DOCSLIB.ORG

Condition of Water Resource in Indonesia and Its Environmental …

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Condition of Water Resource in Indonesia and Its Environmental … Kardono : Condition Of Water Resource In Indonesia And Its Environmental … ... JAI Vol. 3 , No.2 2007 CONDITION OF WATER RESOURCE IN INDONESIA AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY By : Kardono Center of Environmental Technology Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) Abstract Water resource is one of the most important resources for life and development. In Indonesia, the increasing population and development results the increased demand of water. On the other hand, water resource availability has become limited and has been at critical level for several locations. Around 65% Indonesian population (~ 125 Million people) live in Java island which is only 7% of total Indonesia continental area. The decrease of water resource is caused by some factors, namely pollution, deforestation, heavy agricultural activities, and the change of the function of catchment area. This paper will give some brief description how water resource in Indonesia distributes and what the appropriate technologies have been used for the treatment of low quality of water in order to fulfill the human life needs. Keywords: water resource, pollution, climate change, health impact. 1. INTRODUCTION water purification which most countries cannot afford it. As an island country, Indonesia is Even though the water resource is vulnerable to climate change. At present, the becoming scarcity, its consumption has occurrences of extreme climate events have increased twice in the last 50 years. At the same caused serious impact in many sectors, including time the gap of water consumption between clean water resource availability. Indonesia has people of the rich countries and those of the poor taken into serious attention to that sector. How countries is very high. Nowadays, about 1.2 the government could adapt or cope with such billion world’s population do not have an access events in order to lower the impact of the climate to the clean water and almost twice of those change is one of the main government policies. numbers do not have proper basic sanitation Many programs have been implemented but facilities. most of them tend practically more to curative than to preventive actions. Also, better adaptive 2. WATER RESOURCE IN INDONESIA capacity has not been developed yet and therefore it needs to develop planning horizon, Currently, water resource potency and which are: (a) how far should it be projected into availability in Indonesia is around 15,000 m3 per the future risk on water supply?; (b) for how long capita per year. It is much higher than the does the impact of the climate change average global water supply of only 8,000 m3 per associated with a water resource and supply capita per year. Java island in 1930 was still able last?, and (c) when should the new policy be to supply around 4,700 m3 water per capita per introduced to mitigate the possible impact of year, and at present it supplies only one-third incoming climate change? (1,500 m3 water per capita per year) of that In terms of health impact, WHO said that amount. In year 2020 total potency of water 2 (two) billion people have diarrhea and other supply in Java island will decrease to 1,200 m3 stomach diseases due to the water and food they per capita per year. From this amount of the consume. These diseases mainly cause death of potential water, only 35% is economically more than 5 million children annually. Water feasible to be treated as clean water supply so resources that are already in limited capacity are its actual potency is only 400 m3 per capita per polluted with industrial waste that is not treated year. It is far much lower the minimum properly before discharging into water body. If it requirement suggested by the United Nations is not radically changed in managing water, it that is 1,000 m3 per capita per year. Therefore in cannot be used anymore without employing a 2025, International Water Institute reported that very intensive and expensive technology for Java and other islands of Indonesia are considered to be as water crisis regions. 111 Kardono : Condition Of Water Resource In Indonesia And Its Environmental … ... JAI Vol. 3 , No.2 2007 According to Water Resources Surface water scatters in the river (5.886 units), Development report (1990), Java experienced and lake, dam, wetland (33 million hectares). water supply deficit. Of 66,336 Million m3 Around 64 of total 470 watersheds in Indonesia required, only 43,952 Million m3 was supplied in are in critical condition. Of 64 those critical 1990. Joko Pitono (2003) also reported that watersheds are 12 areas in Sumatera, 26 areas during 1993 dry season, as many as 75% of in Java , 10 areas in Kalimantan, 10 areas in Java area experienced water deficit and would Sulawesi, 4 areas in Bali, NTB and NTT, 4 areas have increased the following years. The office of in Maluku, and 2 areas in Papua. Ministry of Environment (1977) on the other hand The water flow rate of many rivers in Java predicted that water supply deficit had not highly fluctuates between rainy and dry seasons. occurred yet in Indonesia, except for islands of Table 1 shows the flow rate of rivers in 2004 and Java, Bali (started in 2000) and Sulawesi and 2005 measured at the rainy season (maximum East Nusa Tenggara (starting in 2015). value) and at the dry season (minimum value). It is classical reason that the high number For example, in Citarum river of West Java of population is the main cause of the water where water power generation takes place the supply deficit. The land conversion from water flow rate during rainy season (maximum) is agricultural and forest land to other forms of uses around 240 m3/s whereas during dry season has been increasing, so that the water resource (minimum) is only