DOCSLIB.ORG

(Cyber Fraud) Risk in the Banking Industry, Zimbabwe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Cyber Fraud) Risk in the Banking Industry, Zimbabwe Risk governance & control: financial markets & institutions / Volume 4, Issue 2, 2014 ELECTRONIC FRAUD (CYBER FRAUD) RISK IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY, ZIMBABWE Shewangu Dzomira* Abstract The paper explores forms of electronic fraud which are being perpetrated in the banking industry and the challenges being faced in an attempt to combat the risk. The paper is based on a descriptive study which studied the cyber fraud phenomenon using content analysis. To obtain the data questionnaires and interviews were administered to the selected informants from 22 banks. Convenience and judgemental sampling techniques were used. It was found out that most of the cited types of electronic fraud are perpetrated across the banking industry. Challenges like lack of resources (detection tools and technologies), inadequate cyber-crime laws and lack of knowledge through education and awareness were noted. It is recommended that the issue of cyber security should be addressed involving all the stakeholders so that technological systems are safeguarded from cyber-attacks. Keywords: Electronic Fraud, Cyber Fraud, Cyber-Crime, Internet Banking, Electronic Banking * Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, CEMS, Department of Finance, Risk Management & Banking, UNISA Email: [email protected] or [email protected] 1. Introduction Kadleck (2005), as more businesses and customers launch their money into cyberspace, opportunities for In modern times banks are not so often robbed 21st century tech-savvy thieves also increase. because money is not only kept in bank vaults. In While on the one hand, financial institutions in modern computer technologies and data networks a Zimbabwe are coping with global developments in lot of money exists in cyber space. Banks have to technology, on the other hand cyber fraud adapt to modern trends of doing business perpetrators are on the look-out. E-banking fraud is electronically and at the same time protect themselves an issue being experienced globally and is continuing against cyber-crimes. The first recorded “cyber- to prove costly to both banks and customers (Usman crime” took place in the year 1820! That is not et al., 2013). According to Shinder (2002), e- surprising considering the fact that the abacus, which commerce, on-line banking and related technologies is thought to be the earliest form of a computer, has have resulted in millions of dollars of financial been around since 3500 BC in India, Japan and transactions taking place across network connections China. The era of modern computers, however, began and as banks expand their array of online services to with the analytical engine of Charles Babbage (Khan, clients, the risk of internet computer fraud (ICF) 2011). In Zimbabwe almost all banks to date have increases and the risk landscape changes. Financially implemented electronic banking and/or cyber banking motivated high-profile attacks have been observed in one way or the other. across the globe with the growing patronage of e- According to Dube et al. (2009), the first visible banking services and its anticipated dominance in the form of electronic innovation in Zimbabwe was in the near future. Some of the known factors that contribute early 1990s when Standard Chartered Bank and the to the acute problem of security must be addressed Central African Building Society (CABS) installed (Usman et al., 2013). automated teller machines (ATMs). (Kass, 1994 cited According to Mushowe (2009), the Zimbabwean by Goi, 2005). Electronic banking in Zimbabwe has government had plans to come up with legislation to grown significantly in recent years. According to curb cyber-crime in the country in view of its Gono (2012), fifteen banking institutions have increasing threat to world economies. Given the already introduced mobile banking products in threats posed to global economies by cyber-crime, partnership with mobile operators and the number of there was a need to come up with measures to combat banking institutions venturing into mobile banking this crime. In addition to that, Kabanda (2012) posits are on the increase. The, volume of mobile payment that incidences of cyber-crime in Zimbabwe were on transactions and the volumes of internet transactions the increase and need to be quantified through also increased substantially. However, according to research. The prevalence of cyber-criminals is a 16 Risk governance & control: financial markets & institutions / Volume 4, Issue 2, 2014 worrying development as Zimbabwe grows more afforded new levels of efficiency for financial reliant on ICTs. More so, Moyo (2012) adds that, institutions and greater convenience for consumers, it people cannot redefine fraud because it has been also creates new opportunities for fraud, as committed through cyberspace and further mentions transactions are faster, do not require any human that due to the fact that most victims of cybercrime intervention, and are often “anonymous” (Oracle, are high-profile bank customers, they were reluctant 2012). Due to the pivotal roles of banks in the growth to announce or admit in public that they have been and economic development of any