This NEPTUNES Powerpoint Presentation Is Composed of the Following Topics

Noise Exploration Program To Understand Noise Emitted by Seagoing ships

This NEPTUNES PowerPoint presentation is composed of the following topics:

Slide 2: This slide shows the content of this presentation Slide 3: Shows the reason or motivation for the NEPTUNES project, after which the following subjects will be discussed, Slide 4/5: Defines Port noise as it encompasses a wide variety of "perpetrators" we have listed; however, only noise emitted by seagoing vessels at berth is considered in the NEPTUNES project. Slide 6: Shows the major sources of noise, to know them is key how to reduce the noise emitted by seagoing vessels at berth and the annoyance they cause. Slide 7: Shows what elements play a role when conducting noise measurements to determining how much noise is emitted. To be able to compare ships in terms of noise production, it is necessary to have a uniform measurement method. This measurement method was lacking and therefore it was developed in the NEPTUNES project. Slide 8: Goes into the noise labeling methodology. By measuring ships in an identical way, classification of ships can be made from quieter ships, more noisy ships to very noisy ships. This can be expressed by means of a point system. Ports can use this labelling system to make quieter ships pay less and noisier ships pay more port dues. Slide 9/10: Are about possible measures that can be taken to mitigate the noise.

1 Slide 11: Is about follow-up actions Slide 12: Sources for more information Slide 13: The end of this presentation

1 CONTENT

MOTIVATION PORT NOISE DOMINANT NOISE SOURCES EMISSION

NOISE MITIGATION FOLLOW UP MORE LABELLING INFORMATION

This NEPTUNES PowerPoint presentation is composed of the following topics:

2 system to make quieter ships pay less and noisier ships pay more port dues. Slide 9: Basis of noise labelling Slide 10: Are about possible measures that can be taken to mitigate the noise, classification Slide 11: Kind of measures that can be employed Slide 12: Is about follow-up actions Slide 13: Sources for more information Slide 14/15: The end of this presentation

2 MOTIVATION NEPTUNES PROJECT Increased noise complaints by residents due to:

• Enlargement of ports

• Intensification of ports and terminal activities

• Residential districts crawling ever closer to port areas

• Vessels are becoming larger

• Nowadays residents are more outspoken

• Knowledge about proven effects on man and nature

Some ports already face a lot of complaints about noise caused by seagoing vessels at berth. Other ports think, for various reasons, that they too will receive more noise complaints about seagoing vessels at berth in the future. The main reasons for the current and future increase in complaints are depicted in this slide.

An example of larger vessels: At the beginning of June, MM Algeciras arrived in the port of Rotterdam to transship containers at RWG (Rotterdam World Gateway). It is the newest largest container ship in the world. The vessel can carry 20-feet containers with a volume of 23,964 TEU.

3 All kinds of ships that The mooring site pass by on their way the hinterland to: the sea

pumps on jetties Equipment on the compressors premises port areas, elevators PORT NOISE e.g. CAN BE conveyor belts GENERATED transhipment BY: Enterprises located general cargo on the port area, e.g. refineries factories

Loading and ship-to-ship unloading activities, ship-to-shore vice versa e.g. ship-to-transportation

Living near a port where seagoing ships moor, one knows that not only beautiful and imposing floating castles, views of the water, or the soothing influence of it at the waterfront is part of one's scenery, but one also should cope with a particularly detrimental impact on the quality of life. One of the factors that can adversely affect living near the harbor is the noise of the port. This noise can be caused by many types of sources, see this and next slide. Living near a port where seagoing ships moor, one knows that not only beautiful and imposing floating castles, views of the water, or the soothing influence of it at the waterfront is part of one's scenery, but one also should cope with a particularly detrimental impact on the quality of life. One of the factors that can adversely affect living near the harbor is the noise of the port. This noise can be caused by many types of sources, see this and next slide.

