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FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT TOPIC: THE POST-COLONIAL CHALLENGES OF NATION -BUILDING THROUGH INTERNATIONA ENGAGEMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF ZIMBABWE’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FROM 1980 TO 2016 BY WENCESLAUS MUDYANADZO STUDENT REG.NO: R143728H SUPERVISORS PROF. AMI CARPENTER AND DR. TERENCE MASHINGAIDZE THE POST-COLONIAL CHALLENGES OF NATION-BUILDING THROUGH INTERNATIONAL ENGAGEMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF ZIMBABWE’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FROM 1980 TO 2016 APPROVAL FORM The signatories below confirm that they have read and recommended to the Midlands State University for acceptance a thesis entitled; The Post-Colonial Challenges of Nation-Building Through International Engagement: An Analysis of Zimbabwe’s International Relations from 1980 to 2016 Submitted by Wenceslaus Mudyanadzo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Politics and Public Management. ………………………… ………………………… First Supervisor Date …………………………… …………………………… Second Supervisor Date …………………………… …………………………… Chairperson Date …………………………… …………………………… Librarian Date i RELEASE FORM STUDENT NAME: WENCESLAUS MUDYANADZO THESIS TITLE: The Post-Colonial Challenges of Nation-BuildingThrough International Engagement: An Analysis of Zimbabwe’s International Relations from 1980 to 2016 Permission is hereby granted to the Midlands State University Library to produce, publish or sell this work for private, scholarly or scientific purposes only. No reservation(s) whatsoever is/are held by the author against the Department of Politics and Public Management and the University at large that can hinder them from making publications of extracts from this dissertation or otherwise reproducing the same with the author‟s permission. SIGNED………………………………………………. PERMANENT ADDRESS: 32 Windmill Lane Borrowdale Harare Telephone number: (+263) 772 424 132/ 714 646 0716 Email address: [email protected] [email protected] ii DECLARATION I, Wenceslaus Mudyanadzo, hereby declare that The Post-Colonial Challenges of Nation- Building Through International Engagement: An Analysis of Zimbabwe’s International Relations from 1980 to 2016 is my own work and has never been submitted before for any other degree or examination at any other university. I declare that all sources that I used or quoted which were not mine were acknowledged and well referenced in my thesis. Signature …………………………………. Date ………………………………….. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank the Almighty God for taking me this far. Glory be unto God! Secondly, special thanks to my supervisors, Prof Ami Carpenter of the University of Santiego, Unites States of America and Dr Terence Mashingaidze of the Midlands State University, Zimbabwe, for their patience and expertise as they guided me throughout the supervision process. My gratitude to them is eternal. Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to Lilian, my wife and children-Catherine, Jacqueline, Michael, Anotidaishe, Anoshamisashe and Hannah; friends and colleagues at Midlands State University for their support, encouragement and advice during the preparation of this thesis. Any errors of fact or judgement in this thesis remain my responsibility. iv ABSTRACT Zimbabwe inherited a strong, sophisticated and integrated economy on achieving independence in 1980 despite the existence of mandatory United Nations sanctions on the then Rhodesian Government. After independence, Zimbabwe went on to establish an international network of bilateral and multilateral relations with the global community which the previous racist regime of Rhodesia could not achieve. Zimbabwe was also embraced by both western and eastern bloc countries who mobilised international financial resources in the form of grants and soft loans to support post-war recovery programmes, land resettlement and redistribution, rural development, the training of the human resource base of the new nation and the provision of critical infrastructure. As a result of the international goodwill towards Zimbabwe, the country achieved modest Growth Domestic Product (GDP) annual growth rates of between 7.5% in 1980 to 2.1% in 1998. Thereafter, especially between 2000 and 2008, the country experienced unprecedented negative economic growth rates averaging -7% per annum leading to the collapse of the economy, and the general incapacity of political and social sectors of the country to support the nation. The study therefore sought to unravel the cause of the unprecedented decline of the state in economic, political and social terms between 1980 and 2016 despite the existence of multiple bilateral and multilateral relationships with the global community. Such networks were expected to boost the economy and political and social institutions through foreign direct investment, trade, tourism and development assistance initiatives but instead the state continued to decline from 1997 to 2016 except for the period during the Government of National Unity (2009-2013). The research utilised in-depth interviews and unstructured questionnaires to collect data from policy makers, foreign policy and public policy experts and civil society groups which specialise in international relations and public policy issues. The primary sources of data collected were also supplemented by secondary sources of data. The combined theories of realism, liberalism, cognitivism, constructivism, marxism and regionalism reflected in one way or the other the behaviour pattern of Zimbabwe in the international system. The theories of realism, liberalism and regionalism were more dominant in the study. The study concluded that Zimbabwe‟s international relations practices which emanated from the country‟s public policies and other governance practices were largely to blame for the country‟s decline from a strong state to a weak state between 1980 and 2016. The study concluded by pointing out how Zimbabwe could rebuild its international relations profile through re-engagement and policy reform. v ACRONYMS ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific AfDB African Development Bank AEC African Economic Community IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development AGOA Africa Growth and Opportunity Act AIPPA Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act AL Arab League ANC African National Congress ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations AU African Union BBC British Broadcasting Corpoation BIPPA Bilateral Investment Protection and Promotion Agreement BMATT British Military Advisory and Training Team BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CARICOM Caribbean Community CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi CET Common External Tariff CHOGM Commonwealth Heads of State and Government Meeting CIA Central Intelligence Agency COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CZI Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries DFID Department for International Development DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community ECOWAS Economic Community for West African States EEC European Economic Community ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme EU European Union FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation FDI Foreign Direct Investment FLMSA Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa vi FLS Frontline States FOCAC Forum on China-Africa Co-operation FRELIMO Front for the Liberation of Mozambique GDP Gross Domestic Product GISP Governance and Institutional Strengthening Project GNU Government of National Unity GOZ Government of Zimbabwe GPA Global Political Agreement G20 Group of 20 countries G77 Group of 77 countries IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDCZ Industrial Development Corporation of Zimbabwe IEEA Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act IFI International Financial Institutions IMF International Monetary Fund ISDSC Inter- State Defence and Security Committee LGBTI Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex MDC Movement for Democratic Change MDGs Millennium Development Goals MERP Millennium Economic Recovery Programme MFIs Multilateral Financial Institutions MFN Most Favoured Nation MNC Multinational Corporations MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NCA National Constitutional Assembly NEDP National Economic Development Plan NERP National Economic Recovery Plan NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NPC National People‟s Congress OAU Organization for African Unity ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development vii OFAC US Office of Foreign Assets Control OPDSC Organ on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation PAC Pan-African Congress PF-ZAPU Patriotic Front- Zimbabwe African People‟s Union PIF Pacific Islands Forum POSA Public Order and Security Act PTA Preferential Trade Area RBZ Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe REC Regional Economic Communities RIDMP Regional Infrastructure Development Master Plan R2P Responsibility to Protect SACU Southern African Customs Union SADC Southern African Development Community SADCC Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference SAPA South African Press Association SEOM SADC Electoral Observer Mission SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SIPO Strategic Indicative Plan for the Organ SSF SADC Standby Force STERP Short Term Economic Recovery Program SWAPO South West Africa People‟s Organisation TNCs Transnational Corporations UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNFPA
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