around 10 m3/s. In outside has been decreasing. In average, about 50,000 Java, the river water flow rate does not very hectares of agricultural land is converted into much fluctuate between rainy and dry seasons. non-agricultural lands yearly. Degradation of For example for Babak river in Lombok island, watershed area has been increasing from year to the water flow rate during rainy season is 587 year. Land use change from agriculture to non- m3/s and it is till 274 m3/s during dry season. The agriculture causes in decreasing forestry area, reason is that the land use and land use change increasing in intensity of land utilization, and in outside Java island are still moderate whereas decreasing in soil and water conservation. Such in Java is already very intensive. conditions intensively increase the degradation of natural resources and environment and finally 3. WATER POLLUTION cause the natural disasters such as flood, drought, pollution, eutrophication and Water resources are utilized by people for sedimentation. variety of purposes, such as for transportation, Water resource is divided into surface for generating electricity, for industrial need, and water (lake, situ, dam/reservoir, river), ground for tourism. Water and culture are always water, and precipitation/rain. Principle of water connected each other. At this present time for management follows these principles of example, three big cities of Java (Jakarta, continuity, balancing, public advantage, unity, Semarang and Surabaya) have tended to be harmony, justice, autonomy, as well as polluted by wastes from industries, domestics, transparency and accountability. River area is and agricultures. These wastes have indicated defined as river location in one District/City, inter- serious water pollution on the environment Districts/Cities, inter-Provinces, inter-states, and because they are discharged into the rivers and national strategic river area. Ground water basin oceans without any proper treatment. includes ground water in one District/City, inter- Domestic waste from business offices and Districts/Cities, inter-Provinces, inter-States, and households also contribute significantly for these national strategic river area. water pollutions. The amount of the waste Water resource conservation is aimed to discharged into the water body has increased as preserve the continuous existence of support a function of increasing population and capacity, reservoir capacity, and function of development of the cities. These bad water resource. Water resource conservation is environmental conditions are increased due to carried out through activities of water resource very low participation of the people to manage protection and continuity, water preservation, as their waste. They often just throw away their well as water quality management and water waste into the river without any guilty feeling. pollution control that follow the design of water Therefore, the water pollution has been resource management determined for each river becoming higher and higher, particularly in big basin/area. Criteria of water resource cities of Indonesia. Very dense population and conservation become reference in space bad sanitation in some cities in Indonesia as well planning. as industrial waste discharged directly into water The potency of Indonesian surface water body without prior treatment have caused is 1.789 billion m 3 per year, located in Papua pollution in most rivers in those cities. (1.401 x 109 m3 per year), Kalimantan (557 x 109 Waste water from big cities of Indonesia, m3 per year), Java (118 x 109 m3 per year). particularly Jakarta can basically be categorized 112 Kardono : Condition Of Water Resource In Indonesia And Its Environmental … ... JAI Vol. 3 , No.2 2007 into three groups: (i) industrial waste, (ii) prepared for drinking water has been highly domestic waste from households, and (iii) polluted. A survey done by Public Work commercial waste. In addition to pollution of Department of Jakarta and JICA (1989), reported industrial waste the pollution of domestic waste that the average household water waste has indicated serious problem.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Pb) Pollution in the River Estuaries of Jakarta Bay
    The Sustainable City IX, Vol. 2 1555 Analysis of lead (Pb) pollution in the river estuaries of Jakarta Bay M. Rumanta Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia Abstract The purpose of this study is to obtain information about the level of Pb in the sediment of the estuaries surrounding Jakarta Bay and to compare them. Samples were taken from 9 estuaries by using a grab sampler at three different location points – the left, right and the middle sides of the river. Then, samples were collected in one bottle sample and received drops of concentrated HNO3. The taking of samples was repeated three times. In addition, an in situ measurement of pH and temperature of samples was taken as proponent data. The Pb concentration of the river sediment was measured using an AAS flame in the laboratory of Balai Penelitian Tanah Bogor. Data was analyzed statistically (one way ANOVA and t-test student) by using SPSS-11.5 software. The results show that Pb concentration in the sediment of the estuaries surrounding Jakarta was quite high (20–336 µg/g). The sediment of Ciliwung River in the rainy season was the highest (336 µg/g). Pb concentration of sediment in the dry season was higher than that in the rainy season, except in Ciliwung River. It was concluded that all rivers flowing into Jakarta Bay make a significant contribution to the Pb pollution in Jakarta Bay, and the one with the largest contribution was Ciliwung River. Keywords: Pb, sediment, estuaries, dry season, rainy season, AAS flame. 1 Introduction Jakarta Bay (89 km of length) is formed as a result of the extension of Karawang Cape in the eastern region and Kait Cape in the western region into the Java Sea (Rositasari [1]).
