DOCSLIB.ORG

Debating the Efficacyof Transitional Justice Mechanisms: The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Debating the Efficacyof Transitional Justice Mechanisms: The DEBATING THE EFFICACYOF TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE MECHANISMS: THE CASE OF NATIONAL HEALING IN ZIMBABWE, 1980-2011 by EVERISTO BENYERA Submitted in accordance with the requirements For the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSPHY In the subject of AFRICAN POLITICS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROF. PIETER A. H. LABUSCHAGNE April 2014 DECLARATION: I declare that: DEBATING THE EFFICACY OF TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE MECHANISMS: THE CASE OF NATIONAL HEALING IN ZIMBABWE, 1980-2011 is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Signature: Date: _______________________ __________________ ii Table of contents Table of contents ........................................................................................................ iii List of tables ............................................................................................................... ix List of diagrams .......................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... x Abbreviations and Acronyms ..................................................................................... xii Abstract .................................................................................................................... xiv Dedication ................................................................................................................. xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to the problem .............................................................................. 1 1.3 Problem statement ........................................................................................... 6 1.4 Research question............................................................................................ 9 1.5 Study delimitations ......................................................................................... 10 1.6 Importance of the study .................................................................................. 11 1.7 Definition of Truth and Reconciliation Commissions....................................... 13 1.7.1 Characteristics of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission ............................. 14 1.7.2 Defining other terms used in the study ............................................................ 17 1.8 Structure and organisation of the thesis ......................................................... 24 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................... 28 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 28 2.2 Defining political transition .............................................................................. 29 2.2.1 Characterising the transitional period .......................................................... 30 2.2.2 Transition to where? .................................................................................... 32 2.3 Transitional justice: general view .................................................................... 36 2.3.1 The civil society definition of transitional justice .............................................. 38 2.3.2 The statist definition of transitional justice ....................................................... 39 2.3.3 The international definition of transitional justice ............................................. 41 2.3.4 Towards an alternative definition of transitional justice ................................... 44 2.4 Negotiated transition model and the mediated negotiation model .................. 48 2.5 Was Zimbabwe a transitional state? ............................................................... 51 iii 2.6 Zimbabwe’s transitional period: a critique ....................................................... 55 2.7 Transitional idealism ....................................................................................... 57 2.8 Transitional realism ........................................................................................ 60 2.9 Towards a broader realist theory of transitional justice................................... 66 2.10 The role of the law during the transitional period ............................................ 69 2.11 Trials as the main tool of transitional idealism ................................................ 72 2.12 Traditional realist transitional justice mechanisms .......................................... 77 2.13 Introducing traditional transitional justice mechanisms ................................... 78 2.14 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 3: THE ICC AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN AFRICA ....................... 85 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 85 3.2 Positioning the ICC as an idealist transitional justice mechanism .................. 85 3.3 The ICC’s definition of transitional justice ....................................................... 88 3.4 The ICC as an idealist transitional justice mechanism.................................... 90 3.5 The ICC in Africa: a critical evaluation ............................................................ 91 3.5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 91 3.5.2 ICC prosecutions as a growing practice in Africa ........................................ 92 3.5.3 On the fallacy of universalism and the reality of smart imperialism ............. 97 3.5.4 ICC interventions and the exacerbation of conflicts .................................. 100 3.5.5 Cost of administering international justice ................................................. 103 3.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER 4: THE ICC AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN ZIMBABWE ............... 106 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 106 4.2 ICC jurisdiction and transitional justice in Zimbabwe .................................... 106 4.2.1 Tachiona versus Mugabe ....................................................................... 107 4.2.2 Governments of New Zealand and Australia ......................................... 108 4.2.3 The European Union .............................................................................. 109 4.2.4 International Bar Association ................................................................. 