DOCSLIB.ORG

Mudyanadzo Thesis Final.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mudyanadzo Thesis Final.Pdf FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT TOPIC: THE POST-COLONIAL CHALLENGES OF NATION -BUILDING THROUGH INTERNATIONA ENGAGEMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF ZIMBABWE’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FROM 1980 TO 2016 BY WENCESLAUS MUDYANADZO STUDENT REG.NO: R143728H SUPERVISORS PROF. AMI CARPENTER AND DR. TERENCE MASHINGAIDZE THE POST-COLONIAL CHALLENGES OF NATION-BUILDING THROUGH INTERNATIONAL ENGAGEMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF ZIMBABWE’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FROM 1980 TO 2016 APPROVAL FORM The signatories below confirm that they have read and recommended to the Midlands State University for acceptance a thesis entitled; The Post-Colonial Challenges of Nation-Building Through International Engagement: An Analysis of Zimbabwe’s International Relations from 1980 to 2016 Submitted by Wenceslaus Mudyanadzo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Politics and Public Management. ………………………… ………………………… First Supervisor Date …………………………… …………………………… Second Supervisor Date …………………………… …………………………… Chairperson Date …………………………… …………………………… Librarian Date i RELEASE FORM STUDENT NAME: WENCESLAUS MUDYANADZO THESIS TITLE: The Post-Colonial Challenges of Nation-BuildingThrough International Engagement: An Analysis of Zimbabwe’s International Relations from 1980 to 2016 Permission is hereby granted to the Midlands State University Library to produce, publish or sell this work for private, scholarly or scientific purposes only. No reservation(s) whatsoever is/are held by the author against the Department of Politics and Public Management and the University at large that can hinder them from making publications of extracts from this dissertation or otherwise reproducing the same with the author‟s permission. SIGNED………………………………………………. PERMANENT ADDRESS: 32 Windmill Lane Borrowdale Harare Telephone number: (+263) 772 424 132/ 714 646 0716 Email address: [email protected] [email protected] ii DECLARATION I, Wenceslaus Mudyanadzo, hereby declare that The Post-Colonial Challenges of Nation- Building Through International Engagement: An Analysis of Zimbabwe’s International Relations from 1980 to 2016 is my own work and has never been submitted before for any other degree or examination at any other university. I declare that all sources that I used or quoted which were not mine were acknowledged and well referenced in my thesis. Signature …………………………………. Date ………………………………….. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank the Almighty God for taking me this far. Glory be unto God! Secondly, special thanks to my supervisors, Prof Ami Carpenter of the University of Santiego, Unites States of America and Dr Terence Mashingaidze of the Midlands State University, Zimbabwe, for their patience and expertise as they guided me throughout the supervision process. My gratitude to them is eternal. Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to Lilian, my wife and children-Catherine, Jacqueline, Michael, Anotidaishe, Anoshamisashe and Hannah; friends and colleagues at Midlands State University for their support, encouragement and advice during the preparation of this thesis. Any errors of fact or judgement in this thesis remain my responsibility. iv ABSTRACT Zimbabwe inherited a strong, sophisticated and integrated economy on achieving independence in 1980 despite the existence of mandatory United Nations sanctions on the then Rhodesian Government. After independence, Zimbabwe went on to establish an international network of bilateral and multilateral relations with the global community which the previous racist regime of Rhodesia could not achieve. Zimbabwe was also embraced by both western and eastern bloc countries who mobilised international financial resources in the form of grants and soft loans to support post-war recovery programmes, land resettlement and redistribution, rural development, the training of the human resource base of the new nation and the provision of critical infrastructure. As a result of the international goodwill towards Zimbabwe, the country achieved modest Growth Domestic Product (GDP) annual growth rates of between 7.5% in 1980 to 2.1% in 1998. Thereafter, especially between 2000 and 2008, the country experienced unprecedented negative economic growth rates averaging -7% per annum leading to the collapse of the economy, and the general incapacity of political and social sectors of the country to support the nation. The study therefore sought to unravel the cause of the unprecedented decline of the state in economic, political and social terms between 1980 and 2016 despite the existence of multiple bilateral and multilateral relationships with the global community. Such networks were expected to boost the economy and political and social institutions through foreign direct investment, trade, tourism and development assistance