Fall 2020 • Volume 48 • Number 5

Inside Special Issue: How Will Black Women Election Reflections 2 Shape the 2020 Election? What Will the Outcome Mean for Them? If the Polls Are So Wrong, How Come You’re Paying So Much Attention? 3 Are We Ready for a Woman of Color as President of the Andrew J. Perrin, Ruel W. Tyson activities for a different day, bring an sage, web, and other survey styles United States? Distinguished Professor of the umbrella, and similar. Essentially, I alongside traditional telephone), Humanities, Professor of Sociology, and am interested in a binary outcome aggressive recruitment, and statisti- Politics and Inequality in Director of the Institute for the Arts and (rain or no rain) but the weather cal weighting. 5 Humanities, University of North Carolina Washington predictors offer me only a probabilis- The weighting process in at Chapel Hill tic estimate. particular can be quite subjective; 6 Racial Capitalism and hortly before So it is with polls. Just as yester- pollsters make educated guesses as the 2020 Election: Selection day day at 4:00 it was either raining or to how different their respondents On the Presentism in 2016, poll not (it couldn’t be 80% raining), the are from the population they’re and Methodological aggregator Nate result of an election is categorical. trying to understand, and they Individualism of American Silver famously As citizens we are interested in who increase and decrease the amount Sociology pegged the wins and who loses; nobody can of attention they pay to each of likelihood of a win 70% of an election (leaving their respondents based on those White Racial Projects in Hillary Clinton aside proportional representa- guesses. With sample sizes often Andrew J. Perrin 8 the 2020 Election and The victory at 70%. tion systems). Just as an 80% rain around 1,000 total, response rates American Indian Origins It was the more forecast can never be wrong, neither frequently below 10%, and a rapidly Controversy likely outcome of the election, but can a 70% election prediction; we changing electorate, those guesses certainly not guaranteed based on only have one actual observation by end up accounting for a lot of his model and interpretation of the which to evaluate the prediction. variation in the results—results that Where the Sleeping Giant polls he was gathering. Observers, Technically, it’s true that the can’t be evaluated until election day. 10 Lies? Latinos, Puerto Ricans, critics, and Clinton partisans polls were pretty accurate. Most Aggregators like Silver, 538, and and the 2020 Election ridiculed the call; competing poll predicted the national popular vote RealClearPolitics add an additional interpreter Sam Wang vowed to “eat quite closely, and in the few states layer by trying to adjust for these 11 Immigration and the 2020 a bug” if Trump won—a promise that tipped the election (Wisconsin, “house effects” in their averages. Election he followed through on shortly Michigan, and Pennsylvania), the While the weather doesn’t listen thereafter. predictions were off only by a few to the weather report, voters do Why Voters Don’t Get the In the public mind, the polls were percentage points. What made us pay attention to polls, probably far 13 Policies They Want wrong in 2016. Any pollster will view the polls as “wrong” is that more than they should. In 2016, it’s be happy to explain that, in fact, those errors resulted in a change possible some ambivalent voters ASA News, including: they weren’t wrong, or at least not to the statewide result and that the were so convinced by the polls that 15 Introducing 2021 ASA by much. That’s true in a technical same thing happened in each of Clinton would win that they chose President Aldon Morris sense, and actually quite impressive. those states and more (a problem not to vote, to vote for a third-party But it misses the way most people known as correlated errors). So small or write-in candidate, or even to interpret and, potentially, even act errors in key places resulted in the cast a protest vote for Trump. If upon polls. Why are so many people glaring mistake of predicting the the outcome is so clear as to make still so focused on polls even as they wrong outcome. a polling expert offer to eat a bug claim to mistrust the results and Getting that close was at least if he’s wrong, why not use the dismiss the whole practice? as much art as science, though. opportunity to express ambivalence Poll predictions are a little like Response rates to polls have plum- or dissent? weather reports. Meteorologists have meted with the advent of Caller ID, People pay such close attention to a sense of what an 80% chance of rain the increasing number of homes polls because they seem objec- Announcements means, and pollsters (the good ones without landline telephones, and tive: a theory-free window into 22 at least) grasp what a 70% chance of a the general suspicion of auto- what’s happening out there in the Clinton victory means. When I check mated and scripted callers. Each world. Public opinion research was my weather app, though, what I actu- polling organization—known as invented and adopted by the news ally want to know is whether it will a “house”—tries to address those media for precisely that purpose. rain this afternoon. If it will, I may problems with some mix of chang- But in fact, like any other research, adjust my behavior: plan outdoor ing modes (automated, text-mes- Continued on Page 2 footnotes 1 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Special Issue: Election Reflections How Will Black Women Shape the 2020 Election? What Will the Outcome Mean for Them? Adia Harvey Wingfield, Professor of to less than 50% of white women). one that presents an opportunity a spotlight on the fact that the Sociology, Washington University in St. During the midterm elections of to consider particular intersections dangers Black women face giving Louis 2018, Black women also made the of how race and gender matter. A birth cross economic lines. Beyonce o say 2020 difference in contests in Alabama, Black woman is on the ticket, Black coped with preeclampsia, while Thas been Virginia, and New Jersey, with high women are the Democratic Party’s Serena Williams writes that she unprecedented levels of turnout that affected out- most reliable voting bloc, and Black nearly died after giving birth when might be the comes in each state. And they were people are responsible for throwing a nurse dismissed her assertion biggest possible integral to Joe Biden getting the their weight behind Joe Biden, who that she was developing blood clots understatement Democratic nomination in the first has promised to put the first Black and needed a CT scan. (Williams about this year. place, as Black voters’ turnout in woman on a Supreme Court that ultimately received the treatment, It’s a safe bet southern states, particularly South currently has a conservative major- which helped save her life.) that no one Adia Harvey Wingfield Carolina, enabled him to clinch the ity and has only had one woman of Health care is only one area had global race decisively. color in its long history. where Black women suffer from pandemic, international protests Kamala Harris’s candidacy for From a purely representational structural and institutional biases. for racial equity, and presiden- Vice President means that this is standpoint, these are clear exam- They are also overrepresented tial impeachment on their Bingo also the first election to feature a ples of advancement and signs of in “bad jobs” that provide fewer card. In keeping with the theme woman of color on a major-party progress from an earlier age where benefits, less autonomy, and lower of this being an unusual year, this ticket. (Shirley Chisholm holds the including or committing to includ- wages. Across occupational catego- presidential election is of enormous distinction of being the first Black ing Black women in these roles ries and industries, Black women significance for many reasons. It is candidate to seek a major party tick- would have been unthinkable. And face a wage gap, earning 65 cents the first with one of the candidates et’s nomination for President when it is possible to make the argument for every dollar earned by white seeking re-election after impeach- she ran for the office in 1972.) Joe that this upcoming election features men. Interestingly, this gap is widest ment, it features the oldest two Biden, the Democratic Party’s nomi- Black women more prominently for Black women with college and candidates for President in U.S. nee for President, has also commit- and significantly than any other postgraduate degrees, wider than history, and it marks a politically ted to naming a Black woman to the one before it. But as sociologists, for Black women with high school unthinkable comeback, after one Supreme Court should he be elected we know that representation is diplomas or less. This creates a nominee lost the first two primary and have the opportunity to do so. one thing, but the structural and situation where Black women’s high contests in resounding fashion. Yet Of course, it’s also worth noting that institutional factors that inhibit levels of educational attainment it is also an election that will, in back in 1993, Biden was involved in that representation in the first place serve to result in greater wage ways large and small, highlight the shepherding Anita Hill’s testimony are another. And the institutional disparities relative to comparably significant and important roles that before a panel of white men as she factors that create barriers for educated white men. As income Black women play in our politics aired her allegations that Clarence Black women continue to remain inequality continues to grow in the and in our society at large. Thomas, the second Black nominee daunting. Black women have higher United States, Black women are Black women have long been an for the Supreme Court, sexually rates of maternal mortality than any disproportionately concentrated in overlooked but essential voting bloc harassed her while they were other group—they are 2 to 3 times jobs that are not designed to provide for the Democratic party. They vote coworkers at the Equal Employment more likely to die than their white workers with economic security, Democratic in higher numbers than Opportunity Commission. women counterparts. Accounts and even the most educated Black nearly any other group, with over The aforementioned factors indi- from Black women as well-known women can’t count on receiving an 90% of Black women voters backing cate that while the 2020 election has and influential as Serena Williams equitable, fair wage. Hillary Clinton in 2016 (compared far-reaching significance, it is also and Beyonce Knowles-Carter put Continued on Page 3

Perrin these with each candidate’s stated practice that theory of political embedded in poll interpretation. From Page 1 policy proposals, adjusting perhaps decision-making. There is some Reading the polls well means for the likelihood of the candidate good evidence that less-educated, making those theories explicit and polls rest on a set of theories— winning or succeeding in those less-committed voters really don’t. considering their likelihood. about human behavior, about policies once elected. Pollsters and The best explanation, for example, The polls this time around representation, and about political interpreters often extend that basic of the Obama-Trump voting bloc are likely to be pretty accurate at decision-making—that are mostly model by identifying groups of peo- (of whom there were probably predicting election outcomes, in hidden under the scientific veneer ple with sets of preferences, whether around 6 million) is not that they part because pollsters will work of crosstabs and margins of error. these are demographic (women, shifted values or policy positions overtime to correct for the mistakes Academics like to think, for non-college whites, Black voters, dramatically in four years, but that of 2016. But they won’t be perfect, example, that people make political etc.) or ideological (moderates, they were making their decision and a rapidly changing, poorly decisions the way we (think we) do: religious voters, conservatives). based on something other than understood, and divided electorate develop a set of preferences about There’s not great evidence even values and policies. That’s just one means there are likely to be conse- values and policies, then match that highly educated voters actually example of a probably wrong theory quential errors.

2 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Special Issue: Election Reflections Are We Ready for a Woman of Color as President of the United States?