    [Show full text]
  • Community Flood Resilience
    Stories from Ciliwung, Citarum & Bengawan Solo River Banks in Indonesia Community Flood Resilience Stories from Ciliwung, Citarum & Bengawan Solo River Banks in Indonesia Community Flood Resilience Stories from Ciliwung, Citarum & Bengawan Solo River Banks Publisher Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) in partnership with Stories from Ciliwung, Citarum & Bengawan Solo River Banks in Indonesia International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) Zurich Insurance Indonesia (ZII) Palang Merah Indonesia National Headquarter Disaster Management Division Jl. Jend Gatot Subroto Kav. 96 - Jakarta 12790 Phone: +62 21 7992325 ext 303 Fax: +62 21 799 5188 www.pmi.or.id First edition March 2018 CFR Book Team Teguh Wibowo (PMI) Surendra Kumar Regmi (IFRC) Arfik Triwahyudi (ZII) Editor & Book Designer Gamalel W. Budiharga Writer & Translator Budi N.D. Dharmawan English Proofreader Daniel Owen Photographer Suryo Wibowo Infographic Dhika Indriana Photo Credit Suryo Wibowo, Budi N.D. Dharmawan, Gamaliel W. Budiharga & PMI, IFRC & ZII archives © 2018. PMI, IFRC & ZII PRINTED IN INDONESIA Community Flood Resilience Preface resilience/rɪˈzɪlɪəns/ n 1 The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness;2 The ability of a substance or object to spring back into shape; elasticity. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com iv v Preface hard work of all the parties involved. also heads of villages and urban Assalammu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh, The program’s innovations have been villages in all pilot program areas for proven and tested, providing real their technical guidance and direction Praise for Allah, that has blessed us so that this solution, which has been replicated for the program implementors as well Community Flood Resilience (CFR) program success story in other villages and urban villages, as SIBAT teams, so the program can book is finally finished.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Indonesia
    Research Report August 2008 Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Indonesia A five-country study conducted in Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, the Philippines, and Vietnam under the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI) Water and Sanitation Program East Asia and the Pacifi c (WSP-EAP) World Bank Offi ce Jakarta Indonesia Stock Exchange Building Tower II/13th Fl. Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 52-53 Jakarta 12190 Indonesia Tel: (62-21) 5299-3003 Fax: (62-21) 5299-3004 Printed in 2008. The volume is a product of World Bank staff and consultants. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement of acceptance of such boundaries. Research Report August 2008 Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Indonesia A fi ve-country study conducted in Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, the Philippines, and Vietnam under the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary At 55% in 2004, sanitation coverage in Indonesia is below the regional average for Southeast Asian countries of 67%. Nationwide, sanitation coverage has increased by 9 percentage points since 1990, representing signifi cant progress towards the target of 73% set by the Millennium Development Goal joint water supply and sanitation target.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconnaissance Study Of
    NO. RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL REVITALIZATION PROJECT FOR MANAGEMENT OF FLOOD, EROSION AND INNER WATER CONTROL IN JABOTABEK WATERSHED FINAL REPORT JANUARY 2006 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD GE JR 05-060 RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL REVITALIZATION PROJECT FOR MANAGEMENT OF FLOOD, EROSION AND INNER WATER CONTROL IN JABOTABEK WATERSHED FINAL REPORT JANUARY 2006 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL REVITALIZATION PROJECT FOR MANAGEMENT OF FLOOD, EROSION AND INNER WATER CONTROL IN JABOTABEK WATERSHED FINAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................ 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES....................................................................... 1 1.3 STUDY AREA..................................................................... 2 2. PRESENT CONDITIONS................................................. 3 2.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.................................. 3 2.1.1 Administration........................................................ 3 2.1.2 Population and Households.................................... 6 2.2 NATURAL CONDITIONS.................................................. 7 2.2.1 Topography and Geology ....................................... 7 2.2.2 Climate ................................................................... 7 2.2.3 River Systems........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Heavy Metal Concentration in Water, Sediment, and Pterygoplichthys Pardalis in the Ciliwung River, Indonesia 1Dewi Elfidasari, 1Laksmi N