initiatives but instead the state continued to decline from 1997 to 2016 except for the period during the Government of National Unity (2009-2013). The research utilised in-depth interviews and unstructured questionnaires to collect data from policy makers, foreign policy and public policy experts and civil society groups which specialise in international relations and public policy issues. The primary sources of data collected were also supplemented by secondary sources of data. The combined theories of realism, liberalism, cognitivism, constructivism, marxism and regionalism reflected in one way or the other the behaviour pattern of Zimbabwe in the international system. The theories of realism, liberalism and regionalism were more dominant in the study. The study concluded that Zimbabwe‟s international relations practices which emanated from the country‟s public policies and other governance practices were largely to blame for the country‟s decline from a strong state to a weak state between 1980 and 2016. The study concluded by pointing out how Zimbabwe could rebuild its international relations profile through re-engagement and policy reform. v ACRONYMS ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific AfDB African Development Bank AEC African Economic Community IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development AGOA Africa Growth and Opportunity Act AIPPA Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act AL Arab League ANC African National Congress ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations AU African Union BBC British Broadcasting Corpoation BIPPA Bilateral Investment Protection and Promotion Agreement BMATT British Military Advisory and Training Team BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CARICOM Caribbean Community CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi CET Common External Tariff CHOGM Commonwealth Heads of State and Government Meeting CIA Central Intelligence Agency COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CZI Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries DFID Department for International Development DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community ECOWAS Economic Community for West African States EEC European Economic Community ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme EU European Union FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation FDI Foreign Direct Investment FLMSA Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa vi FLS Frontline States FOCAC Forum on China-Africa Co-operation FRELIMO Front for the Liberation of Mozambique GDP Gross Domestic Product GISP Governance and Institutional Strengthening Project GNU Government of National Unity GOZ Government of Zimbabwe GPA Global Political Agreement G20 Group of 20 countries G77 Group of 77 countries IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDCZ Industrial Development Corporation of Zimbabwe IEEA Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act IFI International Financial Institutions IMF International Monetary Fund ISDSC Inter- State Defence and Security Committee LGBTI Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex MDC Movement for Democratic Change MDGs Millennium Development Goals MERP Millennium Economic Recovery Programme MFIs Multilateral Financial Institutions MFN Most Favoured Nation MNC Multinational Corporations MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NCA National Constitutional Assembly NEDP National Economic Development Plan NERP National Economic Recovery Plan NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NPC National People‟s Congress OAU Organization for African Unity ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development vii OFAC US Office of Foreign Assets Control OPDSC Organ on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation PAC Pan-African Congress PF-ZAPU Patriotic Front- Zimbabwe African People‟s Union PIF Pacific Islands Forum POSA Public Order and Security Act PTA Preferential Trade Area RBZ Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe REC Regional Economic Communities RIDMP Regional Infrastructure Development Master Plan R2P Responsibility to Protect SACU Southern African Customs Union SADC Southern African Development Community SADCC Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference SAPA South African Press Association SEOM SADC Electoral Observer Mission SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SIPO Strategic Indicative Plan for the Organ SSF SADC Standby Force STERP Short Term Economic Recovery Program SWAPO South West Africa People‟s Organisation TNCs Transnational Corporations UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNFPA
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Parliamentary Performance and Gender