Caroline Heldman, Professor of Critical I conclude that the misogynoir have a deep-seated distaste for meme on the official party Facebook Theory and Social Justice, Occidental Harris is already facing in public power-seeking women. On the account that suggested Harris slept College and media discourse will intensify Republican side, Trump used the her way to the top. Feminist groups n a chilly if she gains the vice presidency and sexist stereotype that women must launched the hashtag campaign Onight last presidency, but Biden’s nomination be likeable to demean Harris, calling #WeHaveHerBack in response to October, pres- of Harris may be the backdoor way her “extraordinarily nasty… nasty the sexist/racist discourse around idential can- to our first woman president. to a level that was just a horrible Harris. thing.” Trump also invoked the didate Kamala A Life of “Firsts” Ferraro, Palin, and Harris Harris asked an “angry Black woman” trope by Senator Kamala Harris is the first Harris is the third woman in U.S. Iowa crowd, “Is calling Harris “mad” and “angry” woman of color on a presidential history to be nominated for the America ready at numerous public events. Radio ticket in a life marked by “firsts.” vice presidency. Walter Mondale for a woman Caroline Heldman personality Rush Limbaugh called She was born in Oakland, CA, ran with Geraldine Ferraro in of color to Harris a “public escort and mattress” to academics—a Jamaican father 1984 and John McCain with Sarah be president? I’m ready for it, but for Willie Brown, which smacks and a Tamil Indian mother. Harris Palin in 2008, and both women I don’t know if other people are.” of the hyper-sexual “Jezebel” trope attended a Hindu temple and a faced severe sexism. Reporter Tom Within two months, Harris would associated with Black women. Also, Black Baptist church growing up Brokaw introduced Ferraro as “The be out of the race. Chapman University Professor John and participated in marches for civil first woman to be nominated for Nearly a year later, Joe Biden kept Eastman published an op-ed in rights with her parents. She has held vice president…size six.” Other his promise of choosing a woman as Newsweek claiming that Harris was public office since 2003, first as San reporters questioned Ferraro’s use his running mate when he tweeted, not eligible to be president because Francisco District Attorney—the of her maiden name and who would “Kamala Harris will be an incredible her parents were immigrants first woman, Black person, and take care of her children. Reporters Vice President.” Biden is the oldest (like the racist Birther Movement Indian American person to be asked Palin who would care for her presidential candidate in history, against Obama). Harris was born elected to that position. She checked children, sexually objectified her, and if he wins, few expect him to in Oakland so this claim is bizarre, the same lists of “firsts” as state and treated her wardrobe expenses run again in four years. This sets and Newsweek later apologized Attorney General. Harris was the as newsworthy. Limbaugh made Harris up to be the first woman for advancing this racist framing. second Black woman to serve in constant comments about her “great president, and her potential tenure It is also worth noting that many the U.S. Senate and the first Indian legs” and Ed Schultz led into Palin as vice president will break a signif- Republicans are purposefully mis- American. segments with “Bimbo Alert” on his icant barrier for women in U.S. pol- pronouncing “Kamala” to mark her radio show. A content analysis of itics. Is America ready for a woman Sexism and Racism in the 2020 as “foreign.” media finds that Ferraro and Palin of color in the White House? Race Harris has also been the target of an onslaught of sexist/racist received more negative coverage Barriers for women candidates Harris experienced sexism, comments and memes in public dis- than male vice presidential candi- have mostly disappeared in recent racism, and intersecting sexism/ course. An NBA photographer was dates, more focus on their appear- decades, but not for the presidency racism in the 2020 election cycle. fired from the league for posting ance and family roles, and more or the vice presidency. I begin this On the Democratic side, a group a meme with the caption “Joe and overtly gendered insults (Conroy essay with an overview of Harris’ of Biden allies waged a shadow the Hoe.” The mayor of a Virginia et al. 2015). As a vice presidential background, followed by a sum- campaign to derail her vice-presi- town posted a social media message candidate, Harris is facing sexism mary of scholarship on women and dential candidacy, framing her as that Biden picked “Aunt Jemima” as well as racism (being framed the vice presidency, women and the “too ambitious.” Ambition-shaming as his running mate. Another GOP as “other,” “foreign”) and intersec- presidency, race and the presidency, has a long and sexist history in U.S. official in Virginia posted a crude and women of color as candidates. politics because so many Americans Continued on Page 4

Harvey Wingfield higher rates of poverty and housing ballot and Black women will likely, upward mobility and occupational From Page 2 instability than the general popu- as in years past, vote in especially advancement? Can this election, and lation. Bree Black, Draya McCarty, high numbers, this visibility does the political choices and decisions Finally, Black women are subject Merci Mack, Shaki Peters, and Brayla not and will not necessarily mean that result, make the world safer for to various forms of state and vigilante Stone are just a few names of Black systemic change. What will the 2020 Black trans women so that they do violence at alarming rates. This trans women who were murdered election mean for Black women not have to live in fear for their lives? summer’s killing of EMT Breonna this summer alone. The American when racial and gender discrim- Addressing these issues in a way Taylor means that her name has been Medical Association has identified ination in the health care system that fully and comprehensively added to the list of Black women and violence against transgender people transforms the act of giving birth addresses the challenges Black girls like Aiyana Stanley Jones, Rekia as an epidemic, and underreporting into a life-or-death situation? What women face will take much more Boyd, Alteria Woods, and others who and inconsistent data collection mean policies have respective candidates than representation. It will require have been killed by police officers the numbers of Black trans women advanced to address the mismatch intentional, direct policies that who ultimately faced no charges for who are murdered are likely higher between Black women’s ambitions explicitly seek to resolve the ongo- causing these deaths. Additionally, than known. and educational attainment, and ing legacies of centuries of systemic Black trans women face daunting, While a Black woman is on the their wages and opportunities for gendered racism. horrific rates of violence, along with footnotes Fall 2020 3 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Special Issue: Election Reflections

Heldman his hand over his heart during the stamina to be president, that she “angry Black woman” stereotype, From Page 3 national anthem. Today, a quar- didn’t “look presidential,” suggested possessing “scathing anger” and ter of Americans still believe that she smile more, and labeled her a having a fierce “temper,” and as tional sexism/racism (“angry Black President Obama was indeed born “nasty woman,” “unlikeable,” and “fiery.” Similarly, media coverage woman” trope; “Jezebel” trope). in another country, and about one “angry.” Press coverage focused of Fulani, who garnered more One positive aspect of Harris’ in five say he is a Muslim, despite more on Trump’s policy positions votes than any female presidential candidacy is that while Ferraro his Christian faith. Obama’s mar- than Clinton’s, and less on his candidate to date when she ran in and Palin were included as nov- gins in 2008 and 2012 were signifi- controversies than Clinton’s. At the 1992, was framed in the headlines elties—a political gamble—to ener- cantly deflated due to racism (see Republican National Convention, as “shouting down” Bill Clinton and gize underdog tickets, Harris was Michael S. Lewis-Beck et al. 2010 Trump supporters were selling Jerry Brown during the New York added to a ticket that was ahead in and Tien et al., 2012). The election items with sexist statements such primary. the polls. Both Ferraro and Palin of Donald Trump, the titular leader as “Hillary sucks but not like At the start of the 2020 primary, were a drag on their respective of the Birther Movement, was a Monica,” “Trump that Bitch,” and Harris was considered a formidable tickets (see Baumgartner 2006 and reaction to eight years of our first “2 fat thighs, 2 small breasts, 1 left opponent who could go toe-to- Mitchell 2009). It is too soon to Black president, and racial bias was wing,” etc. Schaffner et al. 2018( ) toe with Trump. In the first three know whether Harris will buoy an even bigger factor in vote choice find that racism and sexism were months of her campaign, she had the ticket. But if the Biden-Harris in the 2016 election than in 2012 significant voter drivers for Trump. raised $12 million and garnered ticket wins the White House, or 2008. Voters who were angry at recent the third most media coverage Harris will be “one heartbeat” away The absence of women in the societal advances in gender equality (behind Biden and Sanders). By from the presidency. Oval Office is not for lack of effort. voted overwhelmingly for Trump the end of the summer, support Historic Barriers to the To date, (Valentino et for the leading white candidates Presidency more than al. 2018). had grown while Harris’ had fallen one hundred If Harris is elected vice Sexism off and she was struggling in the The 2020 Democratic presiden- women have also played polls. During the June 2019 debate, president, she will have a profound tial primary field was the most mounted a role in Harris was criticized for having the diverse in U.S. history, boasting campaigns effect on legitimizing women the 2020 audacity to challenge Biden on his four men of color, the first openly and 18 of color as political leaders and Democratic anti-bussing stance, and instead gay candidate, and six women, women have inspiring brown and Black girls to primary. of seeing a bump in the polls for including two women of color. This made serious run for office. At the start nailing the frontrunner, she faced a abundance of traditionally mar- bids for the of the race, “likeability” backlash. Women who ginalized identities in the primary presidency one-in-ten seek power are seen as “unlikeable” was historic—an upheaval of 240 (defined as a Americans by millions of Americans— with years of virtually all white, male party nomination, press coverage as said the women candidates were 53% of Republicans and 26% of candidates for the presidency. But a national competitor, a prominent less suited for politics because Democrats agreeing that female the mere presence of a slate of pres- national profile, or presence on of their gender (Carnevale et al., presidential candidates “just idential candidates that looks more multiple primary ballots), starting 2019), and voters with high levels aren’t that likable” (Siena College like the American electorate is not with Victoria Woodhull in 1972. of hostile sexism in both parties Research Institute 2019). Her short- sufficient to open an office that is a Every woman who has made a were far less likely to support lived candidacy can, in part, be fundamentally limited democratic serious bid for the presidency has female candidates (Luks and attributed to a different set of stan- space. It was no surprise that the run into the same barriers—more Schaffner, 2019). Approximately dards applied to women candidates two frontrunners throughout the negative news coverage; media 40% of low-sexism Democrats sup- of color. primary were white men (Biden coverage that frames them as less ported at least one female candi- and Bernie Sanders), and the field Conclusion serious contenders (e.g., dropping date, while only 20% of high-sexist eventually narrowed to one white their professional titles); greater Democrats did. Harris’ support If Harris is elected vice president, man. questioning of their validity; gender was 15% amongst low-sexism she will have a profound effect The U.S. President holds singular stereotypes (e.g., ambition shaming, Democrats but only 5% amongst on legitimizing women of color importance as the symbolic leader focus on appearance); vitriolic high-sexism Democrats. as political leaders and inspiring of the “free world,” and as such, sexism in media; and double stan- Prior to the 2020 race, three brown and Black girls to run for perceptions of who can legitimately dards in coverage when it comes Black women made serious bids for office. Harris’ nomination already occupy the Oval Office is a measure to leadership abilities and scandals the presidency: Shirley Chisholm has significant meaning to the of who counts as a “true American.” (Heldman, Conroy, and Ackerman, (1972); Lenora Fulani (1988); and millions of Black immigrants in (Smith 1999). When it comes to 2018). The presidency “wields Carol Moseley Braun (2004). Jessica the U.S., and South Asian Indians race, Obama was hampered by enormous material and symbolic Johnson Carew (2016) finds that around the world are celebrating conceptions of the presidency as power—including the power, in Black women who run for the office her nomination. The barriers to the an inherently “white” office, both a sense, to personify not only are not very competitive because presidency have always been high as a candidate and as president. ‘America,’ but American manhood” they are not seen as legitimate and for women, and especially women During the 2008 campaign, he was (Katz, 2016: 3). therefore cannot raise the required of color. But Biden’s back door “othered” through popular right- Hillary Clinton, the only woman capital. My previous work confirms route through the vice presidency wing conspiracies questioning his to be nominated by a major party intersectional bias against Black may well be the way for a woman birthplace and legal citizenship for the presidency, faced a tsunami women who run for the presidency. to finally serve as president of our status and fabricated stories about of sexism in 2016. Her opponents Media coverage of Chisholm’s democratic republic after two cen- refusing to wear a flag pin or hold claimed she lacked the strength and bid often described her as the turies of exclusion.