4 AGV’s Traffic movements on the Trucks premises, e.g. Shovels/forklift trucks

Traffic movements to and Heavy good vehicles II from the port area Freight trains PORT NOISE CAN BE Inland vessels moored at the quay, buoy or alongside GENERATED another ship BY: Construction and maintenance activities

Seagoing vessels at berth

See slide 4 Although the NEPTUNES project is aimed at reducing noise and annoyance caused by seagoing vessels at berth, many of the elements that have been developed can be applied to inland navigation vessels that are moored ashore too. However, noise pollution caused by inland vessels at berth can often be solved by means of shore-side energy supply.

5 DOMINANT SOURCES ONBOARD • Funnels

• Ventilator openings

• Hatches (slamming)

• Pumps

• Compressors

• Generators

• Reefers

• Ramps belonging to the ship

• Horns

• Loudspeakers (PA-system)

• Loading and unloading 6

Previous research shows that the most dominant noise sources are the: Funnels: noise caused by turbulence of the fumes (due to the objects inside the stack), engines and ventilators, and aerodynamics (airflow impact). Hatches: the opening and closing of the hatches (slamming steel to steel) Pumps and Compressors: if resilient mounting of the equipment and piping is lacking or when not encapsulated Reefers: the cooling compressors on containers with perishable goods need cooling compressors. However, reefers are excluded in the NEPTUNES labeling system as they aren’t part of the ship itself and can vary enormously per vessel. Ramps: only ramps belonging to the ship are into account within the NEPTUNES project. Ramps belonging to the terminal can be limited in terms of noise in the terminal's environmental permit. Horns: the noise of these devices cannot always be avoided as the horn is a safety instrument. However, unnecessary use of the horn is taken into account. Loudspeakers or Public Addressing systems: was taken into account to a certain extend Last but not least, the ventilation of the engine room

6 DETERMINING NOISE EMISSION

Comparable Noise Obstacles Wide-band Low- & measurements when noise frequency reproducible determining noise noise data noise levels 20Hz-20kHz also 25Hz-160Hz need for a at source to meteo (wind called random This kind of method that determine the speed, rain, noise. The noise is very makes noise emission etc.) frequency annoying for data of the at receptor to high range we can people and same kind of determine the background observe (traffic propagates ships ideally local influx of noise makes noise, aircraft over long comparable noise that the noise noise contains distances and i.e. under measured is many is hard to identical distort by other frequencies) insulate which conditions noises not wide band means that it is same results emitted by noise is often more are obtained ships considered in noticeable in legislation dwellings 7

To compare noise emission from vessels it is needed to: Measure the noise, mainly at source as noise measurements at a considerable distance, are often impossible due to the background noise caused by other sources. Other obstacles that hinders to conduct a proper measurement are accessibility of the locations to measure and/or the meteorological conditions (when performing noise measurements at a distance, it is needed to do this under downwind conditions and low wind speeds). To be able to compare measurement results correctly, the measurements must be reproducible. This means that the measurements must be performed under precisely the same conditions. Ergo, the equipment on board must have the same load, the measuring conditions (distance, meteorological conditions, settings measurement instruments, measuring height, etc.) identical and under climate-neutral conditions or adjusted for these conditions. Within the NEPTUNES project, it was found that a "measurement protocol" or regulation describing how noise from moored seagoing vessels should be measured, reported, interpreted, and classified was lacking. That is why measuring instructions were developed. These instructions make it possible to determine noise emissions per type of ship in a reproducible way. The measuring instruction (protocol) gives in detail how to measure per noise source, geometrical conditions to be taken into account, the number of samples, and what kind of data should be obtained. The measurement protocol is part of the Best Practice Guide but can also be

7 downloaded from the NEPTUNES website. The measuring protocol is based on unambiguous international ISO methods. As noise emitted by seagoing vessels often contains a lot of noise that could be characterized as droning or humming, by professionals called low-frequency noise in the frequencies 25Hz till 160 Hz, the noise measurements are executed in so-called one third octave bands. By doing this, the wide-band noise (20Hz-10.000Hz) as the low-frequency noise can be determined. Low-frequency noise is an important phenomena as it propagates further, it's hard to reduce and often leads to more nuisance and health impacts.