    Heavy metal concentration in water, sediment, and Pterygoplichthys pardalis in the Ciliwung River, Indonesia 1Dewi Elfidasari, 1Laksmi N. Ismi, 2Irawan Sugoro 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology University Al Azhar Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; 2 The Center of Isotope and Radiation Application (PAIR), The National Agency of Nuclear Energy (BATAN), Jakarta, Indonesia. Corresponding author: D. Elfidasari, [email protected] Abstract. Ciliwung River is one of the most polluted freshwaters in Indonesia, shown by its color, smell, and the wastes. Generally, the presence of heavy metals is an indicator of pollution in any river. Furthermore, the survival of waters biota is determined by the pollution levels of the water and sediment, including the Pterygoplichthys pardalis fish dominating the river. The purpose of this study therefore was to record the concentration of heavy metals in water, sediment, and P. pardalis in the Ciliwung River from upstream in Bogor to its downstream in Jakarta. The X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer was used to analyze the metals. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals such as Cd, Hg, and Pb were relatively high in the water and sediment of the river, exceeding the threshold of Indonesian Government Regulation. The highest concentration of these metals was found in the samples from Ciliwung River Jakarta area. The concentrations of these metals were quite high in the P. pardalis flesh exceeding the threshold set through the provisions of National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) and Indonesia National Standard (SNI). On analysis, there was a strong correlation between the metal content of fish flesh and sediment.
    [Show full text]
  • RSPO P&C Surveillance Assessment PUBLIC SUMMARY REPORT
    TÜV NORD INTEGRA bvba Certification in agriculture and food Statiestraat 164 2600 Berchem – Antwerp Belgium Phone: + 32 3 287 37 60 Fax: +32 3 287 37 61 www.tuv-nord-integra.com [email protected] RSPO P&C Surveillance assessment PUBLIC SUMMARY REPORT PT. SOCFIN INDONESIA <Sei Liput Mill and its supply base> Date of assessment: February 10-12, 2015 Number of ASA: (1 to 04): 01 Report prepared by: Anita masduki Certification decision made by: TÜV NORD INTEGRA bvba Int rspo pc cld clr asa sum e - v03 – 1/07/2014 p. 1/ 64 <Socfin Indonesia - Sei Liput Mill> <Feb 10-12, 2015> Contents 1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Organizational information/Contact person ......................................................................................... 4 1.2 Certification details ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Identity of certification unit .................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Production volume ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.5 Description of fruit supply bases ......................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Date of planting and cycle .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kajian Sosial-Budaya Masyarakat Pada Lanskap Riparian Sungai Ciliwung
    KAJIAN SOSIAL-BUDAYA MASYARAKAT PADA LANSKAP RIPARIAN SUNGAI CILIWUNG Study Of Social-Cultural ABSTRACT Community On Riparian Bogor as one of the cities with high population density located in the middle of Ciliwung Lanscape Ciliwung River watershed. The use of riparian rivers as undeveloped land has had an impact on the decline in the quality and quantity of blue open spaces. Local knowledge of the community influences the perspective and behavior of the community towards environmental sustainability. The factors that most influence riparian landscape change Fittria Ulfa are the interaction between human activity and the landscape associated with socio- Mahasiswa Departemen cultural activities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the situational and Arsitektur Lanskap, Fakultas sociocultural activities of riparian Ciliwung River to blue open space. This study will be Pertanian IPB conducted in the city of Bogor that is on Pulo Geulis and Griya Katulampa. The method Email : [email protected] that used in this research is descriptive