 on any water related project or methods. Tanks Wells Irrigation System 0.9 Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to
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Development of Irrigation in Tamilnadu: Based on the Geographical conditions, there are 16 River Basins in The ultimate irrigation potential Tamil Nadu. The 16 River Basins are further of Tamilnadu through major and medium divided into 42 Sub Basins. irrigation sources was assessed as 1.5million hectares by the National Commission on Our case study was focussed on south Agriculture in 1976. vellar which was come under Agniyar River Basin. Under the water Resources Organization the water management in the Agniyar River Basin is one state has been decentralized along Basin among the River Basins covering Trichy, lines and for effective control, the entire Pudukkottai and Thanjavur Districts and state has been divided into 4 regions as has 3 Sub Basins namely.
Chennai 1. Agniyar Sub Basin Tiruchi 2. Ambuliar Sub Basin Pollachi 3. South Vellar Sub Basin Madurai
Chennai South Vellar Sub-Basin
Araniyar, Kosasthalaiyar, The south vellar sub basin in Cooum, Adyar, Palar, Ongur, Varahanadhi, bounded on north byagniar and ambuliyar Malattaru, Penniyar, Gadilam, Vellar. sub basin, east by Bay of Bengal, west by IJERTIJERTvelamalai hills and Cauvery basin and south Tiruchi by pambarbasin. The sub basin is located at the latitude from 100 0’ 40” n to 100 29’ 50” Cauvery, Agniyar, Ambuliyar, n and the longitude from 780 13’ 50” E to Vellar, Koluvanar, Pambar. 790 15’ 50”E Pollachi The basin area of the south vellar sub basin Amaravathi, Bhavani, is 2010 sq.km. Southvellar river originates Noyyal,KorangamPallam,Palar,Periyapallam as a stream in kumarikatti reserve forest area and West flowing rivers. of velamali hills near manjinampatti village Madurai 20kms North West of thuvarankurichi in manapparaitaluk of trichy district. It begins Manimuthar,Kottkkariyar,Vaigai,Uthrakosa as a river from the surplus of vembanoor big mangayar,Gundar,Vemabaru,Vaippar,Kallar tank in illappur talk of pudukkottai district. Korampallamaru,Tambaraparani, The river runs for distances of 137 Karumeniyar,Nambiar,Hanumanadhi, kms from its orgin and confluences with bay Palayaru,Valliyar,Kodayar. of bangal near mumbalai village in manamelkuditaluk of pudukkottai district.
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The Main Tributaries of South Vellar River Exactly for South Vellar River: are Nerungikudiyar Sl.No Name No. of No. No. of Ayacut Gundar of the Anicuts of Tanks (Ha) River Open benefit Nerungikudiyaroriginates from the off ed surplus of maravamadurai tank in takes thirumayamtaluk of pudukkottai district. It 01 South 18 4 164 11766 travels to a distances of 30 km and joins Vellar .45 with vellar river near kummakudi village. River Gundaroriginates from the surplus of Water Balance kavinadu big tank near pudukkottai town. It Surface Water travels to distances of 7.50km and joins with South Vellar Sub Basin is having 46 vellar river near kadayakkudi village in Anicuts and 316 Nos of P.W.D. Tanks and pudukkottai district. 2086 Nos of Panchayat Union tanks. There There is another river called is no Reservoir in the Sub Basin. The narasingaCauvery, originating from the approximate Storage Capacity of the Tanks surplus of narpavalakudi tank and runs on is 267.13 Mcm. the northern side south vellar river. It travels Surface Water Potential to a distances of 36km and confluences with The Basin Area of the Sub Basin is Bay of Bengal near kattumavadi village in 2010 Sq Km. The 75% Annual Rain fall of pudukkottai district. the Sub Basin is 634.56 mm. ( SW In the south vellar sub basin, thereIJERT IJERT279.85mm and NE 257.90mm ) Total are 46nos of OPEN off- takes from the river Surface Water Potential for 75% probability and 316nos of minor irrigation tank, having for South Vellar. an ayacut of 21079.18, being maintained by River Sub Basin is given below: the water resource organization of PWD. South West Monsoon Surface Water In addition to the above, there are Potential-84.37 Mcm 2086 nos of tanks with total ayacut of North East Monsoon Surface Water 15341.39Ha, being maintained by the Potential -77.76 Mcm panchayat union. Hence the total ayacut Annual Surface Water Potential - under the sub basin is 36420.57Ha 191.45 Mcm
Surface Water SW Monsoon Surface Potential, 84.37 Water NE Monsoon Potential, 191.45 Surface Annual Water Potential Potential, 77.76
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Ground Water Potential From the above data we can easily conclude The Annual Ground Water Potential that the problems are arisen because of of this Sub Basin is 404.99 Mcm. lacking of knowledge in rain water harvesting and less number of water storage Total Water Potential units. We are in a condition to implement Water some noteworthy techniques for an effective Sl.No Description Demand in utilisation of rain water and to sustain the