nation, it has successfully defrauded by some cyber-criminal. become very necessary to protect these institutions The Zimbabwean criminal codification act does from the antics of fraudsters (Ikechi & Okay, 2013). not, at any point mention computer aided crimes or According to the World Economic Forum’s cyber criminology directly as a crime but this does Global Risks (2014), cyberspace has proved resilient not mean that cyber criminology is exempted. While to attacks, but the underlying dynamic of the online there is so much online activity masked in anonymity world has always been that it is easier to attack than and plasticity, tracing online criminals can be to defend. On that note, the contemporary approach at impossible or arduous, Muleya (2012)). all levels on how to preserve, protect and govern the Although research have been carried out on common good of a trusted cyberspace must be adoption and use of internet banking, and security developed, since the growth of the information strategies in terms of online banking in Zimbabwe, society is accompanied by new and serious threats. the author found no research that specifically The rising of such threats at various stages is because addressed the cyber fraud and the challenges faced by of the explosion of online banking coupled with the banking institutions in trying to combat this kind of acceptance by consumers to disclose sensitive risk. information over internet. Electronic fraud is In view of the above background, the paper committed in different ways. intends to attain the following objectives: to examine electronic frauds perpetrated in Types of e-frauds the banking sector in Zimbabwe; and to explore the challenges faced by banks in Electronic fraud could be classified into two an endeavour to combat cases of electronic categories namely, direct and indirect frauds. Direct fraud in Zimbabwe. fraud would include credit/debit card fraud, employee The following sections of this article outline the embezzlement, and money laundering and salami literature review, methodology, analysis of the attack. Indirect fraud would include phishing, findings, conclusions and recommendations. pharming, hacking, virus, spam, advance fee and malware. 2. Literature Review Credit card/debit card fraud and identity theft are two forms of e-fraud which are normally used Electronic fraud (cyber fraud) interchangeably. It involves impersonation and theft of identity (name, social insurance number (SIN), At global level ICT advancement has immensely credit card number or other identifying information) contributed to economic development including to carry out fraudulent activities. It is the unlawful finance and banking. The internet is one of the use of a credit/debit card to falsely obtain money or fastest-growing areas of technical infrastructure belongings without the awareness of the credit/debit development. Today information and communication card owner. (Williams, 2007; Njanike, Dube & technologies (ICTs) are omnipresent and the trend Mashanyanye, 2009; Saleh, 2013). Theft of towards digitization is growing (Gercke, 2012). Due someone’s identity can be done through different to the pivotal roles of banks in the growth and ways. According to Barker, D’Amato & Sheridon economic development of any nation, it has become (2008), skimming involves stealing information off a very necessary to protect these institutions from the credit card during a legitimate transaction. This type antics of fraudsters (Ikechi & Okay, 2013). However, of scheme usually occurs in a business where the it is the same ICT systems used by the banks which patron’s credit card is taken out of sight while the are negatively utilized by perpetrators of fraud. The transaction is being processed. The fraudster will increased use of ICT such as computers, mobile swipe the card through an electronic device known as phones, internet and other associated technologies are a “wedge” or skimming device, which records all the routes which gave rise to lot of constructive work information contained on the magnetic strip (ACFE, as well as destructive work. The destructive activities 2007, p.1.104) cited by Barker et al. (2008). To are considered as ‘electronic crime’ which includes obtain credit card details, offenders may employ spamming, credit card fraud, ATM frauds, money sophisticated method such as hacking into merchants’ laundering, phishing, identity theft, denial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • School of Architecture 2001–2002
    School of Architecture 2001–2002 bulletin of yale university Series 97 Number 3 June 30, 2001 Bulletin of Yale University Postmaster: Send address changes to Bulletin of Yale University, PO Box 208227, New Haven ct 06520-8227 PO Box 208230, New Haven ct 06520-8230 Periodicals postage paid at New Haven, Connecticut Issued sixteen times a year: one time a year in May, October, and November; two times a year in June and September; three times a year in July; six times a year in August Managing Editor: Linda Koch Lorimer Editor: David J. Baker Editorial and Publishing Office: 175 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut Publication number (usps 078-500) The closing date for material in this bulletin was June 20, 2001. The University reserves the right to withdraw or modify the courses of instruction or to