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From King Solomon to Ian Smith: Rhodesian Alternate Histories of Zimbabwe

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University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 11-5-2019 From King Solomon to Ian Smith: Rhodesian Alternate Histories of Zimbabwe Edward Guimont University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Guimont, Edward, "From King Solomon to Ian Smith: Rhodesian Alternate Histories of Zimbabwe" (2019). Doctoral Dissertations. 2342. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/2342 From King Solomon to Ian Smith: Rhodesian Alternate Histories of Zimbabwe Edward Paul Guimont, PhD University of Connecticut, 2019 In the eleventh century CE, the Shona people of Central Africa built the city of Great Zimbabwe, an administrative center and royal home. Connected to the Indian Ocean gold trade, it would become the largest pre-colonial city in sub-Saharan Africa. However, due to environmental factors, it entered into decline and was ultimately abandoned by the start of the sixteenth century – the period in which the first Portuguese expeditions crossed the Cape of Good Hope and came in contact with the region. The fact that this city entered into decline just as Europeans encountered it set it up to become the center of a number of fantastical legends about its origins, typically linking it with the Biblical King Solomon and his gold mine of Ophir. Most prior studies of the “foreign builder hypothesis” have simply focused on the fact that white supremacist ideologies of colonial explorers and settlers tended to reject the idea that Africans could have built a city like Great Zimbabwe. This study instead focuses on how successive regimes in Central Africa (Arab, Portuguese, Afrikaner, British, Rhodesian, and Zimbabwean) approached the legend of Great Zimbabwe, and highlighted different aspects of it for their own political ends. In doing so, this study reveals how settler colonialism as a project not only builds off of, but facilitates the construction of “mythic histories” to justify their own rights not only to the land, but its history. Further, this project illuminates how those approaches to mythic history that formed in the nineteenth century persisted long after the end of formal colonialism, and have helped feed not only mainstream white supremacist discourse in former imperial metropoles, but served as the origin of modern anti-intellectual and anti-government political movements in the United States. Guimont | i From King Solomon to Ian Smith: Rhodesian Alternate Histories of Zimbabwe Edward Paul Guimont B.A., Guilford College, 2009 M.A., University of Connecticut, 2012 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut 2019 Guimont | ii Copyright by Edward Paul Guimont 2019 Guimont | iii APPROVAL PAGE Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation From King Solomon to Ian Smith: Rhodesian Alternate Histories of Zimbabwe Presented by Edward Paul Guimont, B.A., M.A. Major Advisor: ___________________________________________________________________ Brendan Kane Associate Advisor: ___________________________________________________________________ Fiona Vernal Associate Advisor: ___________________________________________________________________ Melina Pappademos University of Connecticut 2019 Guimont | iv Acknowledgements: First and foremost, I would like to thank my dissertation committee: Brendan Kane, the chairman and my advisor, as well as my comrade in running and drinking; Fiona Vernal; Melina Pappademos; and Timothy Alborn. This project emerged from an earlier dissertation project under Janet Watson, and I would like to thank her for her guidance and assistance during those years, as well. Kathy O’Dea provided immeasurable support in navigating the labyrinth that is the bureaucracy of the University of Connecticut History Department and Graduate School; I without a doubt would not have survived the final push without her help. The earliest iteration of this current dissertation first publicly emerged in a paper presented at the 2016 Northeast Conference on British Studies, and I would like to thank both my fellow panelists and those who gave feedback on it in one way or another: Paul Deslandes, Claire Langhamer, Lacey Sparks, Stuart J. Robbins, Kenneth Gouwens, and Chris Waters, who was the first to suggest that that paper begged to be turned into something longer. Before it became this dissertation, however, the general outline became an article in The Tufts Historical Review, and I would like to thank Mallory Grider for her editing of that article.1 An excised chapter of this dissertation ultimately became an article in Contingent Magazine, and I would like to thank the magazine’s editorial staff (Erin Bartram, Bill Black, and Marc Reyes) along with Victor Zatsepine who helped lead to that chapter becoming a separate paper in the first place.2 It also became a panel at the 2018 North American Conference on British Studies, and I would like the thank my fellow panelists Timothy Alborn, Michael F. 1 Edward Guimont, “From King Solomon to Ian Smith: Rhodesian Alternate Histories of Zimbabwe,” The Tufts Historical Review, Vol. 10: Legends, No. 1 (Aug., 2017), 27-38. 