4 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Special Issue: Election Reflections Politics and Inequality in Washington

James R. Jones, Assistant Professor of of legislation that has discrimina- graduates nationally, 73% of House session of Congress, no more than African American Studies and Sociology, tory practices in it, on it, around members, and approximately 2% of lawmakers have come from Rutgers University - Newark it, on its face.” She was outspoken 68% of interns. By contrast, in the the working class, even though 52% s we look and successfully persuaded her same season, Latinos are severely of Americans are working class. Ato the Republican senator not to sign onto underrepresented; they make up Ocasio-Cortez and the legislative upcoming immigration legislation that would 20% of undergraduates nationally, staffers she met demonstrate how election and the have fast-tracked the admission of but only 9% of members in the public service in the U.S. often opportunity to White immigrants over non-White House and 5% of interns. I found requires unpaid labor. We view elect candidates immigrants into the United States. that the offices of White members these sacrifices as beneficial and who can best Deidre specialized in tax policy. were three times more likely to even necessary obligations for our address social However, as the only Black staffer in have White interns and White democracy, but these commitments inequality, James R. Jones her office, she thought she needed intern coordinators than offices of maintain and reproduce social which is of cen- to do more than just provide sound non-White members, regardless of inequality along class, gender, and tral concern to our discipline, it is tax advice. “He has a high Hispanic political party. In the House offices racial lines. important to acknowledge that a population, and even a part of our of White Democrats, approximately Prior to 2019, most congres- new president, or a new Congress, new district has a decent African- 78% of interns were White com- sional internships were unpaid. alone cannot enact these changes. American constituency. So, my goal pared to 85% in the offices of White Stipends for interns were either In order to combat systemic racism has been and still is to try to shape Republicans. non-existent, idiosyncratic, or his priorities, to reflect all of his externally supported. A movement and structural inequality, we must The Race-Class Link understand the complex and constituency, especially those that led by Pay Our Interns argued The racial composition of con- intersecting processes that produce … don’t have as much of a voice as that Congress should pay their gressional interns is influenced by and maintain social inequality in some of the other constituencies in interns and increase access for economic inequality. Lawmakers do Washington and that, consequently, our district.” working-class youth from across not offer a living wage salary to their shape the policies that develop from Even though Keisha and Deidre the country. They successfully interns. To this end, it is students there and govern our social world. worked on different sides of the secured over $30 million in ded- mostly from affluent backgrounds To this end, we must understand the Capitol, for different political icated funding for congressional who are likely to have the resources people who work on Capitol Hill. parties, they both believed it was offices to pay their interns. Yet, important for Congress to have a to work and live for little to no pay. even still, members of Congress Working in Washington workplace that is representative of Interning is expensive: interns need continue to recruit students for Keisha and Deidre, both Black the nation it governed because it to have professional attire, money unpaid internships. Internships women, worked on Capitol Hill. influenced almost all dimensions for living expenses like transporta- are more than just educational Keisha was a legislative assistant of lawmaking. However, few Black tion and food, not to mention pay experiences that teach students for a White Republican Senator staffers occupy top positions in the for rent in the Capital, which ranks about the legislative process; they and Deidre was the legislative House and Senate and, overall, the among the top 10 most expensive are also often a prerequisite to paid counsel for a White Democratic congressional workplace is majority cities for U.S. renters. employment. Senior congressional Representative. Despite their White. The lack of racial diversity Economic inequality not only staffers recruit job candidates with differences in political affiliation, among the people who work in affects interns, but staffers and previous Hill experience and who Keisha and Deidre had a lot in Congress has a direct impact on members of congress who come are already socialized to the inner common. They were both attorneys creation of federal law, and more from working-class backgrounds. workings of Congress. who secured their first full-time consequentially, who ascends to For example, Representative Representative Ayanna Pressley, jobs on the Hill through congressio- ranks of the power elite. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who who was elected as the first Black nal internships. In college, Keisha On Capitol Hill, it is often said was the youngest woman ever woman to represent Massachusetts, interned for the Senator and then that today’s interns are tomorrow’s elected to Congress, disclosed demonstrates the career progres- returned to work for him after she members of Congress. This adage after her historic election that sion interns can have going from graduated from law school. On the is partially true. One prominent she could not afford to move unpaid laborers to paid staffers and other hand, Deidre became a con- example of this pathway is Speaker to Washington before January. then ultimately becoming elected gressional intern after she obtained of the House Nancy Pelosi who Ocasio-Cortez worked as a New officials.Pressley began her polit- her law degree. Even with an elite interned for Maryland Senator York City bartender before she ical career as an intern to Senator credential, she believed becoming Daniel Brewster with Majority defeated a 10-term incumbent. A Edward Kennedy before becom- a post-graduate intern was the only Leader Steny Hoyer. Today, approxi- working-class occupation like hers ing a senior aide to Senator John way she could develop the social mately one fifth of current members would not allow a candidate to save Kerry. Congressional employment contacts necessary to advance of Congress have either worked as enough money to live unemployed honed her political acumen and through insular hiring practices on an intern or a congressional staffer for a few months while they cam- provided a strong platform for her Capitol Hill. before they were elected. What is paigned or, once elected, to secure to successfully run for the Boston They were both employed in most alarming is that most congres- a new apartment in DC where the City Council, the position she held policy positions that allowed them sional interns are White, creating average rent is over $2,000. She prior to her congressional election. to directly guide the legislative agen- an unequal and unrepresentative tweeted about meeting Hill staffers Pressley’s career is awe-inspiring das of their elected bosses. Keisha pipeline to elected office. who worked as part-time bartenders and demonstrative of how working said, “I, as an African American In a recent study, I found that because their congressional salaries in the Capitol grooms individuals to female, have an issue with any piece Whites make up 52% of under- did not equal a living wage. In any Continued on Page 6 footnotes Fall 2020 5 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Special Issue: Election Reflections Racial Capitalism and the 2020 Election: On the Presentism and Methodological Individualism of American Sociology Cedric de Leon, Professor of Sociology 21st century, and someone will voter studies, which originated in postracial neoliberalism represented and Director of the Labor Center, no doubt pop up to say that while the 1940s, and which today continue by Joseph R. Biden, Jr.; and (3) University of Massachusetts-Amherst so-and-so has done a fine job on the to collect individual-level survey the path of direct action and mass s a historical historical case, they are on much data and snapshot the salient social mobilization represented by the Asociologist, shakier ground when speaking to cleavages in the mass electorate. The Movement for Black Lives and the one faces many the present. The message is polite but second argument is that such studies #RedForEd strike wave. firm: “Dear Historical Sociologists, do not capture the underground choices. Among The Presentism and stay in your lane.” river of white supremacy beneath these is whether Methodological Individualism The problem with this point of our feet. American politics has from to stretch the of American Sociology analysis to view, of course, is that the past and its inception entailed the articulation American sociologists were speak to the present are not so easily separable. and re-articulation of racial capital- founders of modern polling. The present political Cedric de Leon Reflecting on the contemporary ism--that peculiar combination of credit for that distinction goes to moment. If, like resurgence of white nationalism in genocide, slavery, and exploitation Paul Lazarsfeld and the Columbia me, you simply cannot help yourself, the United States, the writer Edward that has made the United States the sociology department. Lazarsfeld then there are in my experience Ball observed that the legacy of white richest country on Earth. My third was originally interested in the certain unspoken rules. One must be supremacy is like an underground argument is that the 2020 election determinants of consumer choice speculative and only gingerly suggest river beneath our feet that occasion- takes place amidst the crisis of racial but, having failed to secure sufficient that something in the past may be ally erupts in a geyser. He is right. capitalism’s most recent articula- funding for that project, he turned related to the current situation. In a In this essay, I make three argu- tion—postracial neoliberalism. As instead to explaining why an indi- book, such speculation should live in ments. The first is that American such, the election is a choice between vidual votes for one candidate over a paragraph in the introduction and/ sociology is presentist and method- two institutional paths out of crisis another. In his breakout study of or perhaps in a parting rhetorical ologically individualistic in orien- and one noninstitutional path: (1) the 1940 U.S. presidential election, flourish in the conclusion. Add a tation, not least on voting behavior. the Caesarism of President Donald Continued on Page 7 substantive chapter or two on the This is due to the dominance of J. Trump; (2) the reconsolidation of

Jones Personnel Is Policy processes that shape lawmaking policymaking, to advocate for com- From Page 5 Personnel decisions related to and legislative operations. Unequal munities of color in their districts who to hire and how to manage a access to the congressional work- who might otherwise be overlooked, take over the reins of power. political workplace are instructive place lays the groundwork for a and to incorporate anti-racist policy Congressional staff are the for understanding how inequality racially and economically stratified solutions in lawmaking. Just like invisible force in lawmaking—they is produced and maintained in the legislature that enhances the agency Keisha and Deidre. In contrast, construct, implement, and realize American political system. These of White staffers to participate in White staffers, in interviews, pro- the political agendas of elected offi- decisions represent a window into areas of policy making, oversight, vided race-neutral job descriptions cials. They develop issue expertise, political leaders’ ideology and infor- and representation and, similarly, and rarely discussed communities acquire institutional knowledge, and mal values about whom they trust constrains the agency of staffers of of color or systemic racism. The build social relationships each year and empower. It is also connected color to do the same. In this way, underrepresentation of Black staff- they work on Capitol Hill. As they to how they construct public policy Congress is reflective of the way ers and other staffers of color in top gain seniority, they can use their and structure our social world. that many racialized organizations staff positions diminishes inclusive experience to obtain more influen- The political talent recruited and operate, as Victor Ray illustrates. policy making in the same way that tial and higher paid political posi- cultivated by politicians represents However, the implications are more we have come to understand why tions in Washington and beyond. the behind-the-scenes actors who far reaching. descriptive representation among In this way, Congress acts as an propel the day-to-day operations I interviewed over 75 congres- elected officials is important, and important credentialing institution of political institutions and create sional staffers about their jobs to why elections matter. for political professionals. Former public policy. Investigating the understand how racialized hiring The racial composition of con- congressional staffers leave Capitol distribution of jobs within polit- practices impact lawmaking. These gressional interns, and political pro- Hill for work in the White House ical institutions is another way of data revealed that staffers not fessionals more broadly, illustrates and federal agencies, corporations examining the distribution of power only support lawmakers’ political how social inequality permeates and lobbying firms, and think tanks within American politics. Not only enterprises, but also help guide American political institutions and, and advocacy groups. A congres- do these jobs represent the oppor- their political and policy agendas. more critically, the policies that sional credential can take former tunity to influence decision making This has important implications for emanate from them. This per- staffers as far away as back to their at the highest level of representative racial representation. Senior staff sistent inequality in Washington, home states to run for offices or to government, but more humbly, have considerable influence and DC is troubling, in part, because opportunities just across the street they constitute policy statements power, especially in areas where a no matter the outcome of elec- to the Supreme Court, as occurred about who gets to participate in lawmaker’s agenda is uncrystallized tions in November, this unequal for Justices Stephen Breyer and government. and malleable. Black staffers I inter- social arrangement will not change Clarence Thomas (both former Personnel decisions are among viewed described how they used anytime soon, at least not without a congressional staffers). one set of racialized and classed their positions to facilitate inclusive dedicated movement to change it.