change the instructors at any time. ©2001 by Yale University. All rights reserved. The material in this bulletin may not be repro- duced, in whole or in part, in any form, whether in print or electronic media, without written permission from Yale University. Open House All interested applicants are invited to attend the School’s Open House: Thursday, November 1, 2001. Inquiries Requests for additional information may be directed to the Registrar, Yale School of Architecture, PO Box 208242, 180 York Street, New Haven ct 06520-8242; telephone, 203.432.2296; fax, 203.432.7175. Web site: www.architecture.yale.edu/ Photo credits: John Jacobson, Sarah Lavery, Michael Marsland, Victoria Partridge, Alec Purves, Ezra Stoller Associates, Yale Office of Public Affairs School of Architecture 2001–2002 bulletin of yale university Series 97 Number 3 June 30, 2001 c yale university ce Pla Lake 102-8 Payne 90-6 Whitney — Gym south Ray York Square Place Tompkins New House Residence rkway er Pa Hall A Tow sh m u n S Central tree Whalley Avenue Ezra Power Stiles t Morse Plant north The Yale Bookstore > Elm Street Hall of Graduate Studies Mory’s Sterling St.
    [Show full text]
  • Free & Safe Movement in Southern Africa
    Free & safe movement in Southern Africa: Report to inform advocacy promoting safe and unencumbered movement of people across Southern Africa’s international borders Conducted by the African Centre for Migration & Society University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg on behalf of The Open Society Foundation Contributors: Loren B Landau Jean Pierre Misago Nassim Majidi Andonis Marden Aditya Sarkar Jabulani Mathebula Brian Murahwa Iriann Freemantle Version 2: Not for Citation (20 June 2018) Contents Tables ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Southern African synthetic report .................................................................................................................. 4 Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Geographic scope .......................................................................................................................... 17 Methods and data sources ........................................................................................................... 17 Overview of the
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Zimbabwe's Protracted Social Conflict Through The
    Conflict in Perpetuity? Examining Zimbabwe’s protracted social conflict through the lens of land reform Bryan M. Sims Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Pierre du Toit March 2015 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. 22 February 2015 Copyright © 2015 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ! ii! Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT This dissertation analyses the relationship between civil society and political leadership within the context of Zimbabwe’s protracted social conflict, particularly through the lens of land policy. Through the use of strategic informants, it yields important insights into the origins, form and impact of political leadership and civil society in a way that will expose the dynamics of elite and grassroots mobilisation and the political context in which land policy is either made or obstructed. Specifically, this dissertation examines two research questions. First, if political leadership is not representative of the citizenry, is land policy more likely to engender overt conflict? Second, if civil society has an autonomous role in the public sphere, is land policy more likely to benefit citizens? This dissertation also confronts an emerging empirical problem: the absence of descriptive data in regards to how civil society and political leadership have engaged in reforming land policy in Zimbabwe during the period of transition from 2008 to 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • IJAR Vol 3 Issue 2 July 2009.Indb
    ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806 OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research Archived and Indexed by Architecture Archnet Planning Avery Index to Architectural Built Environment Studies Periodicals DOAJ-Directory of An Internationall Fulllyy Refereed Jouurrnnaal Open Access Journals Published three timemes a year EBSCO Current httpp://w/ www.archnett..oorgrg Abstracts-Art and Architecture Intute Arts and Humanities Chief Editor Ashraf M. Salama Includes Regular Refereed Papers Review and Trigger Articles Eco-Experimental Building, BRE-Building Research Establishment, Watford, UK Volume (3) - Issue (2) -July 2009 Copyright © 2009 Archnet-IJAR, Archnet, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archnet-IJAR is published and archived by ARCHNET, the most comprehensive online community for architects, planners, urban designers, interior designers, landscape architects, and scholars working in these fields, developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning in close cooperation with, and with the full support of The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network. 1 ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - Unites States (Online) 1938-7806 OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research Chief Editor Architecture Ashraf M. Salama Advisory Board Planning Attilio Petruccioli Besim S. Hakim Built Environment Studies