Mcm ground water level. Such kinds of techniques Surface Water are described below: 1 191.45 Potential Suggested Techniques Ground Water 2 404.99 The techniques are RWH, PIM, Water Potential Budgeting, Modern Irrigation System. Total Potential 596.44 1. Rainwater Harvesting Water Demand Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional Sl.No Description Water water restrictions and in developed countries Demand in is often used to supplement the mains Mcm supply. Rainwater harvesting systems are 1 Irrigation 640.27 appealing as they are easy to understand, Water Demand install and operate. They are effective in 2 Drinking 13.85 'green droughts' as water is captured from 3 Live Stock 6.52 IJERTIJERTrainfall where runoff is insufficient to flow 4 Industries 13.54 into dam storages. The quality of captured Small, Medium rainwater is usually sufficient for most & Major household needs, reducing the need for Total Demand 674.18 detergents because rainwater is soft. Financial benefits to the users include that Water Balance rain is 'renewable' at acceptable volumes Total Water Potential - 596.44 Mcm despite climate change forecasts, and Total Water Demand - 674.18 Mcm rainwater harvesting systems generally have Deficit – 77.74Mcm low running costs, providing water at the point of consumption. 674.18 700 596.44 600 1.1Artificial Recharge to Ground Water: 500 400 Artificial recharge to ground water is 300 200 77.74 a process by which the ground water 100 reservoir is augmented at a rate exceeding 0 that obtaining under natural conditions or Total Total Deficit Water Water Potential Demand
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replenishment. At man-made scheme or 2.Participatory Irrigation Management facility that adds water to an aquifer may be 2.1What is PIM? considered to be an artificial recharge The term participatory irrigation system. management refers to the participation of 1.2Rainwater Harvesting Techniques users, the farmers in the management of the irrigation system. PIM usually refers to the The two main techniques of rainwater level, mode or intensity of user participation harvesting are: that would increase farmer responsibility and authority in the management process. Storage of Rainwater on surface for A more comprehensive variant future use. of PIM is Irrigation Management Transfer Recharge of Ground water (IMT). IMT is the full or partial transfer of The storage of rain water on surface is a responsibility and authority for the traditional techniques and structures used governance, management and financing of were underground tanks, ponds, check dams, irrigation systems from the government to weirs etc. water user associations.
The ground water can be recharged by In India, the easement act 1832 different ways like specifically recognized customary rights of people. Thus as per the custom and Diversion of runoff to dried-up / convention, people were entitled to tap defunct wells water, which flows through an upper plot or making a series of farm ponds another person’s land. However, this act was from ridge to valley IJERTIJERTnot applicable to ground water. In the Tamil Construction of check dams etc Nadu context, in particular tank and 1.3Advantages of Rainwater Harvesting: traditional canal irrigated areas; the Enhanced sustainability of water customary rights over water were well supply projects and structures; codified much before the British period. Improved well yields and reduced The britishgovt approved these codified pumping lifts and cost; laws(which were locally called Improved water quality through Mamulnamas) and printed them as a dilution especially fluoride, nitrate document as early as 1813. and salinity. 2.2Desired Impacts of PIM Conservation of water lost to run off and evaporation. 1. Sense of ownership and secure water Reduces flood hazard and soil rights erosion. 2. Increased transparency of the water Treated urban effluent can be allocation process recharge and quality beneficiated by 3. Greater accessibility to government and re-circulation through the aquifers. system personnel
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4. Right to fix and collect water fees 1. Geographical Area in hectare(ha) appropriately 2. Annual Average rainfall of the 5. Improved maintenance village in mm 6.Participation in decisions concerning 3. Number of tanks in the village irrigation service (including tanks and capacities 7. Reduced conflicts among users maintained by Panchayat) 4. Number of artificial recharge 3.Water Budgeting structures if any and their capacities Water Budgeting is one of the key 5. Other sources of irrigation water activities under “Community Collaborative village from anicuts, from canals etc. Water Management” at village level. It 6. Population (both human & animals) envisages a rough estimation of the water 7. Crop wise details like (types of crops resources available in the village and also etc.,) the requirements of water for various 8. Other sectoral demands if any sectoral uses and equating them to arrive at “water balance”. The net deficit/surplus 4.Increasing Storage Units indicates the water scenario in the village The district has the region of and will form the basis for micro level water Gantharvakkottai, Karambakudi and management plan in the village to ensure Alangudi which was almost become drought optimum use of water. area because of less number of storage units 3.1Scope of Water Budgeting and unawareness about harvesting and water usage. To estimate the existing condition Even though the areas are getting of water resources through farmerIJERT IJERTaverage rainfall and getting enough recharge led participatory methods of ground water, due to sloppy nature the To device village level water rainwater was easily runoff to the lower management strategies regions. The only solution to prevent the Preparing a water budget at the loss of water is construction of Check Dams. village level Designing water resources A check dam is a small dam, which management at the village level can be either temporary or permanent, built To reinforce the sanitization process across a minor channel, swale, bios wale, or of village people on water by drainage ditch. Similar to drop structures in providing the substantial data on purpose, they reduce erosion and gullying in water crisis of that village the channel and allow sediments and pollutants to settle. They also lower the 3.2Steps involved in Water Budgeting speed of water flow during storm events. The following base line data of the They are also called Jack Dams village are to be collected