6 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Special Issue: Election Reflections de Leon alded decline in class voting consists of three-interrelated claims. project is animated by two claims: From Page 6 since the 1970s had been greatly First, racism is not an embarrassing that racial equality was achieved exaggerated. When one updates vestige of “primitive accumulation” with the Civil Rights Movement Lazarsfeld and his team interviewed measures of class to reflect the or some bygone mode of produc- and that the surest path to shared a sample of voters seven times from more complicated class structure of tion as Marx had argued, but rather prosperity is the free market, the beginning to the end of the post-industrial America, they wrote, part of the very logic of capitalist unencumbered by state regulation campaign. They found, first, that the survey data reveals that liberal pro- development and expansion from and unions. The two claims were overwhelming majority of voters fessionals have left the Republican mercantilism and colonialism to motivated and linked by deindustri- did not change their minds from the Party to become the second largest industrial and neoliberal capitalism alization. To win the votes of whites first interview to the last. Second, Democratic constituency, unskilled (Robinson 1983 [2000]: 2). Second, under conditions of mounting they found that their respondents’ workers have moved to the pro- working class formation in Europe unemployment and inequality, the demographic information had the verbial center, and self-employed was enabled by racial and colonial major parties promised to preserve highest correlation with vote choice. individuals have become more dynamics. The enslavement and their privileged access to social From this, Lazarsfeld and his team Republican (1999: 5; de Leon 2014: dispossession of workers in the benefits. As more white union constructed an “index of political 27). peripheralized regions of the world members lost their old jobs, taking predisposition” consisting of three Sociologists were also important facilitated industrialization and up a greater proportion of welfare variables: socioeconomic status, eth- combatants in the “polarization the social construction of “white” benefits and new service jobs, there nicity, and rural vs. urban residence, debates” of the 1990s and 2000s, workers as peasants moved from was a simultaneous push to remove which, they held, accounted for with political scientists generally agrarian to factory work (Du Bois unemployed Black workers from the most of the variation in vote choice. insisting that the American elec- [1935] 1992; James [1938] 1989; welfare rolls and labor market. Thus, Perhaps the most famous sentence torate was becoming more divided Robinson [1983] 2000; Williams law and order initiatives from Nixon from that study, published in 1944 and sociologists finding quite the [1944] 1994). Third, the industrial to Clinton facilitated the mass incar- under the title The People’s Choice, opposite. Drawing on General European working class was not ceration of the deproletarianized became the calling card of the Social Survey and National Election exclusively the historical negation Black working class (Gilmore 2007; emerging “sociological approach” to Studies (NES) data, DiMaggio, of the bourgeois social order. If any- Wacquant 2002). political behavior: “a person thinks, Evans, and Bryson (1996) found thing, their blindness to capitalism’s Though political elites promised politically, as he is, socially. Social that on most issues, there was more racialized structure meant that they to address the deepening contra- characteristics determine political convergence than divergence among ignored and were threatened by “the dictions of postracial neoliberalism, preference” ([1944] 1948: 27). American voters. In a similar vein, persistent and continuously evolv- they failed spectacularly and instead My point here is not that these Baldassarri and Gelman (2008) ing resistance of African peoples” created the conditions for the Great characteristics—class, ethnicity, or use NES data to argue that while (Robinson [1983] 2000: 4-5, 28). Recession. The social dislocations rurality—are intrinsically presentist American voters tend to be more The system of racial capitalism is of that downturn and the Obama or individualistic, but rather that partisan today than in the past, it vulnerable to crisis due to contra- administration’s failure to address in the hands of these pioneering is not because they have developed dictions both racial and economic. them led to insurgent movements survey analysts they became (a) internally consistent belief systems Thus, the U.S. Civil War entailed the and factions, from Occupy Wall contemporary snapshots in time where, for instance, someone who struggle between two competing Street, the Movement for Black of (b) individual preferences. is pro-labor is also anti-racist or visions for organizing the slave- Lives, and the Bernie Sanders cam- Further, these preferences were pro-immigration. holding republic. White northern paign on the left, to the Tea Party, said to aggregate, scale up, and Republicans viewed slavery and birthers, and white ethnic national- Racial Capitalism: A Historical decisively shape the politics of the white settler colonialism as locked ists on the right. and Institutional Alternative nation. Lazarsfeld’s sociology told in a deadly zero-sum struggle for Three Paths in 2020 an eminently democratic story in At this stage, one might reason- survival. They held that slavery which every person, no matter their ably ask, “What’s so wrong with could exist in the states where it We are, therefore, confronted background, wields the power of the presentism and methodological then existed but could not expand with three paths out of crisis, two vote. That presentist, methodolog- individualism?” There is nothing beyond those boundaries lest it institutional and one noninsti- ically individualistic, and indeed “wrong” per se so long as one under- monopolize indigenous lands that tutional. The so-called “Donald triumphalist approach continues stands that any poll or voter study would otherwise go to poor whites Trump Show,” a Caesarism akin to to influence how polling is done captures the political preferences of escaping wage dependency in the that of Benito Mussolini, is the first today. One need only turn to one’s a sample of people at a given point East. White southern Democrats, path. It promises to alleviate the smartphone to read about how in time or compares the political by contrast, held that the right to pressure of neoliberalism on white white, Black, and Latinx voters are preferences of different samples of migrate with one’s slaves was part people by accelerating the mass sizing up the presidential candidates voters across points in time. They of the very promise of white settler deportation of Black and Brown to witness Lazarsfeld’s enduring do not and cannot provide direct colonialism. Partisan struggle over immigrants, canceling or modifying influence. evidence of the longstanding insti- these two visions of racial capitalism free trade agreements, and keeping Nor has this become the sole tutional mechanisms that underpin eventuated in a crisis of hegemony, in place a law and order strategy in province of pollsters – professional the singular present or successive in which the white mass electorate the nation’s Black neighborhoods. sociologists continued to employ “presents” they examine. This is the withdrew their consent to be ruled Joe Biden and the mainstream Lazarsfeldian survey analysis long province of historical sociology. I under the existing terms of the Democratic Party embody the after the first voter studies. In 1999, suggest that the 2020 election rep- Union (de Leon 2019). reconsolidation of postracial Manza and Brooks published Social resents a moment in the most recent The hegemonic political project neoliberalism. Promising to return Cleavages and Political Change, crisis of racial capitalism. of contemporary American politics the country to the “good old days” which found that the much-her- The theory of racial capitalism is postracial neoliberalism. That Continued on Page 8 footnotes Fall 2020 7 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Special Issue: Election Reflections White Racial Projects in the 2020 Election and The American Indian Origins Controversy Enid Logan, Associate Chair of the of the current president’s political on her ancestry claims, repeatedly stating, “I have more Indian blood Department of Sociology and Associate career is that he has sought, unceas- mocking Warren for stating that she than she has and I have none!” Professor of Sociology, University of ingly, to harness and to amplify the was part Cherokee and referring to Warren was also firmly rebuked Minnesota winds of white racial resentment her variously as “Pocahontas,” “the by the Cherokee Nation. As Nation y first for political gain, linking white fake Pocahontas,” and “the Indian.” Secretary of State Chuck Hoskin Mbook was identity politics to the greatness and Warren’s response to Trump’s Jr. stated, “Using a DNA test to about how the strength of the nation. provocations was quite curious. lay claim to any connection to meaning of race In this piece, I analyze the political In October 2018, as she prepared the Cherokee Nation or any tribal in the U.S. was conflict between President Trump to roll out her 2020 presidential nation, even vaguely, is inappro- transformed and former democratic presidential campaign, the senator released a priate and wrong… It makes a in 2006-2008 candidate Elizabeth Warren over video in which she travels back to mockery out of DNA tests and its by debates her claims of indigenous ancestry. Oklahoma in search of her Indian legitimate uses while also dishon- in the realm Enid Logan This controversy, I argue, provides a roots. In the video, Warren talks oring legitimate tribal governments of electoral window into several different dimen- to relatives and former neighbors and their citizens, whose ancestors politics. The dominant narrative sions of the contemporary U.S. racial who recall having been told that her are well documented and whose to emerge from the 2008 race was landscape, refracted through the lens mother’s people were part Cherokee heritage is proven.” Liberal pundits that the election of the first black of electoral politics. We see a clear and that they had faced discrimi- were also thoroughly dismayed president was a resounding triumph example of racial politics in the time nation. Warren reveals that she has by Warren’s ill-fated attempt to for the U.S. and a verdict on the of Trump, in which the president taken a DNA outmaneuver essential goodness of the nation. confronts his political opposition test and, in the Trump, sug- Obama’s victory proved that the U.S. with a strategic mobilization of closing of the A defining element of the gesting that had overcome the worst of its racial whiteness. We also see, more broadly, video, an Ivy- current president’s political career the fact that history and was well on its way to the mobilization of two competing League profes- is that he has sought, unceasingly, she had so becoming a “post-racial” nation. white racial projects—ones on both sor of genetics to harness and to amplify the winds disastrously the right and the left of the political says to the played into Yet within a few years, as Tea of white racial resentment for Party members gave voice to an spectrum—as Trump and Warren delighted sen- Trump’s hands angry white nationalism, deporta- seek to harness, bend, and manip- ator, “the facts political gain, linking white identity did not augur tions of undocumented migrants ulate the meaning of indigeneity in suggest that politics to the greatness and well for her reached an all-time high, and the pursuit of racialized political and you absolutely strength of the nation. bid to replace reports of the deaths of black personal ends. have a Native him. American In response Americans at the hands of the police The Controversy Itself seemed to scream daily from the ancestor in to Warren’s The issue of Elizabeth Warren’s headlines, earlier declarations that your pedigree.” rebuke by the Cherokee Nation, ancestry first entered the electoral the U.S. had vanquished the prob- The release of the video and Trump and his surrogates engaged in news cycle during her 2012 run for lem of race seemed jarringly out of DNA test results by Warren’s team a kind of gleeful white supremacist the senate. During the race, Warren’s sync with reality. The presidential backfired profoundly. As Chris pile on. In January 2019, for example, republican opponent roundly criti- campaign of Obama’s immediate Cillizza wrote on CNN, “estimates the President tweeted that if Warren cized the Harvard Law professor for successor, Donald J. Trump, would of just how much Native American had released a campaign ad “from claiming to be part Cherokee and again elevate to center stage debates blood Warren actually possesses Bighorn and Wounded Knee… with for implying, in certain contexts, about the presidency, race, and the range from 1/64th to a whopping her husband dressed in full Indian that she was a “minority.” As Donald ” future of the U.S., but in a wholly 1/1024th. Trump used Warren’s garb, it would have been a smash!” Trump came to political blows with different way. A defining element move to mock her even further, Warren himself, he too zeroed in Continued on Page 9 de Leon independence from the party system direct action to demand that the a noninstitutional strategy and build From Page 7 reflects what decades of research parties defund the police and reverse a mass movement that is broad, on political incorporation suggests, the decline in public spending. intersectional, yet ideologically of the Obama administration, the namely, that activists who play party This brings me to my conclud- coherent enough to replace postra- Democrats, too, offer to safeguard politics become “captured constitu- ing point. Offering an analysis of cial neoliberalism as the common the structural privileges of whites, encies,” ignored by their home party the current moment from a racial sense of our times. Such a position while reaffirming the juridical rights and unwanted by the opposition capitalist lens does not only avoid cannot be arrived at by learning that of people of color to the vote and (de Leon 2015, 2019; Eidlin 2018; the presentism and individualism 57% of white suburban women plan due process under the law. Frymer 1999; Heaney and Rojas of American sociology. It also clar- to vote for Joe Biden. Presentism The Movement for Black Lives 2015; Michels [1911] 1962; Weber ifies what is to be done. From my and methodological individualism and the #RedForEd strike wave [1922] 1968). Instead of making party position as Director of the UMass urge us to become absorbed in the represent the noninstitutional path endorsements or phone banking for Amherst Labor Center, I know I horse race above ground instead of of mass mobilization. Their notable a given candidate, they have used must urge organized labor to pursue the river beneath our feet.