    [Show full text]
  • Monrovia Modern | Urban Form and Political Imagination in Liberia
    Danny Hoffman Monrovia Modern | Urban Form and Political Imagination in Liberia Danny Hoffman ii Chapter One Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 2 7/10/17 2:24 PM Monrovia Modern Urban Form and Political Imagination in Liberia Danny Hoffman Duke University Press Durham and London 2017 Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 3 7/10/17 2:24 PM © 2017 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in Korea on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Minion Pro by Copperline Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. isbn 978-0-8223-6357-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-5884-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-7308-7 (ebook) Cover art: E. J. Roye. Photo by Danny Hoffman. Duke University Press gratefully acknowledges the support of the University of Washington, Department of Anthropology, which provided funds toward the production of this book. Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 4 7/10/17 2:24 PM Porte cochère, Liberia Broadcasting System Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 5 7/10/17 2:24 PM Dedicated, as all things are, to Julie, Corey Rose, Lucy, and Eve. Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 7 7/10/17 2:24 PM Modern architecture, and its extension into town planning, has above all this task . of making industrialism fit for human use; [making] buildings and larger aggregations in which life may know its bounds and flourish. — Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, architects and advisors to the British colonies in West Africa, 1956 Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 9 7/10/17 2:24 PM Contents xiii Illustrations xvii Preface xxiii Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 33 CHAPTER 1 Live Dangerously, My Brothers: Ex- Combatants and the Political Economy of Space 61 CHAPTER 2 The Ministry of Defense: Excessive Architecture 91 CHAPTER 3 E.
    [Show full text]
  • IJAR Vol 2 Issue 1 March 2008.Indb
    ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806 OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research Architecture Planning Built Environment Studies An International Fully Refereed Journal Published three times a year http://www.archnet.org In this issue: Ferwati, M. S.; Lawrence, R. J.; Mahgoub, Y.; Mandour, M. A.; Masden II, K. G.; Mostafa, M.; Nasar, J. L.; Owen, C.; Preiser, W. F.E.; Rapoport, A.; Salama, A. M; Salingaros, N.A.; Sanoff, H.; Wang, X. Editor Ashraf M. Salama Volume (2) - Issue (1) March 2008 Copyright © 2008 Archnet-IJAR, Archnet, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archnet-IJAR is published and archived by ARCHNET, the most comprehensive online community for architects, planners, urban designers, interior designers, landscape architects, and scholars working in these fields, developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning in close cooperation with, and with the full support of The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network. 1 ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - Unites States (Online) 1938-7806 OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research Chief Editor Ashraf M. Salama Advisory Board Attilio Petruccioli Architecture Besim S. Hakim Hashim Sarkis Planning Henry Sanoff Jamel Akbar Built Environment Studies Michael J. Crosbie Mohamad Al-Asad Nasser Rabbat An International Fully Refereed Journal
    [Show full text]
  • Schools of Architecture & Africa
    Gwendolen M. Carter For over 25 years the Center for African Studies at the University of Florida has organized annual lectures or a conference in honor of the late distinguished Africanist scholar, Gwendolen M. Carter. Gwendolen Carter devoted her career to scholarship and advocacy concerning the politics of inequality and injustice, especially in southern Africa. She also worked hard to foster the development of African Studies as an academic enterprise. She was perhaps best known for her pioneering study The Politics of Inequality: South Africa Since 1948 and the co-edited four-volume History of African Politics in South Africa, From Protest to Challenge (1972-1977). In the spirit of her career, the annual Carter lectures offer the university community and the greater public the perspectives of Africanist scholars on issues of pressing importance to the peoples and soci- eties of Africa. Since 2004, the Center has (with the generous support of the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences) appointed Carter Faculty Fellows to serve as conveners of the conference. Schools of Architecture | Afirca: Connecting Disciplines in Design + Development 1 The Center For African Studies The Center for African Studies is in the including: languages, the humanities, the social development of international linkages. It College of Liberal Arts & Sciences at the sciences, agriculture, business, engineering, is the only National Resource Center for University of Florida. As a National Resource education, fine arts, environmental studies and Africa located in the southeastern US, and Center for African Studies, our mission is to conservation, journalism, and law. A number the only one in a sub-tropical zone.