    Parliamentary Performance and Gender Rumbidzai Dube, Senior Researcher November 2013 1 | Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A gendered analysis of the last year of the Seventh Parliament of Zimbabwe indicates that the general facilitatory and inhibitory dynamics affecting ordinary women’s participation in politics and decision-making are the same dynamics that affect women in Parliament. Women who take an active role in governance and political life are confronted by inhibiting factors including patriarchy and the violent nature of the political terrain. Women who manage to attain political office would have clearly overcome enormous hurdles relative to their male counterparts. In Parliament, women still have to deal with the pervasive patriarchal attitudes that at times prevent them from fully participating. Even the President has proven himself not to be immune to the prejudices of his gender with recent remarks that the limited number of women appointees in ministerial posts was due to the lack of educated and qualified women.1 With this broad context in mind, this report examines the performance of female parliamentarians versus their male counterparts, and is complementary to and draws from RAU’s earlier report on parliamentary attendance. Some key findings highlighted in this report: • Women were a significant minority in the Seventh Parliament 34/210 in the House of Assembly and 23/93 in the Senate; • As a group, female MPs attendance was more impressive than that of their male counterparts. All of them, except one, scored attendance rates
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM) Emerged, but Then Disintegrated Rapidly
    African Studies Quarterly | Volume 7, Issues 2 & 3 | Fall 2003 Opposition Politics in Independent Zimbabwe LIISA LAAKSO Abstract: Zimbabwe has implemented a multi-party system on a universal franchise for more than two decades. This era has witnessed consolidation of power into the hands of the ruling ZANU party and its leader Robert Mugabe, and a gradual evolution of political crises. All general elections have shown support for the opposition among the voters. However, the opposition has changed a lot. Between 1980 and 1987 there was a strong regional party, ZAPU, which transformed from a partner of the ruling party to repressed dissident. The second period after the unity between ZANU and ZAPU witnessed mobilisation in defence of multipartyism and against corruption, and the birth of a populist party ZUM. ZUM’s disintegration was followed by massive electoral apathy in 1995. The third period started with civic organization for constitutional reform in 1997 and led to the emergence of the MDC, a wide coalition of interest groups united by their aim to seize ZANU from power. State responses to opposition politics help to clarify its unstable nature. Introduction Consolidation of the authoritarian power of Robert Mugabe’s Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) in independent Zimbabwe has not proceeded through the withering away of dissent. All general elections have witnessed support for other parties. But the parties and their support base have changed radically. On the one hand this reflects the government’s different strategies to silence its critics. On the other hand it tells about changes in Zimbabwean society itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Politicising the COVID-19 Pandemic in Zimbabwe: Implications for Public Health and Governance
    Politicising the COVID-19 Pandemic in Zimbabwe: Implications for Public Health and Governance KEMIST SHUMBA University of KwaZulu-Natal [email protected] PATRICK NYAMARUZE University of KwaZulu-Natal VENENCIA P. NYAMBUYA University of KwaZulu-Natal ANNA MEYER-WEITZ University of KwaZulu-Natal Abstract The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. As it spread its tentacles beyond national frontiers, its devastating effects, both as a public health threat and a development challenge, had extensive socio-economic and political ramifications on a global scale. Zimbabwe, a less economically developed country (LEDC), with a severely incapacitated and fragile public healthcare system, responded to the threat of this novel epidemic in a myriad of ways, such as enforcing a national lockdown and vigorous health education. This qualitative study elicited the views of selected Zimbabweans who commented on the governments’ response to the pandemic through Twitter. These views were analysed using critical discourse analysis. The researchers selected tweets posted over a period of one week (14-21 March 2020), following a controversial remark by Zimbabwe’s Defence Minister, Oppah Muchinguri, characterising COVID-19 as God’s punitive response to the West for imposing economic sanctions on Zimbabwe. Although the Minister’s remark was condemned by many for its alleged insensitivity, it emerged that this anti-United States propaganda inadvertently awakened the government of Zimbabwe from an extraordinary slumber characterised by sheer rhetoric and inactivity. From the public health promotion perspective, this article reflects on the implications of such a hurried and ill-conceived response on public health. It exposes the glaring policy disjuncture in the Zimbabwean context.