110 4.2.5 The British Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties ......................... 110 4.2.6 The Namibian National Society for Human Rights ................................. 111 4.2.7 The South African government’s position .............................................. 112 4.2.8 The Democratic Alliance in South Africa ................................................ 113 iv 4.3 Complementarity and transitional justice in Zimbabwe ................................. 113 4.3.1 ICC case selection ................................................................................. 115 4.4 Zimbabwe’s position regarding the ICC jurisdiction ...................................... 117 4.5 Mugabe and immunity from ICC prosecution ............................................... 117 4.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 123 CHAPTER 5: A TRC FOR ZIMBABWE? ................................................................ 125 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 125 5.2 Exploring the appeal of truth commissions ................................................... 126 5.3 Truth and Reconciliation Commissions as transitional realism ..................... 128 5.4 A National Peace and Reconciliation Commission for Zimbabwe ................ 129 5.4.1 Imported mechanism and the challenges of semantics ................................ 132 5.4.2 The mandate of the National Peace and Reconciliation Commission ........... 134 5.4.3 The timeframe ............................................................................................... 138 5.4.4 Periods to be covered by the NPRC ............................................................. 138 5.4.5 Commencement of mandate ......................................................................... 141 5.4.6 Duration of mandate...................................................................................... 142 5.4.7 On the status of previous amnesties and the possibilities of more ................ 143 5.4.8 The role of civil society and the international community .............................. 144 5.4.9 Resources and funding ................................................................................. 146 5.4.10 Independence and staffing .......................................................................... 149 5.4.11 The NPRC and the land question ............................................................... 152 5.4.11.1 Capacity constraints
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Faculty of Humanities, Development and Social
    FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SADC MEDIATION IN ZIMBABWE: LOST OPPORTUNITY FOR LASTING SOLUTION TO THE ZIMBABWE CRISIS By Petra Rumbidzai Chinyere Student No: 217077803 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree, Doctor of Philosophy in Conflict Transformation and Peace Studies, School of Social Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban. Supervisor: Dr. Rudigi Rukema Joseph SEPTEMBER 2020 DECLARATION I, Ms Petra R. Chinyere, declare as follows: 1. That the work described in this thesis has not been submitted to UKZN or other tertiary institution for purposes of obtaining an academic qualification, whether by myself or any other party. 2. That my contribution to the project was as follows: - The write up of the whole thesis. - Documentary search and all desk work. - Conducting all of the key informant interviews and all one-on-one interviews and also some of the Focus Group Discussions - All the transcription of audio recordings to typed work for data capture. - Funded the field research on my own as it was purely for academic purposes. 3. That the contributions of others to the project were as follows: - Norman Pinduka conducted one (1) focus group discussion in Harare and assisted partly on data capture as he transcribed the focus group discussion that he conducted. He also helped identify some of the respondents to the in-depth interviews that were conducted. - Tarisayi Chiyaka conducted 3 of the focus group discussions during data collection, in Bulawayo, Gweru and Masvingo. - Kilbride Kajengo did the type setting of the whole document and formatting. Signed Date 25-09-2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Alfandika Last Thesis.Pdf
    Democratising Communication: Media Activism and Media Reform in Zimbabwe Witwatersrand University School of Literature, Language and Media Studies PhD (Media Studies) By Alfandika Last 148306 This thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media Studies i Declaration I, Last Alfandika, hereby declare that this thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media Studies at the University of Witwatersrand has not been submitted for a Degree at this or any other University, that it is my own work in design and execution, and that all reference material contained herein has been duly acknowledged. ………………………… …………………………. Signature ii Abstract Media policy reform in Zimbabwe should be able to liberate rather than limit the public sphere long “captured” by narrow interest of the ruling class before and after independence in 1980. While some authors have regarded media activism as critical in the creation of the public sphere, not much is known beyond this particular materialistic aspect. The wider importance of media activism to the fight for media reform and democracy in Zimbabwe is ignored in literature. In addition, media activism in Zimbabwe has not been adequately documented leading to little understanding of the practice. Against this background, the study seeks to ascertain the degree and extent to which media activism has led to media reform and democratisation in Zimbabwe through the lens of Gramsci’s theory of hegemony and the Social movement theory of Resource Mobilisation (RMT). Using personal interviews, the examination of media activists and government documents, and journalists’ articles, this study examines the extent to which media activism influences media reform and democracy in Zimbabwe.
    [Show full text]
  • Mudyanadzo Thesis Final.Pdf
    FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT TOPIC: THE POST-COLONIAL CHALLENGES OF NATION -BUILDING THROUGH INTERNATIONA ENGAGEMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF ZIMBABWE’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FROM 1980 TO 2016 BY WENCESLAUS MUDYANADZO STUDENT REG.NO: R143728H SUPERVISORS PROF. AMI CARPENTER AND DR. TERENCE MASHINGAIDZE THE POST-COLONIAL CHALLENGES OF NATION-BUILDING THROUGH INTERNATIONAL ENGAGEMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF ZIMBABWE’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FROM 1980 TO 2016 APPROVAL FORM The signatories below confirm that they have read and recommended to the Midlands State University for acceptance a thesis entitled; The Post-Colonial Challenges of Nation-Building Through International Engagement: An Analysis of Zimbabwe’s International Relations from 1980 to 2016 Submitted by Wenceslaus Mudyanadzo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Politics and Public Management. ………………………… ………………………… First Supervisor Date …………………………… …………………………… Second Supervisor Date …………………………… …………………………… Chairperson Date …………………………… …………………………… Librarian Date i RELEASE FORM STUDENT NAME: WENCESLAUS MUDYANADZO THESIS TITLE: The Post-Colonial Challenges of Nation-BuildingThrough International Engagement: An Analysis of Zimbabwe’s International Relations from 1980 to 2016 Permission is hereby granted to the Midlands State University Library to produce, publish or sell this work for private, scholarly or scientific purposes only. No reservation(s) whatsoever is/are held by the author against the Department of
    [Show full text]
  • Baro... 2012 Begin Zim8p2
    2012 2010 CHANGE 2 5 01 00 5 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 5 0 Compiled and written by Pat Made 9 2 Edited by Loveness Jambaya Nyakujarah 5 9 1 The Southern African Gender Protocol Alliance vision is of a Alliance partners Coordinator region in which women and men are equal in all spheres. Gender Links The Alliance promotes and facilitates the creation of gender Constitutional and legal equity and equality through lobbying and advocacy towards Women in Law Southern Africa (WLSA) the achievement of the 28 targets of the SADC Protocol on Governance Gender and Development by 2015. Gender Links coordinates Women in Politics Support Unit (WiPSU) the work of the Alliance. Health, HIV and AIDS Southern Africa HIV and AIDS Information © Dissemination Service (SAfAIDS) Copyright Southern Africa Gender Protocol 2012 Barometer Care work - Zimbabwe Voluntary Services Overseas-Regional Aids ISBN: 978-0-9869880-0-4 Initiative South Africa Economic justice Gender Links Zimbabwe Women’s Resource Centre and 9 Derrick Avenue Network (ZWRCN) Cyrildene, 2198 Peace and security Johannesburg, South Africa Institute of Security Studies (ISS) Phone: 27 (11) 622 2877 Angola Fax: 27 (11) 622 4732 Platforma da Mulheres Accao (PMA) Email: [email protected] Botswana Websites: www.genderlinks.org.za Botswana Council of NGO's (BOCONGO) www.sadcgenderprotocol.org DRC Union Congolaise des Femmes des Medias Compiled and written by Pat Made (UCOFEM) Editor: Loveness Jambaya Nyakujarah Lesotho Front cover: Gweru COE verification, Zimbabwe Women in Law Southern Africa (WLSA - Lesotho) Photo by Colleen Lowe Morna Madagascar Design/Layout: Stride Graphics (Pty) Limited FPFE (Fédération Pour la Promotion Féminine et Enfantine) Unless otherwise specified, all tables and figures © NGO Gender Coordination Network Gender Links.
    [Show full text]
  • Financial and Economic News Production Practices in Zimbabwe 1980-2018
    COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012). Title of the thesis or dissertation (Doctoral Thesis / Master’s Dissertation). Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/102000/0002 (Accessed: 22 August 2017). FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC NEWS PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN ZIMBABWE 1980-2018 By COLLEN CHAMBWERA 217044982 Supervisor: Prof. Nyasha Mboti Co-supervisor: Prof. Ylva Rodny-Gumede A Thesis submitted to the Department of Communication in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in Communication Studies. APRIL 2020 Abstract Emerging from strong capitalist base, the Zimbabwean economy from 1980 adopted a dual model characterised by a co-existence of capitalism and socialism. An economic identity crisis ensued with socialism largely in rhetoric and capitalism remaining the main economic system. Socialism was conveniently applied where the government stood to benefit, for example keeping already existing state owned enterprises while nationalising those deemed strategic. An economic crisis that was already evident in 1980 intensified in the following decades and still persists. The crisis has only taken different shapes and intensity over the years.
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage, Politics and Identity. Exploring the Political Manipulation of Heritage in Zimbabwe
    Heritage, Politics and identity. Exploring the political manipulation of heritage in Zimbabwe A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the field of Heritage Studies. Genius Tevera : 690372 Research Supervisor: Profesor Cynthia Kros 1 Declaration I declare that this Research Report is my own unaided work. It is submitted for the degree of Master of Arts in Hreritage at the University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before in any other degree or examination in any other University. ----------------------------------------------------------- GENIUS TEVERA ---------------------------Day of-----------------------, 2015 Johannesburg, South Africa 2 Acknowledgements The author would like to aknowledge the contributions of all those who made this research possible. Special mention goes to my supervisor, Professor Cynthia Kros, for your unwaivering support and professional guidance even though my work threatened to fall off the wagon many a times. Sao Mendes, our Postgraduate administrator, thank you for putting up with my long emails and patiently assisting me push the paperwork. To my parents, thank you for all the sacrifices you have made to make this happen. Last but not least, my loving husband, Golden Maunganidze, this wouldn’t have been possible without your support. God bless you all! 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..23 CHAPTER THREE……………………………………………………………………………………………………….40 CHAPTER FOUR…………………………………………………………………………………………………………56 CHAPTER FIVE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..69 4 CHAPTER ONE 1.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Postcolonial Zimbabwe is currently in an era characterised by discursive contestations. This has seen the ruling party, ZANU PF, engaging in severe discourse manipulation in a bid to gain political legitimacy.
    [Show full text]