analysis where the data analyzed is obtained from interview and literature study. The results of this study indicate the existence of two Nurhayati socio-cultural interactions in two research sites, in Pulo Geulis settlement and Griya Staf Pengajar Departemen Katulampa housing has diffrent condition of riparian landscape, which was affected by Arsitektur Lanskap, Fakultas the bio-physical conditions of the landscape. The results indicated that the background Pertanian IPB character of the community was very influential on the behavior of cummuny to the river and its environment. The background character that affected were the age, education, Hadi Susilo Arifin type of work, origin, tribe, and length of stay.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pollution Index and Carrying Capacity of the Upstream Brantas River
    International Journal of GEOMATE, Sept., 2020, Vol.19, Issue 73, pp. 26 – 32 ISSN: 2186International-2982 (P), 2186-2990 Journal (O), Japan, of GEOMATE,DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.73.55874 Sept., 2020, Vol.19, Issue 73, pp. 26 – 32 Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment THE POLLUTION INDEX AND CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE UPSTREAM BRANTAS RIVER Kustamar1 and *Lies Kurniawati Wulandari1 1Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, National Institute of Technology (ITN) Malang, Indonesia *Corresponding Author, Received: 28 July 2019, Revised: 13 Jan. 2020, Accepted: 17 March 2020 ABSTRACT: River is one of the surface water resources that is often polluted by various human activities. With its dynamic characteristics, a river must be periodically examined to determine its water quality. This study aims to investigate the carrying capacity of the Brantas river in East Java, Indonesia. The observation was done by measuring TSS (Total suspended solid), TDS (Total dissolved solid), and oil and grease in the upstream zone of the Brantas river. This research used a descriptive method. The determination of the research stations was based on the condition of the watershed and its surroundings, assuming that there was a decrease in water quality. The sampling points include Pendem Bridge (1), DAM (local water company) Sengkaling (2), Simpang Remujung Bridge (3), and Samaan District (4). The results demonstrated that the upstream Brantas river at each sampling point had different pollution levels. Generally, the sampling point 1 (Pendem Bridge) was the cleanest zone compared to other sampling points. On the other hand, sampling point 4 (Samaan District) was the most polluted site of the upstream zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Environment Issues in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities
    1 Water Environment Issues in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities Prof. Tjandra Setiadi Centre for Environmental Studies Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) Bandung, Indonesia [email protected] 2 Presentation Outline Water Challenges and Examples of Opportunities Colalboration in Indonesia Case Studies Water Environment In Indonesia 3 Water Environment in Indonesia 4 Introduction Indonesia water resource: . 6 % of world water resource . 21% of asia pasific water resource 5 6 7 Four Water Classes (Quality) (Government Regulation No 82 Year 2001 • Class I : Best Quality designated for raw water for water supply; and include Class II till IV (BOD < 2 mg/L) • Class II : designated for water sport activities (not a direct contact) and include Class III and IV (BOD < 3 mg/L) • Class III: designated for fishery (aquaculture) and include Class IV (BOD < 6 mg/L) • Class IV : designated for irrigation (BOD < 12 mg/L) • For most of the rivers in Indonesia: intended to be Class II. 8 River Quality Monitoring 2009 (based on class II designated, MoE lab. data) Province River Name Province River Name Province River Name NAD Krueng Aceh Sulut Tondano Province River Name Province River Name Batu Gajah Deli Gorontalo Bone Banten Kali Angke Kalbar Kapuas Maluku Sumut Batu Merah Percut Sulteng Palu Jakarta Ciliwung Kalteng Kahayan Mal-Utara Tabobo Riau Kampar Tallo Jabar Citarum Kalsel Martapura Sulsel Papua Anafre Sumbar Batang Agam Kaltim Mahakam Jeneberang Jateng Progo Province River Name Jambi Batang Hari Sultra Konaweha DIY Progo Bali T. Badung Bengkulu A. Bengkulu Jatim Brantas NTT Dendeng Sumsel Musi NTB Jangkok Lampung W.Sekampung Babel Rangkui Light pollution Medium pollution Heavy pollution Light to medium pollution Medium to heavy pollution Light to heavy pollution 9 River Quality Monitoring 2009 (based on class II designated, MoE lab.