7 NEPTUNES MEASUREMENT PROTOCOL

• Measurements at source

• Remote measurements

NOISE MEASUREMENTS

More about noise measurements

As mentioned in a previous slide remote measurements (at a certain distance to are often impossible which means that it isn’t possible to determine the total noise emission of a ship at once. Therefore, measurements are performed at the individual sources, after which the total noise emission is found by adding up the individual sound power levels. To illustrate both measurements I have included the next slides which are intentionally meant as optional.

8 NOISE LABELLING BASED ON:

Indicators Scoring system Acoustic report Acoustic report available Quiet vessel more Emission wide-band points ( max. 100) noise Noisy vessel few Emission low- points frequency noise

Based on the obtained results of the noise measurements, a preliminary labeling methodology has been developed. This methodology should be considered as the first step towards a mature method for several reasons, namely a. there are too few measurement results to date b. parties can gradually get used to the system of sound labeling.

For this reason, only three indicators have been chosen: 1. the noise emission over the frequencies 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (wideband noise) 2. the noise emission in the low frequencies 25Hz -160 Hz (low-frequency noise) 3. the presence of an acoustic report

A number of points are awarded per part using a formula. The maximum accumulated number of points to assign amounts 100. The noise labeling methodology is handed over to the Environmental Shipping Index, which also manages a labeling system on air-pollution.

After a period of some years, the noise labeling system will be evaluated and modified when needed and, if desired, be extended to include more indicators.

9 CLASSIFICATION MITIGATION MEASURES

AT SOURCE OR PROPAGATION RECEPTOR SITE PATH

To combat noise and noise nuisance caused by seagoing vessels at berth, the Best Practice Guide describes more than fifty measures. These measures are included in fifteen leaflets. The interventions cover a broad spectrum. In addition to source measures such as the fitting of silencers, enclosures, vibration-dampers, and compensators or low-noise equipment, there are also measures relating to the transmission, planning (application of external power supplies), the behavior of the causers and communication strategies. Measures that can be taken at the receiving areas (residential districts) such as zoning, insulation, masking, and shielding are also part of the content of the leaflets. The last categories that could be mentioned are the measures that can positively influence the perception of residents, such as complaint management, expectation management, mutual gain approach, and non-acoustic measures.

10 WF7 CATEGORIES OF MEASURES IN BEST PRACTICE GUIDE

1. Machinery 2. Silencer 3. External power supply 4. Public Address System

5. Propagation of noise

6. Insulation 7. Expectation management 8. Mutual gain approach 9. Urban planning 10. Awareness 11. Complaint management 12. Organizational (planning)

13. Cargo handling 14. Maneuvering 15. Non-Acoustic factors

Examples of measures 11

For each of the categories several factsheets are provided in the Best Practice Guide. These leaflets have the following components: short description, category, addressed to, conditions, expected reduction, costs, lessons learned, remarks, references. In the next sheets some examples of measures that can be taken. For more see the Best Practice Guide.

11 Dia 11

WF7 De opsomming opslitsen in de 4 categorien. Deze sheet kan wat mij betreft als 1e sheet in 'examples of measures'. In sheet 12 een alternatief voorbeeld voor de indeling van de measures in sheet 11. Wolkenfelt, Frank; 3-8-2020 FOLLOW-UP

• Incorporation in Environmental Ship Index so that incentives can be given by the ports affiliated to ESI

• Promotion NEPTUNES • Use of Best Practice Guide • Continuation NEPTUNES website • Training maritime staff (optional, in progress)

• Introduction NEPTUNES deliverables to European Maritime institutes/organisations

• Participation in the Waterborne Technology Platform (optional)

The NEPTUNES labeling method has been adopted by the ESI, which will introduce noise labeling in addition to the air quality labeling method as from mid-2020. After several years, as mentioned earlier, the method will be evaluated after which adjustment can take place. For example, more indicators such as measures taken, tonal components, the character of the noise, etc. can be added.

12 MORE INFORMATION

Website www.neptunes.pro

Best Practice Guide NEPTUNES

•Leaflets with measures •Measurement protocol •Labelling methodology

13 ‘TOOLS ARE ONLY AS GOOD AS OUR REASONS AND METHODS FOR USING THEM’

Questions?