8 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Special Issue: Election Reflections

Logan race, as the dominant paradigm for in this discourse as “reverse racists” the history of white supremacy. For From Page 8 understanding racial matters in the who hate America, hate other white white liberals, who may understand U.S. Yet I argue that the last decade people, and cynically play the “race whiteness as an “empty” or negative Furthermore, additional documents or so offers clear evidence of an card” in order score “points” for identity (Frankenberg 1993; Logan subsequently surfaced, making clear ideological shift among American their side. 2011), indigenous ancestry claims that at various times over the past whites away from the paradigm of As for what this tells us about may allow for the appropriation of a two decades, Warren has clearly colorblindness and towards delib- white liberalism, there are a more “authentic” racial self, or of a self-identified as “American Indian” erate consciousness(es) of race. number of questions to ask. Why, “less bad” kind of whiteness (Sturm or as “a minority”—rather than as • Second, I argue that this new, for example, was Warren initially 2011). white. In late 2019, in an attempt more overt racial consciousness so vocal and insistent that she was According to sociologist Jessie to bring the controversy to an end, is bifurcated in two opposing part Cherokee? Why did she view Daniels, writing in the Huffington Warren declared publicly that she was directions: social justice-oriented this claim as politically useful? And Post, “there is a lot of overlap “not a person of color” nor was she “a anti-racism and resurgent exclu- what’s at stake more broadly when between believing you’re a ‘little bit citizen of a tribe.” She also apologized sivist white nationalism. Thus, whites claim to be part American Cherokee’ and white supremacy… privately and publicly to indigenous it is important to think about Indian (V. Deloria 1969; Sturm white families tell their children leaders for “furthering confusion whiteness and white identities as 2011; Poorman 2019)? about a connection to a mythic about tribal membership.” differentiated by political iden- Indigenous ancestry claims Native American past as a way to lay While most commentators have tification (as well as by gender, among whites have a long history in claim to territory and to a sense of argued that the native origins sexualities, and social class). the United States. Furthermore, as belonging. It is a way of asserting: controversy was problematic for I argue in my research-in-progress, we are the true First Peoples.” Warren because it exposed her to • As a corollary to this, I argue, claims to indigeneity have been Thus, this practice, embraced by the criticism that she was an oppor- third, that it is possible to identify central to the assertation of U.S. the most liberal of liberal politicians, tunist and a liar, I believe that this distinct and competing white national iden- resonates with issue functioned as a kind of polit- racial projects (Omi & Winant tity, white mas- the heart of ical kryptonite for Warren because 1994) in the political sphere at culinity, and I believe that this issue Trumpism. of how powerfully it exploited white this time, with different “uses of settler colonial functioned as a kind of political Whatever their racial resentments on the right, race” (Logan 2012) for each side. ownership kryptonite for Warren because of intent, such while exposing the weaknesses, of the land. claims engage • And fourth, I argue that the case how powerfully it exploited white conflict, and anxiety about race that at hand particularly demonstrates According to in a form of can haunt the political left. the importance of critically inter- sociologist racial resentments on the right, indigenous Whiteness and Politics on the rogating the dynamics of race and Evelyn Nakano while exposing the weaknesses, erasure and Left and Right the construction of white identi- Glenn (2015), conflict, and anxiety about race that replacement ties among white liberals as well as whites in the that is the Presently, I am writing a long- can haunt the political left. among whites on the right. colonial era driving instinct form analysis of this controversy On the Trump side, we see here were known to of settler colo- with sociology PhD student “appropriat[e] nialism (Wolfe Brieanna Watters. In that piece we the elaboration of a white identity that is belligerent and mocking. indigenous symbols, attributes and 2006), and thus are contiguous with attend closely to responses to this skills” as a means of establishing other assertions of white racial, controversy on the part of American Trump’s clear contempt for the rules of “political correctness” (he referred a cultural and national identity national, and territorial dominance. Indian scholars and activists. We separate from that of Britain, and to A last question to consider here also discuss native notions of tribal to Warren as “Pocahontas” even at an event honoring Navajo veterans) is declare implicit dominion over the is what larger social issues seemed belonging (which generally cannot land comprising the colony. In his to be at stake for the left. What was be determined via DNA) and meant as a defense of a whiteness that understands itself to be threatened 1998 book Playing Indian, Dakota all the kerfuffle and handwringing explore how indigenous nations scholar Philip J. Deloria points over this issue in the liberal media have sought to navigate the terrain and under siege. In mocking Warren, Trump taunts both white liberals and out that members of the Boston about? I believe that one of the of sovereignty and identity in their Tea Party dressed up as Mohawk questions that was implicitly being relations with the state. In the the people of color with whom they seek to ally. The constant mentions of warriors as they engaged in an act asked was what are the dimensions remainder of this article, however, I understood to be a foundational of white solidarity and ally-ship limit myself to a discussion of what Trump’s “extraordinary divisiveness” in the press underscore a perception assertion of national independence. with non-whites? How can liberal the controversy over Warren’s ances- Further, historian Gregory Smithers whites legitimately use race, and try in the context of electoral poli- that Trump is engaged in a race war of whites against whites; he seeks not (2015) writes that white southerners how should they not? And of course, tics reveals to us about whiteness. in the antebellum era often claimed what political tactics can be used My first claim is that this contro- to unite all whites around race, but rather to unite conservatives around indigenous roots as part of a defense against Trumpism and which should versy clearly illustrates several of of slavery and the southern way of be avoided? Thus, I argue, the the key themes that I am develop- whiteness. In calling Warren “Pocahontas,” life, in opposition to incursion from controversy over Elizabeth Warren’s ing in much of my writing on race the federal government and the claims of native ancestry reveals currently: while emphasizing that she is not, in fact, American Indian, Trump North. in part the discomfort and anxiety • For several decades now, sociol- signals to his base that she, like In the contemporary U.S., about race that often plagues the left ogists have identified “racial other white liberals, is a “phony” American Indian ancestry claims and the still-fraught nature of the colorblindness,” the notion that and a race traitor. Warren and other may serve to “stabilize” or “shore up” relationship between white liberals it is best to be “blind” to racial liberals are also implicitly identified whiteness as an identity, as they facili- and the question of race in America. matters and to claim not to “see” tate a genetic/familial distancing from footnotes Fall 2020 9 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Special Issue: Election Reflections Where the Sleeping Giant Lies? Latinos, Puerto Ricans, and the 2020 Election Bianca Gonzalez-Sobrino, Assistant on the impact of demographic shifts the hegemonic understandings of For example, Cubans in Miami Professor of Sociology, Quinnipiac on voting outcomes. In other words, whiteness and politics. We have the have historically voted Republican University Latinos have been framed as playing historical nomination of Kamala and tend to be more conservative s the 2020 an important role in the 2020 elec- Harris, the first Black female in both economic and social issues. Aelection tions because of a simple numbers vice-presidential nominee, in what Puerto Ricans, on the other hand, approaches, game. But these discussions in U.S. some have called an attempt to tend to be more liberal in eco- many unex- newspapers relied on unnuanced court the “African American vote.” nomic and social issues, with the pected and problematic assumptions about As the Biden campaign takes shape, exception of immigration (which events have the ethnoracial group. questions about the role of Latinos could be related to their particular occurred—from First, American newspapers in his coalition have begun to arise. citizenship status related to the COVID-19 to assumed that the increased presence The focus, as always, is on colonial relationship of Puerto Rico Bianca of Latinos in the U.S. electorate Florida, where there is an expec- with the United States). There is uprisings after Gonzalez-Sobrino the murders of will have a positive impact for tation that there will be high voter wide variation within the Latino George Floyd the Democratic party. Second, turnout in Latino communities, pan ethnic label, as is common and Breonna Taylor. After recently newspapers focused on the presence including of the large population with similar group categories like publishing an article in Sociological of Julian Castro in the democratic of recently migrated Puerto Rican Asian and Black. The monolithic Forum on the ways in which racial- primary and made the assumption to the Central Florida area. While constructions of ethnoracial ized media has covered the role of that this will impact the likelihood the media focus on Latinos in categories are perpetuated by the Latinos in the upcoming election, of Latinos voting Democrat in the Florida has dominated for the last media and political campaigns. In I am now pondering how that role next election. Third, a subset of few years, there seemed to be a these monolithic interactions with has potentially changed in the face articles focused on the importance decrease in that focus in the current communities of color, we see only of more recent events. Has the role of mobilizing both the Latino and campaigns until very recently. a surface level engagement with the of race and racism in relation to African American votes, thereby The renewed attention to Latinos, lived experiences of these commu- Latinos changed in this election or implying the use of similar political and Puerto Ricans in particular, nities. This may indicate a lack of has it stayed the same? In this piece, tactics for both ethnoracial groups. in Florida could be a response to desire to truly engage with attempts I will summarize the findings in Further, when discussing Latinos, recent polling numbers. Specifically, to uproot structural inequality and “Searching for the ‘Sleeping Giant’: the majority of articles rely on the a series of polls show Biden either oppression. Racialized News Coverage of Latinos assumption that all Latinos have deadlocked or trailing Trump In the week of September 15, Pre-2020 Elections.” (2020) and give similar social and economic inter- among likely voters in Florida. 2020, Joe Biden’s campaign ramped an update on some events that have ests, that there are no intra-group In an NBC/Marist poll, only 46% up their attempts to target the occurred recently that seem to point tensions and divisions, and that of likely voters who are Latinos “Latino vote.” In what seems like at a potential change in the ways in there is an absolute understanding currently support Biden, compared a departure from catch-all Latino which Latinos are approached as a of a shared fate among all people to 62% of Latino voters in Florida platforms, Biden presented a “voting bloc.” that identify as such. If what the who supported Hillary Clinton in targeted plan for Puerto Rico in media is portraying is a reflection the 2016 presidential election. In Kissimmee, Central Florida, which Racialized Media and the 2020 of the actual actions of campaigns, another poll by Bendixen & Amandi is home to the largest percentage of Election these data suggest a failure of International and the Miami Herald Puerto Ricans outside of the island. Daily national newspapers understanding of diverse Latino that focused on Miami-Date county, The reason behind his attempts to provide readers with accounts of communities. What are the goals of Biden is statistically deadlocked court Puerto Rican voters living the inner workings of political cam- propagating these racialized narra- with Trump among Latino voters, in the United States is very clear. paigns and the world of politics. In tives about Latinos in mainstream consistent with the pattern for the Puerto Ricans have become the larg- “Searching for the Sleeping Giant,” media? The narratives present in the broader Florida electorate. These est Latino group in Florida, a very I examined the ways in which the newspaper articles serve to reinforce findings may be surprising for some important swing state. Additionally, top U.S. daily newspapers covered the racialized status quo. people, but Trump support among Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens by the 2016 elections and the road to particular groups of Latinos should virtue of the Jones Acts of 1917, and Trying to Wake the Sleeping the election in 2020 in relation to not be sociologically surprising. they are only allowed to vote in the Giant: Changes in the Political Latinos. While previous research The ways in which the ethnora- presidential election if they are U.S. Landscape for Latinos has mostly focused on the ways in cial terms Latinos or Hispanics are mainland residents (Puerto Ricans which Black candidates have been It has been six months since I used in larger American society on the island cannot vote for pres- covered by the media or the effects finished writing “Searching for the and politics continue to be centered ident). In an op-ed in the Orlando of racial priming in the media, Sleeping Giant” and while much has on unnuanced understandings Sentinel, Biden lays out his plan for this study brings insights into the changed, a lot has stayed the same. of the different and sometimes Puerto Rico. The plan includes a ways in which Latinos have been Now we have an official Democratic divergent group interests within federal working group on Puerto framed in relation to politics and ticket for the 2020 election, Joe the pan ethnic category. There Rico to distribute federal resources, highlights the pivotal role that race Biden and Kamala Harris. What was is a divide between many Latino incentives to mainland corporations is playing in the upcoming election. touted as the most diverse slate of national groups surrounding issues to invest in the island, and support The coverage of the role of Latinos candidates in the primary produced related to immigration, the role of for whatever the Puerto Rican vot- a nomination that maintained government, and social policies. in the political process has focused Continued on Page 11