    [Show full text]
  • From Technopolitics to Technofutures AFRICAN STUDIES
    2019 Gwendolen M. Carter Conference ENERGY | AFRICA from Technopolitics to Technofutures Center for AFRICAN STUDIES March 22―23, 2019 at the University of Florida Gwendolen M. Carter For over 30 years the Center for African Studies at the University of Florida has organized annual lectures or a conference in honor of the late distinguished Africanist scholar, Gwendolen M. Carter. Gwendolen Carter devoted her career to scholarship and advocacy concerning the politics of inequality and injustice, especially in southern Africa. She also worked hard to foster the development of African Studies as an academic enterprise. She was perhaps best known for her pioneering study The Politics of Inequality: South Africa Since 1948 and the co-edited four-volume History of African Politics in South Africa, From Protest to Challenge (1972-1977). In the spirit of her career, the annual Carter lectures offer the university community and the greater public the perspectives of Africanist scholars on issues of pressing importance to the peoples and societies of Africa. Since 2004, the Center has (with the generous support of the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences) appointed Carter Faculty Fellows to serve as conveners of the conference. Past Carter Conference Themes 2018 Text Meets Image & Image Meets Text: Sequences & 2004 Movement (R)evolution: Contemporary African Dance Assemblages, Out of Africa & Congo 2003 Dynamics of Islam in Contemporary Africa 2017 On the Edge: What Future for the African Sahel? 2002 Zimbabwe in Transition: Resolving Land and 2016
    [Show full text]
  • School of Architecture 2003–2004
    School of Architecture 2003Ð2004 bulletin of yale university Series 99 Number 6 July 30, 2003 Bulletin of Yale University Postmaster: Send address changes to Bulletin of Yale University, P O Box 208227, New Haven c t 06520-8227 P O Box 208230, New Haven c t 06520-8230 Periodicals postage paid at New Haven, Connecticut Issued sixteen times a year: one time a year in May, November, and December; two times a year in June and September; three times a year in July; six times a year in August Managing Editor:Linda Koch Lorimer Editor:David J. Baker Editorial and Publishing Office:175 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut Publication number (u s p s 078-500) The closing date for material in this bulletin was July 10, 2003. The University reserves the right to withdraw or modify the courses of instruction or to change the instructors at any time. ©2003 by Yale University. All rights reserved. The material in this bulletin may not be repro- duced, in whole or in part, in any form, whether in print or electronic media, without written permission from Yale University. Open House All interested applicants are invited to attend the School’s Open House: Thursday, November 6, 2003. Inquiries Requests for additional information may be directed to the Registrar, Yale School of Architecture, P O Box 208242, 180 York Street, New Haven c t 06520-8242; telephone, 203.432.2296; fax, 203.432.7175. Web site: www.architecture.yale.edu/ Photo credits: Ceren Bingol, John Jacobson, Sarah Lavery, Michael Marsland, Victoria Partridge, Alec Purves, Jennifer Silbert, Ezra Stoller Associates, Yale Office of Public Affairs School of Architecture 2003Ð2004 bulletin of yale university Series 99 Number 6 July 30, 2003 yale univer s ity campus nort h Continued on next page yale univer s ity campus south & yale medical cent e r A & A Building: School of Architecture © Yale University.