14 15

15 EMISSION MEASUREMENTS ONBOARD

• Measuring surface according to ISO 9614-2

• Measurements according to ISO 3746 or ISO 9614-2 • ISO 3746: sound power levels using sound pressure. • ISO 9614-2: sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity

• Measurement positions and measurement instruction

• At funnel outlet: measurement according to DIN 45635-47

• Measurement of all relevant individual noise sources

Noise measurement to determine the noise emission are performed according to ISO and DIN standards

16 REMOTE MEASUREMENTS

• Measurements at a horizontal distance of at least 50-200 m, depending on the ship size • Microphone height minimum 6 m above quay level

When choosing for remote noise measurements (means at a certain distance) some distance has to be taken into account as the noise coming from the opening of the funnel is directional. In order to avoid influence of the ground a minimum height of 6m above the ground is needed to exclude the effect of absorbing or reflecting ground at the measuring site.

17 Two steps:

• Measurement results (level values) are DOCUMENTATION entered in NEPTUNES Excel file MEASUREMENT (template) RESULTS • Measurement report is sent to NEPTUNES project management

The measuring protocol also provides a format in which the measurement data and circumstances must be filled in. This format contributes also to the comparability of the noise data as the data is reported and stored in the same way.

18 TOTAL LWA SINGLE SOURCES

Back to slide 8 19

Because remote measurement is not possible and therefore the individual noise sources onboard the ship have to be measured. After all measurements have been carried out the total noise emission is found by adding up the individual contributions of the noise sources.

19 SILENC ER

Silencers can be installed in ducts of combustion engines or air inlets or outlets. One distinguishes absorption and reactive silencers, see for more information factsheet no.2 of the Best Practice Guide.

20 21

Mounting absorbers or dampers prevent vibrations to transmit in the structure of the vessels (hull). If these vibrations are not attenuated, they propagate into the hull of the vessel which may emit these vibrations as noise to the surroundings.

21 ENCLOSURE FOR GENERATOR

Encapsulating noisy equipment can reduce the noise emission remarkably. Reduction more than 15 dB are viable.

22 COLD IRONING (EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY)

External Power Supply can be done by means of pontoons berthed aside, boats or wall-side installations that provide energy from the grid or a local source. Local generation can also take place using, for example, hydrogen, LNG or any another fuel. If a shore-side fuel driven generator is used, it is often installed in an insulated container (see photo) or enclosure.

23 • Expectation management • Mutual Gains Approach • Complaint management SOFT MEASURES • Non-acoustic factors

In expectation management, people take their instinctual need to disparage the ideas of others and use the technique consciously, regarding their own ideas as they present them to other people."

The Mutual Gains Approach is a method to negotiate. It is also known as the "principled negotiation method" or simply as the "Harvard negotiation method". MGA aims to involve as many stakeholders as possible in negotiating certain decisions and to accommodate their interests in shaping solutions. This Approach is often used when developing new initiatives (house building, new industrial areas, new port areas or significant enlargements. MGA is based on consensus building and creating a win-win situation.

A complaint desk where complaints about noise can be left behind and where feedback is provided to the complainant as a result of actions taken helps citizens to understand that port activities are often associated with a certain environmental pressure (noise).

Non acoustic measures are all kind of measures near the port or the residential district that soften the perception of the residents. Examples on the residential side: compensation (financial, facilities like playground financed by the port, sponsoring clubs by the port, etc.

24 On the port side: adding greenery, cleanliness, use of colours, good maintenance, et cetera, More soft measures are available in the BPG such as communication, creating awareness.

24 PLANNING MEASURES

Back to slide 11 25

Where noise nuisance near houses still occurs after measures have been taken, the noise can be reduced through screening in the residential area. This can be done by constructing tall buildings (barriers) between the quays and the residential areas or by designing the built-up area in such a way that the less noise-sensitive facades face the harbour. The reduction to be achieved in this respect is limited. An estimated reduction can be achieved of 2-5 dB depending on the location.