2 Edward Guimont, “Hunting Dinosaurs in Central Africa,” Contingent Magazine, March 18, 2019, accessed March 18, 2019, http://contingentmagazine.org/2019/03/18/hunting-dinosaurs-africa/. Guimont | v Robinson, and Dory Agazarian. The publication in Contingent also led to Loren Coleman inviting me to speak at the Fourth Annual International Cryptozoology Conference in 2019, and I thank him for that, along with those who I spoke to at the conference – particularly Charles Paxton – who gave me additional ideas for areas to explore. Mónica Belevan of Lapsus Lima additionally approached me as a result of Contingent, and gave me both a further venue to publish my writings and provided me with inspiration to explore areas related to the dissertation I otherwise would not have thought of.3 Jason Colavito, Kenneth L. Feder, and Michael F. Robinson all provided both inspiration as well as (more kindly) inspiring feedback on my work.4 Thanks also to my fellow graduate students for providing distraction, support, and ideas for areas to further explore, particularly Shaine Scarminach for helping develop a way to apply cryptocurrency to advance the immortal science of Marxism-Leninism, Maggie Stack for all the lighthearted Cthulhu chats, Claudio Daflon for the churrascos, Luisa Arrieta for the drinking sessions, Sam May for our talks on all things British, Kitty O’Riordan for our insightful talks on pseudoarcheology pertaining to Native Americans, and my office-mate Jessica Strom and our mutual appreciation for the wit and wisdom of Tommy Wiseau, whatever she might otherwise claim. My good friend Heydn Ericson also helped keep me sane with many hours spent on Left 4 Dead over the past decade. I would also like to thank the mixed faculty and graduate student members of the University of Connecticut Humanities Institute Early Modern Studies Working Group for the discussion and free books which this dissertation benefitted of, including (but not limited to) Brendan Kane, Nate Braccio, Melissa Rohrer, Kenneth Gouwens, and Greg Semenza. 3 Edward Guimont, “Squaring the Spheroid,” Lapsus Lima, June 26, 2019, accessed June 26, 2019, http://www.lapsuslima.com/squaring-the-spheroid/. 4 Jason Colavito, “Dinosaurs, Lost Civilizations, and the Erasure of Central African Culture,” JasonColavito.com, March 21, 2019, accessed March 21, 2019, http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/dinosaurs-lost-civilizations-and-the- erasure-of-central-african-culture. Guimont | vi Finally, I would like to thank my parents for providing me with lots of food, beer, and washing machine usage throughout the entire saga, without which many of the more radical notions contained within would never have escaped from my subconscious to become manifested into actually-existing words. My cousin Dr. Carolyn Tepolt for attending the defense and adding to it with her questions. And of course, thanks to my long-suffering girlfriend, Jessica Rivas, whose support, encouragement, love, and belief not only in my ability to complete this dissertation, but in the inevitability of its completion, helped make it so. In many ways, her belief that this dissertation would see the light of day is a case study of one of its very theme, the imaginary being willed into existence. Guimont | vii Table of Contents: Lists of Abbreviations and Images viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Invention of Ophir 17 Chapter 2: Company Rule 59 Chapter 3: Imperial Parallels 106 Chapter 4: Settler Rule and the Central African Federation 159 Chapter 5: UDI and Black Liberation 202 Conclusion 246 Bibliography 257 Guimont | viii List of Abbreviations: ANC: African National Congress BLM: Bureau of Land Management [US] BPP: British Protected Person BSAC: British South Africa Company CAF: Central African Federation, formally the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland CIA: Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 [UK] CO: Colonial Office [UK] DO: Dominions Office [UK] EIC: British East India Company ICS: Institute of Commonwealth Studies [University of London] MCP: Malawi Congress Party MP: Member of Parliament NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People [US] NAC: Nyasaland African Congress NDP: National Democratic Party [Southern Rhodesia] NLS: National Library of Scotland NRLP: Northern Rhodesia Labour Party
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