    [Show full text]
  • JICA Data Collection Survey on Water Environment Improvement Through Low-Cost Wastewater Treatment System in Jakarta
    City of Jakarta (DKI JAKARTA) Ministry of Public Works (PU) Wastewater Management Enterprize (PD PAL JAYA) JICA Data Collection Survey on Water Environment Improvement through Low-Cost Wastewater Treatment System in Jakarta Final Report October 2010 Japan International Cooperation Agency Hiroshima University Currency rate (monthly from 2006 to present) Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 2006 USD1＝JPY 116.47 114.58 112.17 116.32 114.66 116.94 117.63 117.45 116.07 118.8 121.77 119.78 IDR1＝JPY 0.01235 0.01307 0.01219 0.01247 0.01272 0.01289 0.01279 0.0129 0.01265 0.01314 0.01338 0.01324 2007 USD1＝JPY 117.38 119.03 121.59 123 118.53 115.73 115.55 114.67 109.98 114.21 106.98 106.18 IDR1＝JPY 0.01286 0.01312 0.01381 0.01357 0.01299 0.0123 0.01266 0.01261 0.01172 0.01213 0.01159 0.01174 2008 USD1＝JPY 99.29 104.05 105.1 106.17 108.05 109.33 105.9 98.23 95.37 90.44 90.02 97.95 IDR1＝JPY 0.01079 0.01119 0.01126 0.01157 0.01185 0.01196 0.01116 0.00923 0.0076 0.00812 0.00789 0.00819 2009 USD1＝JPY 97.29 96.87 96.47 95.55 95.25 93.13 89.98 90.87 86.66 91.45 90.14 89.25 IDR1＝JPY 0.00842 0.00905 0.00914 0.0093 0.00959 0.00928 0.00925 0.00946 0.00922 0.00969 0.00969 0.00952 2010 USD1＝JPY 92.7 94.06 91.1 88.66 87.05 IDR1＝JPY 0.01022 0.01044 0.00986 0.00975 0.00969 (Source: JICA rate table) Jakarta Bay Area : 661.52 km2 32 km Located at Low lying area Crossed by 13 rivers Population 12 million South China Sea Jabodetabek Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Jakarta Bay Jakarta Ciliwung river Cisadane river Depok Jatilihur dam Bogor Cirata dam Bandung Saguling
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Report 2006
    MedcoEnergi Sustainability Report 2006 Maintaining A Balanced Life For Future Growth MedcoEnergi Sustainability Report 2006 Contents About MedcoEnergi Sustainability Report 1 Letter to Our Shareholders 2 Profile of MedcoEnergi 4 1. Who Is MedcoEnergi? 4 2. Operational Area & List of Assets 5 3. Achievement & Challenges 6 4. Summary of 2006 & 2005 Performance 7 Our View about Sustainability 8 Economic Performance 10 Environmental Performance 15 Health and Safety Performance 19 Social Performance 22 MedcoEnergi strives constantly to safeguard the long-term sustainability of its business in order to secure a bright future for the young. We owe it to ourselves to preserve the world and its environment, so that our children may enjoy a better life than what we have today. This report covers economic, safety, health, environmental and social performances of MedcoEnergi group during 2006 and in comparison with the 2005 performances. The economics performance is based on the MedcoEnergi’s consolidated financial report. The terms of PT Medco Energi International Tbk are also represented by “MedcoEnergi”, the “Company”, “We” and “Our” as consistent with the context. About MedcoEnergi Sustainability Report 2006 As a responsible corporate citizen, we are pleased to publish our very first Sustainability Report, which highlights the results and achievements of our economic, social and environmental endeavors up to year-end 2006 compared to 2005. The MedcoEnergi 2006 Sustainability Report is produced in accordance with the reporting guidelines and indicators of the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) and the American Petroleum Institute (API) Oil and Gas Industry Guidance on Voluntary Sustainability Reporting (April 2005). The majority of these indicators are also consistent with those in the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI).
    [Show full text]
  • X. Paleontology, Biostratigraphy
    BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY OF INDONESIA AND SURROUNDING AREAS Edition 7.0, July 2018 J.T. VAN GORSEL X. PALEONTOLOGY, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY www.vangorselslist.com X. PALEONTOLOGY, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY X. PALEONTOLOGY, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 1 X.1. Quaternary-Recent faunas-microfloras and distribution ....................................................................... 60 X.2. Tertiary ............................................................................................................................................. 120 X.3. Jurassic- Cretaceous ........................................................................................................................ 161 X.4. Triassic ............................................................................................................................................ 171 X.5. Paleozoic ......................................................................................................................................... 179 X.6. Quaternary Hominids, Mammals and associated stratigraphy ........................................................... 191 This chapter X of the Bibliography 7.0 contains 288 pages with >2150 papers. These are mainly papers of a more general or regional nature. Numerous additional paleontological papers that deal with faunas/ floras from specific localities are listed under those areas in this Bibliography. It is organized in six sub-chapters: - X.1 on modern and sub-recent
    [Show full text]