10 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Special Issue: Election Reflections Immigration and the 2020 Election

Roger Waldinger, Distinguished Professor ier societies where everyday security tent among the forces clamoring nerabilities they experienced and of Sociology and Director of the Center is taken for granted, the rule of law for still greater restriction. Hence, the protections and rights that they for the Study of International Migration, is observed, elections are generally throughout the developed world, sought, political entrepreneurs on University of California-Los Angeles honest, and prosperity yields public migration fosters political cleavage. the right discovered that mobilizing rom the goods and a safety net that help Since almost all political actors anti-immigrant sentiment could Fmoment that compensate for the material short- concede that migration should be win elections. Immigration also Donald Trump comings of the deprived. controlled, the contest fundamen- gained growing media attention, descended to Though migrants’ search for tally favors proponents of a tougher which fomented anxiety among the lobby of the better life has made the past line. white voters. In turn, as conserva- half-century the age of migration, tive Republican populists broke with Trump Tower The Politics of Immigration to launch his that quest has unfolded in a world the business-oriented wing of the In the United States, the politics 2016 presiden- of migration control. The developed party favoring expanded immi- of migration moved from side- tial campaign Roger Waldinger world has pursued a common set of gration, they found that anti-im- lines to center over a half-century. with a screed conflicting goals: accommodating migrant appeals changed partisan Initially, migration had little polit- against Mexican immigrants, migra- to the desired mobility generated identities among whites, trans- ical salience as it was concentrated tion, and mobility control have by globalization, while discourag- forming erstwhile Democrats into in a narrow band of states and of powered an ever-greater political ing most potential emigrants from Republicans. Trump exploited this, interest mainly to immediate bene- storm. For America’s immigrants, leaving home; bending to business with the result that one month after ficiaries: employers wanting foreign the 2016 presidential election demand for labor, while instituting he entered the race, almost 70% of labor, high- and low-skilled; ethnic produced a disaster that began on policies that reserve permanent Republicans thought that his state- groups and human rights activists Election Day and has worsened ever settlement for the wanted; sorting ment about Mexican immigrants with an affinity for immigrants and since. The Trump administration foreigners in ways that yield a pro- being rapists who bring drugs and the multiculturalism they produced. has found the key to unlocking liferation of legal statuses, from the crime into the country was “basi- Though located at opposing ends of the immigration stalemate that tolerated but unauthorized to those cally right.” Among whites who had the political spectrum, these strange bedeviled its predecessors, yielding lucky enough to eventually gain voted for Obama in 2008, that same bedfellows found periodic biparti- a profound transformation likely citizenship. rhetoric captured the loyalties of san grounds for agreement in poli- to irrevocably change the face of In fostering and constraining those who were out of sync with the cies that produced more expansion U.S. immigration, regardless of migration, states have also sowed Democratic mainstream. than voters wanted. Simultaneously, November 2020’s election outcome. the seeds of conflict: while migra- Republican anti-immigrant their inherent differences made for While the circumstances that tion exceeds the levels that receiving politics pushed the voters produced policy inconsistency. The result: brought Trump to the White House country nationals are prepared to by immigration into the Democratic long-standing divergence between and propelled his drive to close U.S. accept, the newcomers, whether camp, a current including Muslims, policy on the books—prohibiting borders have distinctively American wanted or not, change the societies Asian Americans, and Latinos whose the entrance and employment of roots, migration has been a polariz- where they settle. Since migrants partisan loyalties had previously been unauthorized migrants—and policy ing issue throughout the developed gain the capacity to help friends up for grabs. According to a 2019 in action—which took a hands-off world. Migration is good for the and relatives left behind, migration national survey conducted by the approach to employers’ behavior migrants, which is why global polls also stimulates further migration. Voter Study Group, people of color and so accommodated to those very show that millions would migrate Meanwhile, intensified efforts at comprised over 40% of registered same practices. if they only had a chance. Those migration control trigger outrage Democrats, as opposed to only 17% As immigrant numbers grew, leaving developing for developed among humanitarians and migrant among registered Republicans. Along along with conflicts over the vul- countries make their way to wealth- advocates without quelling discon- Continued on Page 12

Gonzalez-Sobrino Rico nearly $13 billion in federal remarks. how Puerto Rican issues are being From Page 10 disaster funding to repair the It seems that the approach framed as politically safe. This electrical grid and the educational political campaigns and the media could be because focusing on issues ers decide in relation to the political infrastructure. This announcement use to understand the interests of about Puerto Rico distances the status of the island. While the focus came six weeks before the elec- Latinos has been changing in the campaigns from interacting and on Puerto Rico exclusively is novel, tion and three years overdue. In last few months. We are seeing more engaging with immigration reform the actual platform does not provide September 2017, Puerto Rico was nuanced framings of Latinos. As and structural and policy changes new contributions to the crisis faced struck by a category 5 hurricane. the media and politicians engage in the system. As the United States by Puerto Ricans. His plan does Hurricane Maria killed at least 3,000 more with the realities of racial becomes increasingly more diverse, not dismantle the Fiscal Control people and incapacitating an already inequality and the lived experiences politics will change, and the media Board, which serves a neo-colonial broken electric grid. Residents on of communities of color, one is left will reflect that change. We need governing board. the island were without electricity to wonder to what degree this is to continue interrogating the ways Donald Trump released a plan for up to a year after the hurricane. an effect of understanding actual in which race and racism are used for Puerto Rico a few days after Joe In the immediate aftermath of the inequality or simply responding for political gain, both from the Biden made his platform available. hurricane, Trump visited the island to politically expedient talking politicians themselves and also by The president is promising Puerto and made various disrespectful points. We are seeing, for example, the media. footnotes Fall 2020 11 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Special Issue: Election Reflections

Waldinger migrants who had entered the affirmed a revised version of the of submission of documents, or From Page 11 United States as children, but travel ban. Faced with a resur- placing applicants for naturalization without a permanent fix and leaving gence of families fleeing violence under greater scrutiny, the admin- with the changing political demog- the great bulk of the unauthorized in Central America in 2018, the istration also used its available raphy came a similarly aligned set population unprotected. Yet when administration responded with tools to go after persons with an of elected officials, as the new voters Central American families and force, separating children from authorized presence. And since pulled the levers for Democrats who unaccompanied children appeared parents, but the enormous public every status change comes with a were descriptively representative of at the U.S.-Mexico border, the outcry forced Trump to relent. Yet fee, the administration has sched- their electoral base. Obama administration showed the that failure led to new, even harsher uled substantial across-the-board The politics of immigration fed punitive face of the state. Thus, a measures, most importantly the increases -- with the added result of into and deepened existing political liberal Democratic government Migrant Protection Protocols, which discouraging naturalization. and cultural cleavages. As both provided subsidies to Mexico essentially closed the U.S.-Mexico A Better Future? parties advanced towards increas- and Guatemala to deport Central border to asylum applicants. ingly divergent stances on immigra- Americans en route to the United Trump then instrumentalized the Zero immigration is beyond tion, divisions accentuated political States, funded new family detention COVID-19 pandemic in pursuit of Trump’s powers, but a second polarization. In 2016, by contrasting facilities at an unprecedented scale, his anti-immigrant agenda, while Trump administration would likely so starkly on immigration, Clinton and impeded Central Americans utterly failing to stem the disease. keep arrivals highly constrained. and Trump gave the issue greater from applying for asylum by giving Nonetheless, the administration Biden has promised to undo Trump’s salience and widened the partisan courts such strict deadlines that had cleared many roadblocks draconian changes. Not only is the cleavage. Thus, while Republicans attorneys frequently lacked the time before COVID-19 hit, dropping the task monumental, given the admin- moved right, with business, pro-im- to collect evidence they needed. hammer on the most vulnerable istration’s 400-plus reforms, but migration voices stilled, Democrats Entering office without serious targets—asylum seekers, persons in history warrants skepticism as recent moved left. That shift partially intra-party disagreement and deportation hearings, refugees wait- past administrations, Democratic reflects the spillover from immigra- hence with carte blanche to roll ing for admission—while tightening and Republican alike, recurrently tion to immigration politics; equally back immigration in ways previ- the squeeze on persons in the legal turned “tough” on immigration. important is polarization among ously thought immigration Thanks to the greater divisiveness white voters, making attitudes of unimaginable, stream. Thus, fostered by Trump, which has rad- icalized the Republican electorate, white Democrats and Republicans Trump hit Thanks to the greater without a increasingly divergent. As partisan achieving consensus on immigration immigrants divisiveness fostered by Trump, single piece of identity and immigration attitudes with a blitz- new legislation, reform that satisfies the increasingly became intertwined, inter-group krieg, relying which has radicalized the the number of divergent right and left will likely differences among Democrats have on executive Republican electorate, achieving non-citizens prove elusive. largely disappeared. powers alone. consensus on immigration reform residing in the However, the environment These partisan tensions gener- Since assum- that satisfies the increasingly United States would be different: As rank-and-file views have moved left, Democratic ated the policy incoherence of the ing office, divergent right and left will likely and applica- Obama years. In the early 2000s, the President tions for green voices once advocating a hard prove elusive. strange bedfellow coalition linking Trump made cards dropped. line on enforcement have grown right and left had re-emerged more than Restriction silent. Advocacy groups organizing around support for “Comprehensive 20,000 false or was so effec- to challenge Trump-era reforms Immigration Reform” or CIR— misleading claims about immi- tively implemented because it stood have seen increased support from omnibus legislation to legalize gration, for an average of over 15 on a pre-existing structure of global concerned citizens. The Democrats’ the unauthorized population and statements per day. Language has migration control. Any admin- electoral base, which has shifted restructure the entire immigration not been the only tool in the trans- istration enjoys ample discretion strongly in favor of rights expan- system, overhauling permanent formation wrought by Trump and for delimiting options available to sion, may no longer be willing to and temporary legal migration. his staff.Indeed, over 400 new dra- non-citizens, without ever asking condone punitive policies that pre- First sidelined by post-9/11 security conian immigration policies have for Congress’ permission; Trump vious administrations accepted. frenzy, CIR rose and fell in the later been introduced in the past four exploited those opportunities to Biden would face one immediate G.W. Bush years, as the pro-im- years. The virtually non-stop attacks the max. In a system described as practical hurdle: how to clean up migration, business expansionist on all categories of immigrants has “remote control,” Washington sim- the mess caused first by Obama and president was too weakened to com- exhausted immigration advocates ply sent a signal to consulates and now Trump in trying to close the mand Republican votes. Entering who, despite filing new lawsuits their behavior changed, whether door to Central American asylum office committed to CIR, Obama almost every week, have failed to via enhanced vetting or limiting the seekers. Immigration courts face opted to postpone action until his stem the exclusionary tide. period for which temporary visas a backlog of more than a million second term, at which time CIR The administration periodically are valid. Most vulnerable were the asylum applicants. Biden’s proposed suffered the same dismal fate. misfired. Right after Trump’s inau- undocumented —roughly half of solution—hiring more asylum Meanwhile his administration guration, his administration banned all non-citizens; broadening the officers to adjudicate all pending intensified enforcement both at the the entry of all persons from seven population at risk of deportation claims—may do the trick, relieving U.S.-Mexico border and internally. Muslim-majority countries, causing and cracking down on sanctuary the overwhelmed dockets of immi- As compensation, Obama used chaos at U.S. airports and a torrent cities did much to raise anxiety. gration judges who are effectively executive powers to implement of bad publicity. However, multiple Increasing the number of forms forced to decide on death penalty DACA, making life better for legal challenges, initially successful, required to renew a visa, insisting cases in a traffic-court setting. roughly 800,000 unauthorized met defeat when the Supreme Court on a face-to-face interview in lieu Continued on Page 13