    [Show full text]
  • Mudyanadzo Thesis Final.Pdf
    FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT TOPIC: THE POST-COLONIAL CHALLENGES OF NATION -BUILDING THROUGH INTERNATIONA ENGAGEMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF ZIMBABWE’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FROM 1980 TO 2016 BY WENCESLAUS MUDYANADZO STUDENT REG.NO: R143728H SUPERVISORS PROF. AMI CARPENTER AND DR. TERENCE MASHINGAIDZE THE POST-COLONIAL CHALLENGES OF NATION-BUILDING THROUGH INTERNATIONAL ENGAGEMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF ZIMBABWE’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FROM 1980 TO 2016 APPROVAL FORM The signatories below confirm that they have read and recommended to the Midlands State University for acceptance a thesis entitled; The Post-Colonial Challenges of Nation-Building Through International Engagement: An Analysis of Zimbabwe’s International Relations from 1980 to 2016 Submitted by Wenceslaus Mudyanadzo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Politics and Public Management. ………………………… ………………………… First Supervisor Date …………………………… …………………………… Second Supervisor Date …………………………… …………………………… Chairperson Date …………………………… …………………………… Librarian Date i RELEASE FORM STUDENT NAME: WENCESLAUS MUDYANADZO THESIS TITLE: The Post-Colonial Challenges of Nation-BuildingThrough International Engagement: An Analysis of Zimbabwe’s International Relations from 1980 to 2016 Permission is hereby granted to the Midlands State University Library to produce, publish or sell this work for private, scholarly or scientific purposes only. No reservation(s) whatsoever is/are held by the author against the Department of
    [Show full text]
  • 2004–2005 Ale University July 30, 2004 School of Architectur
    bulletin of yale university Periodicals postage paid bulletin of y New Haven ct 06520-8227 New Haven, Connecticut School of Architecture 2004–2005 ale university July 30, 2004 School of Architectur e bulletin of yale university Series 100 Number 6 July 30, 2004 Bulletin of Yale University The University is committed to basing judgments concerning the admission, education, and employment of individuals upon their qualifications and abilities and affirmatively seeks to attract Postmaster: Send address changes to Bulletin of Yale University, to its faculty, staff, and student body qualified persons of diverse backgrounds. In accordance with PO Box 208227, New Haven ct 06520-8227 this policy and as delineated by federal and Connecticut law, Yale does not discriminate in admis- sions, educational programs, or employment against any individual on account of that individual’s PO Box 208230, New Haven ct 06520-8230 sex, race, color, religion, age, disability, status as a special disabled veteran, veteran of the Vietnam Periodicals postage paid at New Haven, Connecticut era, or other covered veteran, or national or ethnic origin; nor does Yale discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation. Issued sixteen times a year: one time a year in May, November, and December; two times University policy is committed to affirmative action under law in employment of women, a year in June and September; three times a year in July; six times a year in August minority group members, individuals with disabilities, special disabled veterans, veterans of the Vietnam era, and other covered veterans. Managing Editor: Linda Koch Lorimer Inquiries concerning these policies may be referred to Valerie O.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Architecture - Lessons from the Ant
    Reading Practice Sustainable architecture - lessons from the ant Termite mounds were the inspiration for an innovative design in sustainable living Africa owes its termite mounds a lot. Trees and shrubs take root in them. Prospectors mine them, looking for specks of gold carried up by termites from hundreds of metres below. And of course, they are a special treat to aardvarks and other insectivores. Now, Africa is paying an offbeat tribute to these towers of mud. The extraordinary Eastgate Building in Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital city, is said to be the only one in the world to use the same cooling and heating principles as the termite mound. Termites in Zimbabwe build gigantic mounds inside which they farm a fungus that is their primary food source. This must be kept at exactly 30.5°C, while the temperatures on the African yeld outside can range from 1.5°C at night only just above freezing to a baking hot 40°C during the day. The termites achieve this remarkable feat by building a system of vents in the mound. Those at the base lead down into chambers cooled by wet mud carried up from water tables far below, and others lead up through a Hue to the peak of the mound. By constantly opening and closing these heating and cooling vents over the course of the day the termites succeed in keeping the temperature constant in spite of the wide fluctuations outside. Architect Mick Pearce used precisely the same strategy when designing the Eastgate Building, which has no air conditioning and virtually no heating.
    [Show full text]