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4.1The following points have to be kept in 5.Modern Irrigation System mind regarding site selection: Modern Irrigation is the process of supplying optimum water, in addition to Check dams can be of various sizes natural precipitation, to field crops, and built with a variety of materials orchards, vineyards, or other cultivated including stone, clay and cement. plants. Irrigation water is applied to ensure Individual farmers can build small that the water available in the soil is check dams of clay. sufficient to meet crop water needs. The role Masonry and cement concrete of irrigation is to improve production and structures require some degree of the effectiveness of other inputs. The two construction skills and high significant irrigation systems are described investment. below. The structure should be able to store 5.1 Micro Irrigation a high volume of rain-water over a long duration of time. It should It is also known as trickle or drip or provide a long length of stored localised irrigation, functions as its name water. suggests. This method can saves water and There should be a high percentage of fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to cropped area on either side of the the roots of plants, either onto length of stored water. the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network Minimises risk of submergence of of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. It is cropped lands during flash floods. It done through narrow tubes that deliver water should have a high cost-benefit ratio. IJERTIJERTdirectly to the base of the plant. This method
can be the most water-efficient method of To determine how far apart to space irrigation, if managed properly, since check dams, use the following formula: evaporation and runoff are minimized. The advantages of drip irrigation are: Distance between check dams = 100ft ÷ (%Slope of channel/3)The following chart Fertilizer and nutrient loss is summarizes this formula: minimized due to localized application and reduced leaching. Slope of Spacing of Rock Silt Water application efficiency is high. Channel (%) Checks (Ft) Fields with irregular shapes are easily accommodated. 3 100 Recycled non-potable water can be 6 55 safely used. 9 33 Moisture within the root zone can be 12 25 maintained at field capacity. 15 20
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Soil erosion & Weed growth is often referred to as a solid-set irrigation minimized. system. Water distribution is highly uniform, Higher pressure sprinklers that controlled by output of each nozzle. rotate are called rotors and are driven by a Labour cost is less than other ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism. irrigation methods. Sprinklers can also be mounted on moving The disadvantages of drip irrigation are: platforms connected to the water source by a hose. Automatically moving wheeled Expense: initial cost can be more systems known as traveling sprinklers may than overhead systems. irrigate areas such as small farms, sports Waste: the sun can affect the tubes fields, parks, pastures, and cemeteries used for drip irrigation, shortening unattended. their usable life. Conclusion Clogging: if the water is not properly filtered and the equipment not It’s not an easy way to conclude this properly maintained, it can result in public related project with a single solution. clogging. The multi problems are binded together, so Drip irrigation might be the solutions are also to be multi to diminish unsatisfactory if herbicides or top the problems. Thus the several techniques dressed fertilizers need sprinkler like RWH, PIM, water budgeting, micro and irrigation for activation. sprinkler irrigation are suggested to decrease Waste of water, time and harvest, ifIJERT IJERTthe wastage and for an improvement in not installed properly. These systems efficient usage of water. Based on the require careful study of all the criteria the techniques can implement in a relevant factors like land single or in a combined form to achieve the topography, soil, water, crop and optimum practice and sustain the water agro-climatic conditions, and potential. suitability of drip irrigation system
and its components.
5.2 Sprinkler Irrigation In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one or more
central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns. A system utilizing sprinklers, sprays, or guns mounted overhead on permanently installed risers is
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References:
1. Amarasinghe, U. A., Shah, T., Turral, H. and Anand, B.K. 2007. India’s water future to 2025-2050: Business as usual scenario and deviations. Research Report 123, IWMI. 52pp. 2. Amartya Kumar and Bhattacharya 2010, “Artificial Ground water Recharge with special reference to India ” IJRRAS4(2) 3. Central Research Institute of Dryland Agriculture, “Ground water Rechrging Techniques” 4. R. Barker and F. Molle, "Evolution of Irrigation in South and Southeast Asia," International Water Management Institute, Tech. Rep., 2004.
5. R. Sakthivadivel, R. Loeve, U. Amarasinghe, and M. Hemakumara, "Water Scarcity and Managing Seasonal Water Crisis: Lessons fromIJERT IJERT the KirindiOya Project in Sri Lanka," International Water Management Institute, Tech. Rep. Research Report 55, September 2001.
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