12 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Special Issue: Election Reflections Why Voters Don’t Get the Policies They Want

Richard Lachmann, Professor of ity’s sentiments; however, we promises complex approaches like timate the portion of the federal Sociology, University at Albany - SUNY need to remember that the last Obamacare that leave the public budget spent on foreign aid (in epublicans time Democrats controlled the dissatisfied and uncertain of what various surveys their average Rin Congress presidency and Congress, in such programs actually offer. If we guess is 10 to 27%, when actually and President 2009-10, they failed to close can understand why voter prefer- it is under 1%). Americans also Trump have tax loopholes favoring the rich. ences are often not reflected in pol- underestimate the fraction of the pursued pol- President Obama proposed very icy outcomes, we can identify the budget that goes to the military icies opposed modest legislation that would have most effective strategies voters and and overestimate what is spent on by most voters. recovered a bit more than 1% of activists can use to affect policy. the poor. Voters’ preferences, when Polls show that the tax revenues lost to foreign tax I want to highlight three surveyed, are for lower military shelters. Congress rejected that factors that let Republicans, and and higher social spending as majorities want Richard Lachmann higher taxes plan. Only one low-level banker Democrats to a lesser extent, adopt shares of the budget than was on the rich, a $15 minimum wage, was prosecuted for the rampant policies that voters don’t want. reflected in the budget under to maintain Obamacare and since fraud that brought on the 2008 First, most voters lack informa- Obama. Republican budgets push 2016 favor Medicare for all, and are financial crisis. That outcome tion about the reality willing to sacrifice some economic flowed directly from Attorney what govern- even further growth to combat climate change. General Eric Holder’s repeated ment does. If we can understand why voter from public assertion, “that the size of some of Even before desires, but Republicans remain less enthusiastic preferences are often not reflected than Democrats and independents these institutions becomes so large Trump took the lack of in policy outcomes, we can identify on those issues and favor less that it does become difficult for office, biased reporting on aggressive policies. Support for us to prosecute them when we are and shallow the most effective strategies voters the actual sit- tax cuts has been declining since hit with indications that if we do media made and activists can use to affect uation makes prosecute—if we do bring a crimi- it impossible it difficult Reagan made that his central cam- policy. paign promise in 1980. A majority nal charge—it will have a negative for voters to for voters of Americans think they got no impact on the national economy, know how to make benefit from the 2017 tax cuts. That perhaps even the world economy.” well gov- coherent is not strictly true, even though While bankers went free and got ernment programs are working. demands on their elected officials the top 0.1% gets 10% of the cuts, to keep most of the money they In American Amnesia, Jacob S. or to translate their policy prefer- and the top quintile two-thirds. looted, and their banks benefitted Hacker and Paul Pierson illustrate ences into decisions on whom they Nevertheless, in August 2020, in from trillions of dollars of direct this point: “Asked how the actual should support in presidential and the midst of an economic collapse and indirect subsidies, homeown- cost of the [Affordable Care Act] Congressional elections. and as the Senate adjourned for a ers received little financial or reg- compares with estimates prior to Second, candidates need money month’s vacation without taking up ulatory help in saving themselves enactment, roughly 40% admitted to run for office. They seem to legislation to continue supplemental from foreclosure. they had no idea. Another 40% believe one can never spend too unemployment insurance payments I expand on this in my book, thought costs were higher than much. Their campaign managers or provide aid to state and local gov- First Class Passengers on a Sinking predicted. Only 8% knew that earn a living, and in some cases get ernments or to schools, President Ship (Verso, 2020). As we approach costs were substantially lower quite rich, from the commissions Trump proposed further cuts in election day, the crucial ques- than anticipated.” Similarly, voters they earn on candidates’ campaign taxes on capital gains. tion is why one party offers the think budget deficits increased advertisements. That means that Democratic politicians are almost exact opposite of what under Obama when in fact they even if parties and candidates most voters want, while the other decreased. Voters greatly overes- somewhat closer to the major- Continued on Page 14

Waldinger delayed legalization of the undoc- support. Yet, this reform, leaving modest rollback of Trump’s policies From Page 12 umented. Business expansionists millions of persons in unauthorized will bring much relief to immigrants will want to ramp up migration of status and vulnerable to deporta- who have borne the brunt of his Reversing Trump’s most egre- high-skilled workers and expand the tion, may lack political legs. attacks, the fundamental dilemma gious acts, such as the attack on temporary circulation of low-skilled Of course, eliminating COVID- will persist long after November. DACA, would be a major step migrants, a policy always problem- 19 will be the first priority; as Migration is good for migrants. But forward. A Biden administra- atic for the left. To date, finding a long as the pandemic rages, global their preferred countries of desti- tion would then have to navigate way to marry right and left wings of experience shows, borders will be nation are only willing to accept the shoals on which the Obama the pro-immigration coalition has slow to fully re-open. Hence, the a small fraction of those ready to administration foundered. With a only led to disaster. As compared to years lost to political stalemate will leave their homes. Hence, migrants new administration, the left would CIR, beginning with such smaller likely continue, yielding a signifi- and their advocates can expect likely clamor for rights expansion bites as providing permanent resi- cant hit to reform possibilities since continuing tragedy and heart- and may be less willing than were dence to DACA recipients and their an administration’s political capital break—regardless of who occupies advocates a decade ago to accept a parents would have greater public diminishes with time. While even a the White House in January. footnotes Fall 2020 13 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Special Issue: Election Reflections

Lachmann practices that accomplish the oppo- agencies operate. Similar efforts an increasingly vulgar political From Page 13 site of what they seemed to promise to publicize the extent of military discourse. The din of abusive and and what voters actually want. spending could provide the basis extreme rhetoric makes politics are able to raise large amounts These three factors, if they for pressure to cut the Pentagon appear distasteful if not upset- through small contributions from are not challenged and over- budget, just as Vietnam-era pro- ting for a growing fraction of ideologically motivated support- come, auger poorly for signifi- tests led, under Nixon, to a one- Americans, discouraging them ers, most politicians (excepting cant reform irrespective of who third cut in Defense Department from participation. committed leftists with mass bases wins the presidency and the spending in constant dollars as There is much attention to, and like Bernie Sanders or Alexandria Senate in the upcoming election. well as the end of conscription. grandiose expectations focused Ocasio-Cortez) still will turn to Politicians, even if they are not Americans still depend on on, various internet-based news the rich who are rarely shy about purely careerist, recognize that journalists to learn what their media. It remains to be seen if stating what they want in return they need to remain in office to government is doing. The more activists can create a new infra- for cash: often tax cuts above all advance their goals. Their result- than 50% decline in the number structure that can replace the as well as weakening or abolishing ing and rational bias toward pol- of newspaper reporters since 2008 work of dismissed and degraded regulations that cost corporations icies and actions that serve those severely undercuts what is still a journalists and can parallel and or limit their abilities to exploit capable of making large campaign key source that activists and vot- challenge the lobbyists who workers and customers. There is contributions will be overcome ers, as well as television and radio monitor and pressure elected and ample evidence from polls that the only if voters are made aware of reporters and bloggers, depend on appointed government officials. priorities of the rich are diametri- the favors their elected officials for information about government However, that work of creation is cally opposed to those of majori- grant and the identity of the at all levels. essential if citizens are to become ties of voters. Contributions from capitalists who trade money for More Americans still get their informed voters and if activists corporations and the rich often are favors. Making such information news from television than from are to be effective in focusing funneled through lobbyists who, widely available would impose any other medium. TV news was their efforts. Nevertheless, it unlike ordinary voters, have the costs on both the givers and degraded when public service is a mistake to give up on old time and expertise to monitor the receivers of campaign contribu- requirements, which forced media. One element in revivify- progress of legislation and regula- tions. The limited reforms Obama stations to devote several hours ing democracy will have to be a tions and often propose the actual was able to enact, despite the most each day to news and educational return to pre-Reagan rules that language of bills, amendments and severe recession since the 1930s programming, and which had to compelled TV and radio stations administra- and ample be of sufficient depth to meet that to support actual journalism and tive decisions evidence regulatory obligation, were elimi- that prevented the emergence of tailored to Trump’s election and of massive nated during the Reagan adminis- (and in the future would break their corpo- presidency has fostered a level fraud by tration. Reagan also abolished the apart) networks that deliver ideo- rate clients’ of protest and mass mobilization financiers, Fairness Doctrine, which as the logical fabulism. desires for that matches and perhaps should make name suggests required stations to In sum, a major reason tax breaks, us care- give equal time to both political American voters don’t get the regulatory exceeds that of the 1960s. What ful not to parties and to advocates of oppos- policies they want is that they have preferences, will matter is how these current assume that ing views. little information and under- or appropria- social movements direct their the current These deregulatory measures standing of how their government tions. energies. economic allowed local stations to abandon operates. Further, they have little All this crisis, pan- serious reporting about local and information and understanding of matters, and demic-re- state politics and about the actions who has real influence and what this is the lated death of members of Congress who, those elites gain with their sway. third crucial factor. The U.S.,in toll, and social disruption will because they are elected locally, Winning elections and changing comparison to Europe, has relied necessarily produce significant were reported on mainly by local public opinion are necessary but much more on regulation than on legislation or social investment. television and newspaper report- they aren’t sufficient to change taxation to create social goods. Trump’s election and presidency ers. This opened space for greater policies. Social movement activists From health and safety to anti-dis- has fostered a level of protest and levels of corruption in government will continue to fall short in crimination to environmental to mass mobilization that matches and for state legislators and mem- changing governmental priori- financial regulation, Congress and perhaps exceeds that of the bers of Congress to take votes that ties and policies unless and until generally passes broad and vaguely 1960s. What will matter is how favored corporate interests over they figure out how to create and worded laws and leaves the writing these current social movements the needs of ordinary constituents sustain mechanisms that can make and enforcement of detailed direct their energies. Will they because those politicians could be the broad public aware of policy regulations to executive agencies. engage in efforts to educate the confident that their malfeasance choices at the moment when those That creates enormous openings public about the actual workings would not draw attention from the decisions are about to be made. for elites to get what they want in of government, and even more few remaining local reporters. Otherwise the three factors that the obscure realms of legislative essentially on who exercises influ- The end of the Equal Time let government officials enact language, detailed regulation, and ence and how they do so? Black provision allowed the emergence policies unwanted by the majority court decisions. Candidates can Lives Matters’ focus on the size of of ideologically biased networks, of voters will continue to exercise present themselves as champions police budgets is an example of most notably Fox and Sinclair, their causal force, the gap between of hope and change and then when activists informing the broader and of radio shock jocks like Rush public desires and policy outcomes most voters are not looking act to public about how tax money actu- Limbaugh and his many imita- will remain wide, and voter apathy preserve or extend governmental ally is spent and how government tors. Together they propagate and cynicism will deepen.

