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Urban Governance and Service Delivery in Zimbabwe (2000-2012)

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Urban Governance and Service Delivery in Zimbabwe (2000-2012) UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES Contestation, Confusion and Change: Urban Governance and Service Delivery in Zimbabwe (2000-2012). Davison Muchadenyika A Full thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Administration in the School of Government, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape. Supervisor: Professor John J. Williams. August 2014. i Contestation, Confusion and Change: Urban Governance and Service Delivery in Zimbabwe (2000-2012). Davison Muchadenyika Key Words Urban governance, Service delivery, Urban planning, Urban development, Politics, Contestation, Confusion, Change, Zimbabwe. ii Abstract Contestation, Confusion and Change: Urban Governance and Service Delivery in Zimbabwe (2000-2012). D. Muchadenyika Master in Administration Full Thesis, School of Government, University of the Western Cape. This study investigates how political dynamics impacted on service delivery in urban areas of Zimbabwe in general and, SPECIFICALLY, in the cities of Harare, Bulawayo, Masvingo and Mutare. The problematic of urban governance in these cities has been marked by contestation, confusion and change for a range of reason which would seem to be associated with issues of planning and management of urban areas, infrastructure such as provision and maintenance of roads, housing, public transport and water and sanitation. Consequently, these urban governance contestations almost led to the collapse of most if not all, urban functions and services in the aforementioned urban areas. That Zimbabwe is suffering from a crisis of governance and public service delivery for decades is not in doubt. In this thesis, I argue that whilst much attention has been given to state governance, it is at the local governance level where the impacts of the crisis are more severe. Why at the local governance level? Local government is mandated to deliver directly or indirectly key human development services to citizens. Inevitably, urban governance is an important determinant of urban services delivery. Urban governance takes place within a wider governance and political context. Post- independent urban Zimbabwe was dominated by the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (Zanu-PF) until the turn of the millennium. When the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) began dominating urban local authorities, urban governance signaled an era marked by contestation, confusion and change. Subsequent urban governance political dynamics had profound impacts on service delivery. Change manifested itself in the rise of the MDC and the subsequent consternation of Zanu-PF in the control of urban councils. Zanu-PF responded through a spirited and heterodox comeback resulting in widespread contestation with MDC led councils. The iii local government ministry and central government continuously interfered and distorted the operations of urban governments. Urban councils became weak as service delivery was politicized with party structures more powerful than urban administration. Political contestation brought confusion as it became difficult to determine who was in control of urban affairs. Elected councillors and mayors were suspended or fired with central government taking over the delivery of some urban services. The contest for control of the urban constituency between MDC and Zanu-PF has been sustained at the expense of service delivery. Considering the role of politics in urban governance, I conclude that the crisis of service delivery in urban Zimbabwe is a political crisis driven by the political impasse between the MDC and Zanu-PF. Cape Town August 2014. iv Declaration I declare that Contestation, Confusion and Change: Urban Governance and Service Delivery in Zimbabwe (2002-2012) is my own work, that it has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged as complete references. Davison Muchadenyika August 29, 2014. Signed…………………………………………………………… v Special Dedication The song “Makwarara akatengwa, vakatengwa naChombo kuti vauraye musangano…….Harare Mudzuri wakaenda, Chitungwiza Shoko wakaenda, Chegutu Dhalakama wakaenda, Kagurabadza maMutare, mamayor echinja akaenda, kukonzerwa nemunhu mumwechete” triggered this intellectual analyze so as to ascertain with empirical evidence the interface between urban governance politics and service delivery. In solidarity with all the urban residents striving to get urban services and functions at their door step! vi Acknowledgements Several people contributed to this scholarly endeavor that I was very hesitant and skeptical from day one. I will specifically mention the following people because of the important roles they played: Professor John. J. Williams for showing distinguished scholarship which will have an indelible mark in my career. His guidance throughout the thesis writing process was thought-provoking. It has been a worthwhile intellectual experience working with him. Bravo! Dr. Leon Pretorius and Ms. Lynette Festers for the swift coordination of the program at the School of Government and their patience in advising me about the programs on offer and subsequent steps to follow. Ms. Ina Conradie for the coordination of the double masters’ programme. Mr. C.W.E Matumbike for sharing with me his rich local government experience and knowledge which undoubtedly enriched my understanding of local governance. Dr. C. Chingombe (City of Harare Human Capital Director) for giving me permission to carry out the study and interview Harare City Council senior staff. My partner Molin K. Chakamba for taking care of herself and our baby during my studies. I wish to thank the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for funding the double Master programme. Lastly, I want to convey my profound gratitude to all the organizations and individuals who agreed to participate in this study as well as sharing with me documents that enriched this thesis. vii Abbreviations and Acronyms AAG Affirmative Action Group BCC Bulawayo City Council BMGF Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation BPRA Bulawayo Progressive Residents Association CABS Central African Building Society CBD Central Business District CBOs Community Based Organizations CEO Chief Executive Officer CHRA Combine Harare Residents Association CIO Central Intelligence Office CoH City of Harare CoM City of Mutare CSOs Civil Society Organizations DA District Administrator DHCS Department of Housing and Community Services DoS Dialogue on Shelter DPP Department of Physical Planning DUPS Department of Urban Planning Services ELB Epworth Local Board EMA Environmental Management Agency ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme EU European Union FTLRP Fast Track Land Reform Programme GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information Systems GoZ Government of Zimbabwe HCD Human Capital Director HRT Harare Residents Trust ICTs Information and Communication Technologies IDAZIM Institute for a Democratic Alternative for Zimbabwe IMF International Monetary Fund LGB Local Government Board LGRUD PPC Local Government Rural and Urban Development Parliamentary Portfolio Committee MDC Movement for Democratic Change MLGRUD Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development MoNHSA Ministry of National Housing and Social Amenities MoPW Ministry of Public Works MRA Mutare Residents Association MURA Masvingo Residents Association NHF National Housing Fund NPM New Public Management viii OG Operation Garikai OM/RO Operation Murambatsvina / Restore Order PA Provincial Administrator PSIPs Public Sector Investments Projects RBZ Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe RDC Rural District Councils RTCPA Regional Town and Country Planning Act RTI Research Triangle Institute International SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperative Agency SSA Sub-Saharan Africa SZ Shelter Zimbabwe UCAZ Urban Councils Association of Zimbabwe UN United Nations USD United States Dollar UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHABITAT United Nations Centre for Human Settlements UNICEF United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development Zanu-PF Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front ZBS Zimbabwe Building Society ZEC Zimbabwe Election Commission ZESA Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority ZIHOPFE Zimbabwe Homeless Peoples’ Federation ZILGA Zimbabwe Local Government Association ZIMPOST Zimbabwe Post and Telecommunications Corporations ZimStat Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency ZINARA Zimbabwe National Road Administration ZINWA Zimbabwe National Water Authority ZIRUP Zimbabwe Institute of Regional and Urban Planners ZRP Zimbabwe Republic Police ZUPCO Zimbabwe United Passenger Company ix Table of Contents Key Words .............................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. iii Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. v Special Dedication ................................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................................
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