    [Show full text]
  • Appointment of Cabinet Ministers His Excellency the President, Comrade E
    Appointment of Cabinet Ministers His Excellency the President, Comrade E. D. Mnangagwa, has, in terms of Section 104 of the Constitution of Zimbabwe, Amendment No. 20 of 2013, appointed Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers as follows: A. Cabinet Ministers 1. Finance and Economic Development Hon. Professor Mthuli Ncube 2. Defence and War Veterans Hon Oppah Zvipange Muchinguri-Kashiri 3. Local Government, Public Works and National Housing Hon. July G. Moyo 4. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Hon. Sibusiso B. Moyo 5. Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare Hon. Sekesai Nzenza 6. Industry and Commerce Hon. Mangaliso Ndlovu 7. Home Affairs and Cultural Heritage Hon. Cain Mathema 8. Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Hon. Professor Amon Murwira 9. Primary and Secondary Education Hon. Professor Paul Mavima 10. Lands, Agriculture, Water, Climate and Rural Resettlement Hon. Chief Air Marshal P. Shiri 11. Mines and Mining Development Hon. Winston Chitando 12. Energy and Power Development Hon. Joram M. Gumbo 13. Transport and Infrastructural Development Hon. Joel Biggie Matiza 14. Information, Publicity and Broadcasting Services Hon. Monica Mutsvangwa 15. Information Communication Technology and Courier Services Hon. Kazembe Kazembe 16. Environment, Tourism and Hospitality Industry Hon. Prisca Mupfumira 17. Youth, Sport, Arts and Recreation Hon. Kirsty Coventry 18. Health and Child Care Hon. Dr Obediah Moyo 19. Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs Hon. Ziyambi Ziyambi 20. Women Affairs, Community, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Hon. Sithembiso G. G. Nyoni B. Ministers of State for the Provinces 1. Harare ….. 2. Bulawayo Hon. Judith Ncube 3. Mashonaland West Hon. Mary Mliswa 4.
    [Show full text]
  • School of Architecture 2001–2002
    School of Architecture 2001–2002 bulletin of yale university Series 97 Number 3 June 30, 2001 Bulletin of Yale University Postmaster: Send address changes to Bulletin of Yale University, PO Box 208227, New Haven ct 06520-8227 PO Box 208230, New Haven ct 06520-8230 Periodicals postage paid at New Haven, Connecticut Issued sixteen times a year: one time a year in May, October, and November; two times a year in June and September; three times a year in July; six times a year in August Managing Editor: Linda Koch Lorimer Editor: David J. Baker Editorial and Publishing Office: 175 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut Publication number (usps 078-500) The closing date for material in this bulletin was June 20, 2001. The University reserves the right to withdraw or modify the courses of instruction or to change the instructors at any time. ©2001 by Yale University. All rights reserved. The material in this bulletin may not be repro- duced, in whole or in part, in any form, whether in print or electronic media, without written permission from Yale University. Open House All interested applicants are invited to attend the School’s Open House: Thursday, November 1, 2001. Inquiries Requests for additional information may be directed to the Registrar, Yale School of Architecture, PO Box 208242, 180 York Street, New Haven ct 06520-8242; telephone, 203.432.2296; fax, 203.432.7175. Web site: www.architecture.yale.edu/ Photo credits: John Jacobson, Sarah Lavery, Michael Marsland, Victoria Partridge, Alec Purves, Ezra Stoller Associates, Yale Office of Public Affairs School of Architecture 2001–2002 bulletin of yale university Series 97 Number 3 June 30, 2001 c yale university ce Pla Lake 102-8 Payne 90-6 Whitney — Gym south Ray York Square Place Tompkins New House Residence rkway er Pa Hall A Tow sh m u n S Central tree Whalley Avenue Ezra Power Stiles t Morse Plant north The Yale Bookstore > Elm Street Hall of Graduate Studies Mory’s Sterling St.
    [Show full text]
  • Faculty of Humanities, Development and Social
    FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SADC MEDIATION IN ZIMBABWE: LOST OPPORTUNITY FOR LASTING SOLUTION TO THE ZIMBABWE CRISIS By Petra Rumbidzai Chinyere Student No: 217077803 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree, Doctor of Philosophy in Conflict Transformation and Peace Studies, School of Social Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban. Supervisor: Dr. Rudigi Rukema Joseph SEPTEMBER 2020 DECLARATION I, Ms Petra R. Chinyere, declare as follows: 1. That the work described in this thesis has not been submitted to UKZN or other tertiary institution for purposes of obtaining an academic qualification, whether by myself or any other party. 2. That my contribution to the project was as follows: - The write up of the whole thesis. - Documentary search and all desk work. - Conducting all of the key informant interviews and all one-on-one interviews and also some of the Focus Group Discussions - All the transcription of audio recordings to typed work for data capture. - Funded the field research on my own as it was purely for academic purposes. 3. That the contributions of others to the project were as follows: - Norman Pinduka conducted one (1) focus group discussion in Harare and assisted partly on data capture as he transcribed the focus group discussion that he conducted. He also helped identify some of the respondents to the in-depth interviews that were conducted. - Tarisayi Chiyaka conducted 3 of the focus group discussions during data collection, in Bulawayo, Gweru and Masvingo. - Kilbride Kajengo did the type setting of the whole document and formatting. Signed Date 25-09-2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Free & Safe Movement in Southern Africa
    Free & safe movement in Southern Africa: Report to inform advocacy promoting safe and unencumbered movement of people across Southern Africa’s international borders Conducted by the African Centre for Migration & Society University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg on behalf of The Open Society Foundation Contributors: Loren B Landau Jean Pierre Misago Nassim Majidi Andonis Marden Aditya Sarkar Jabulani Mathebula Brian Murahwa Iriann Freemantle Version 2: Not for Citation (20 June 2018) Contents Tables ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 Southern African synthetic report .................................................................................................................. 4 Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Geographic scope .......................................................................................................................... 17 Methods and data sources ........................................................................................................... 17 Overview of the
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Zimbabwe's Protracted Social Conflict Through The
    Conflict in Perpetuity? Examining Zimbabwe’s protracted social conflict through the lens of land reform Bryan M. Sims Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Pierre du Toit March 2015 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. 22 February 2015 Copyright © 2015 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ! ii! Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT This dissertation analyses the relationship between civil society and political leadership within the context of Zimbabwe’s protracted social conflict, particularly through the lens of land policy. Through the use of strategic informants, it yields important insights into the origins, form and impact of political leadership and civil society in a way that will expose the dynamics of elite and grassroots mobilisation and the political context in which land policy is either made or obstructed. Specifically, this dissertation examines two research questions. First, if political leadership is not representative of the citizenry, is land policy more likely to engender overt conflict? Second, if civil society has an autonomous role in the public sphere, is land policy more likely to benefit citizens? This dissertation also confronts an emerging empirical problem: the absence of descriptive data in regards to how civil society and political leadership have engaged in reforming land policy in Zimbabwe during the period of transition from 2008 to 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • IJAR Vol 3 Issue 2 July 2009.Indb
    ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - United States (Online) 1938-7806 OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research Archived and Indexed by Architecture Archnet Planning Avery Index to Architectural Built Environment Studies Periodicals DOAJ-Directory of An Internationall Fulllyy Refereed Jouurrnnaal Open Access Journals Published three timemes a year EBSCO Current httpp://w/ www.archnett..oorgrg Abstracts-Art and Architecture Intute Arts and Humanities Chief Editor Ashraf M. Salama Includes Regular Refereed Papers Review and Trigger Articles Eco-Experimental Building, BRE-Building Research Establishment, Watford, UK Volume (3) - Issue (2) -July 2009 Copyright © 2009 Archnet-IJAR, Archnet, MIT- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archnet-IJAR is published and archived by ARCHNET, the most comprehensive online community for architects, planners, urban designers, interior designers, landscape architects, and scholars working in these fields, developed at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning in close cooperation with, and with the full support of The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network. 1 ISSN - International (Online) 1994-6961 ISSN - Unites States (Online) 1938-7806 OCLC & World Cat # 145980807 Library of Congress Catalogue # 2007212183 International Journal of Architectural Research Chief Editor Architecture Ashraf M. Salama Advisory Board Planning Attilio Petruccioli Besim S. Hakim Built Environment Studies
    [Show full text]
  • Alfandika Last Thesis.Pdf
    Democratising Communication: Media Activism and Media Reform in Zimbabwe Witwatersrand University School of Literature, Language and Media Studies PhD (Media Studies) By Alfandika Last 148306 This thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media Studies i Declaration I, Last Alfandika, hereby declare that this thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media Studies at the University of Witwatersrand has not been submitted for a Degree at this or any other University, that it is my own work in design and execution, and that all reference material contained herein has been duly acknowledged. ………………………… …………………………. Signature ii Abstract Media policy reform in Zimbabwe should be able to liberate rather than limit the public sphere long “captured” by narrow interest of the ruling class before and after independence in 1980. While some authors have regarded media activism as critical in the creation of the public sphere, not much is known beyond this particular materialistic aspect. The wider importance of media activism to the fight for media reform and democracy in Zimbabwe is ignored in literature. In addition, media activism in Zimbabwe has not been adequately documented leading to little understanding of the practice. Against this background, the study seeks to ascertain the degree and extent to which media activism has led to media reform and democratisation in Zimbabwe through the lens of Gramsci’s theory of hegemony and the Social movement theory of Resource Mobilisation (RMT). Using personal interviews, the examination of media activists and government documents, and journalists’ articles, this study examines the extent to which media activism influences media reform and democracy in Zimbabwe.
    [Show full text]
  • ZIMBABWE COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service
    ZIMBABWE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service 13 July 2012 ZIMBABWE 13 JULY 2012 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN ZIMBABWE FROM 7 JUNE 2012 TO 13 JULY 2012 Useful news sources for further information REPORTS ON ZIMBABWE PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 7 JUNE AND 13 JULY 2012 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Public holidays ..................................................................................................... 1.06 Map ........................................................................................................................ 1.07 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 Remittances .......................................................................................................... 2.12 Military involvement in the economy ................................................................. 2.17 Sanctions .............................................................................................................. 2.18 3. HISTORY (19TH CENTURY TO 2010) ............................................................................. 3.01 Matabeleland massacres 1983 - 87 (aka ‘Gurkurahundi’) ................................. 3.03 ZANU-PF win 1990s elections ............................................................................. 3.07 Land reform and War Veterans: 1990-97 ...........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Monrovia Modern | Urban Form and Political Imagination in Liberia
    Danny Hoffman Monrovia Modern | Urban Form and Political Imagination in Liberia Danny Hoffman ii Chapter One Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 2 7/10/17 2:24 PM Monrovia Modern Urban Form and Political Imagination in Liberia Danny Hoffman Duke University Press Durham and London 2017 Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 3 7/10/17 2:24 PM © 2017 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in Korea on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Minion Pro by Copperline Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. isbn 978-0-8223-6357-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-5884-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-7308-7 (ebook) Cover art: E. J. Roye. Photo by Danny Hoffman. Duke University Press gratefully acknowledges the support of the University of Washington, Department of Anthropology, which provided funds toward the production of this book. Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 4 7/10/17 2:24 PM Porte cochère, Liberia Broadcasting System Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 5 7/10/17 2:24 PM Dedicated, as all things are, to Julie, Corey Rose, Lucy, and Eve. Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 7 7/10/17 2:24 PM Modern architecture, and its extension into town planning, has above all this task . of making industrialism fit for human use; [making] buildings and larger aggregations in which life may know its bounds and flourish. — Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, architects and advisors to the British colonies in West Africa, 1956 Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 9 7/10/17 2:24 PM Contents xiii Illustrations xvii Preface xxiii Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 33 CHAPTER 1 Live Dangerously, My Brothers: Ex- Combatants and the Political Economy of Space 61 CHAPTER 2 The Ministry of Defense: Excessive Architecture 91 CHAPTER 3 E.
    [Show full text]