14 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News Introducing 2021 ASA President Aldon Morris

Mary Pattillo, Northwestern University, theory and Weber’s charisma theory, of social movement researchers … and racism. Morris rests his case and Michael Schwartz, Stony Brook and instead focused analytic attention Many of those chapters…remain on both the empirical and theoret- University on the pre-existing resources and strikingly relevant to cutting-edge ical contributions Du Bois made to He Comes with a Reputation networks that African Americans work on the current frontier of the field when few universities had formed in grassroots southern insti- scholarship,…[have] presaged more sociology departments. The Scholar verything you need tutions and communities. In recent developments, and—as much Denied shows that the purpose- Eto know about Aldon the early 1980s, sociologists as any other work—helped set the ful, longstanding, and (even now) Morris and the founda- were locked into the thrall of course for the field’s advance.” For all ongoing marginalization of Du Bois tions of what will be his Gunnar Myrdal’s American of these contributions, Aldon received delayed for decades the incorporation presidency of the American Dilemma, which argued the 2018 John D. McCarthy Award of a structural understanding of racial Sociological Association that Black people were too for Lifetime Achievement in the inequality into mainstream sociology. can be found in the oppressed to engineer their Scholarship of Social Movements and Du Bois—who from the beginning 2017 short documentary own liberation, and that Collective Behavior. had a sophisticated understanding Aldon Morris: The Scholar Aldon Morris they would have to wait When Aldon writes a book, it of structure—was light years ahead Affirmed. Full disclosure for white people to resolve is always a masterpiece. His 2015 in showing the ways that racism that both of us are in the documen- the ‘American Dilemma.’ New social masterwork, The Scholar Denied: shaped the labor market, politics, the tary. One of Mary’s favorite parts movement theorists—despite the W.E.B. Du Bois and the Birth of economy, families, urban life, and of the film shows Aldon and his success of the Civil Rights movement Modern Sociology (University of international relations. family around the dinner table with in dismantling Jim Crow—had not California Press), won five best book As a University of Chicago PhD Michael, who was Aldon’s mentor yet questioned this orthodoxy until prizes from three different profes- and a true believer in The Chicago at Stony Brook University. Aldon Aldon demolished it in Origins. sional associations—including the School’s mystique, Mary experienced asks Michael what his first impres- Fellow Stony Brook graduate J. Craig 2018 R.R. Hawkins Award of the her first encounter withThe Scholar sions were when he arrived at Stony Jenkins, now Professor Emeritus at Association of American Publishers Denied as a personal affront. Now, Brook. “You came with a reputation,” Ohio State University, wrote in his as the “most distinguished scholarly” after absorbing the illuminating Michael replies. It was 1974, and the Contemporary Sociology review of volume published in the United evidence and analysis, she is a convert admissions committee had informed Origins that “the most outstanding States—and from two sections of the to the Du Boisian School. As a cynical Michael that an honors student quality of this book is the wealth ASA (Racial and Ethnic Minorities senior scholar, Michael first encoun- from Bradley University, a “Black of new historical information that and History of Sociology). It is tered The Scholar Denied as a dreary militant,” was entering the program, Morris has unearthed,” attesting to the a must-read for all sociologists. history of ancient and irrelevant ideas. and would most likely want to work fact that the book was not only theo- Lawrence Bobo, Professor at Now, after discovering new worlds of with Michael. “And the question retically innovative but also empir- Harvard University, wrote that exciting theory, he reads sociological then became,” as Michael narrates ically extraordinary. Representing the book offers a “fundamental history with relish, searching for other in the film, “so what are we gonna the new generation of Stony Brook re-organization of our thinking previously buried sociological gems do, you know. Because we’re activists University sociologists, Professor about the basic canon and history written by Du Bois or his intellectual and therefore we oughtta be doing Crystal Fleming has written that of sociological theory making.” This progeny. The Scholar Denied makes something.” The ASA membership Origins disproved “disempowering tour-de-force intellectual contribu- both of us proud to be sociologists; should know that Aldon comes with clichés” about African Americans and tion contributed to Aldon being this reminds us to recommit to the vision a reputation for both brilliance in centered attention on “the indigenous year’s winner of the Association’s that Du Bois and the Atlanta School action and brilliance and action. cultural resources, institutions, and highest honor, the W.E.B. Du Bois of Sociology had for the discipline; organizational structures that facil- Career of Distinguished Scholarship and compels us to insure that future Brilliance in Action itated the emergence and establish- Award. This selection acknowledges generations of scholars will be able to Action and activism is what ment of the civil rights movement.” Aldon’s lifetime of activism as well as access and apply this richest vein of Aldon studies. Aldon is a scholar Aldon co-edited Frontiers in scholarship, since it was Aldon who sociological wisdom. As Aldon wrote and student of social movements, Social Movement Theory, with Carol led the charge to change the name of in the book: “A rare phenomenon politics, organizations, and race Mueller (Yale University Press, that very award to honor Du Bois. occurred at the dawn of the twentieth and racism. His first book,The 1992), which was later translated In The Scholar Denied, Aldon century: the leaders of an oppressed Origins of the Modern Civil Rights into Chinese, co-edited Oppositional shows that “Du Bois’s sociology of people one generation removed from Movement (Free Press, 1984), won Consciousness: The Subjective Roots of race was developed two decades slavery embraced an intellectual dis- multiple prizes, including ASA’s Social Protest, with Jane Mansbridge before that of [Robert] Park and the cipline as a weapon of liberation” (p. Distinguished Scholarly Book (University of Chicago Press, 2001), Chicago School” (p. 129), yet “Park 59). That is our intellectual ancestry. Award in 1986, and the prestigious and published scores of journal and the Chicago School locked Du What will be our legacy? Gustavus Myers Award given to a articles, book chapters, and review Bois out of the intellectual frater- Brilliance and Action book that “extend[s] our under- essays. David Cunningham, Professor nity of sociology by systematically standing of the root causes of at Washington University in St. ignoring his scholarship” (p. 141). Here is where Aldon’s reputation bigotry and the range of options Louis, remembered the impact of The Scholar Denied is a meticulously for action comes in. Aldon’s roots are we as humans have in constructing Frontiers on his generation of grad- researched and passionately argued in struggle. He was drawn to activism alternative ways to share power.” uate students: “I well know how this study of organizations and profes- because of his own experiences with In Origins, Aldon challenged cen- work—more than any other—was sions, the history of science, social racial and class oppression, in the tral assumptions in social movement soaked up, frequently referenced, and networks, the evaluation of ideas South, in Chicago, and working theory, including collective behavior hotly debated by a rising generation and merit, and, of course, of race Continued on Page 16 footnotes Fall 2020 15 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News

Morris students of color began, and the first His other legacy is the next “The vision of sociology charted From Page 15 two Black faculty were hired. Aldon generation of students that he has by Morris…recognizes the impor- left Stony Brook for Michigan with inspired. In a scene in the documen- tance of political and organizational right out of high school for Spiegel a doctoral dissertation that would tary, Northwestern graduate student sociology and the creation of states and International Harvester. His become Origins of the Modern Civil Niamba Baskerville remarked that and institutions and policies that worldview and scholarship were Rights Movement and a portfolio of one of the “key takeaways in [The create structures of domination. It forged in the crucibles of the activism activist achievements that prepared Scholar Denied] for me is this idea of is a sociology that recognizes the and confrontations of the multiple him to work for similar reforms as a liberation capital, which is sort of an importance of studying the social movements of the 1960s and beyond, new faculty member at the University advancement of Bourdieu’s idea of movements that challenge structures especially the Civil Rights and Black of Michigan. different types of capital.” And student of domination…It is a sociology Power Movements. Like many of the Aldon is currently the Leon Joshua Basseches said, “It taught me capable of critically analyzing young people leading today’s Black Forrest Professor of Sociology a lot about power both in academia sociology itself.” The 2021 conference Lives Matter Movement, he is deter- and African American Studies at and in broader society.” Karida Brown, invites us to build this emancipatory mined to fight tragedy with effective Northwestern University. As his Assistant Professor at University sociology. It promises to reflect the activism. Aldon is of the Emmett Till colleague for over 20 years, Mary has of California-Los Angeles, wrote: biography of its presider, a person generation and BLM protesters are known him firsthand as a mentor “I would not be a faculty member who practices sociological rigor and of the George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, as well as an activist for diversity with an appointment in a sociology translates it into action. Fittingly, the and Trayvon Martin generation. But and equity. When Aldon became department had it not been for him. conference will be held in Chicago the imaginative theorizing about and chair of the Sociology Department Like many young scholars of color in where Aldon has lived and worked courageous demands for liberation in 1992, he confronted an unaccept- the discipline, I was riddled with an on a range of freedom struggles for are the same. able dearth of faculty and graduate amorphous sense of insecurity about most of his adult life. It is also a sweet Aldon arrived in academia with students of color. To tackle the how my research, by a Black woman turn that Du Bois will be recognized the dual commitments that would “pipeline” problem, Aldon started about Black people, would be received in the city whose sociologists dis- become his life’s work. Michael knew with graduate student recruitment, in the discipline. In the words of Du missed him for so long. him first as a “Black militant honors orchestrating a long series of difficult Bois, my ‘double consciousness’ was The most touching part of the student,” a label that Aldon fulfilled in faculty meetings to convince our working on me. In one fortuitous film about Aldon comes at the end, all respects. In addition to producing colleagues that the goal of diver- exchange, Aldon Morris changed the when his mother reads from “For My brilliant seminar papers that chal- sity was important, and that some course of my career.” People,” a poem by Margaret Walker. lenged and stretched the intellectual prospective students of color might It is an ode to Aldon’s southern 2021 ASA Annual Meeting boundaries of the pre-Civil Rights bring a different academic profile to and northern roots, and shows his sociology practiced at Stony Brook, the admissions process than White The theme for the 2021 conference grounding in history, his love for Aldon set about organizing students students. Aldon put equal energy is “Emancipatory Sociology: Rising Black people, his appreciation of (and at least one faculty member) to into faculty diversity. When Aldon to the Du Boisian Challenge.” It will beautiful things, and his reverence for introduce the Du Boisian perspec- began his work, there were few take place at a conjunctive moment struggle. Walker’s poem epitomizes tive into the research and teaching faculty of color in the department. in history when sociologists are the path that Aldon has charted as a in the department. Qualitative and We are not overstating the case when called upon to focus their minds scholar committed to action in the historical methods became part of the we say that he has been the architect on the project of emancipation. As service of positive transformation: methods curriculum, race relations of what is today an exceptionally Pam Oliver, Professor Emerita at “Let a new earth rise. Let another became an integral part of graduate diverse department. This is (just one the University of Wisconsin, wrote world be born… [L]et a people loving education, the targeted recruitment of part of) Aldon’s legacy. about Aldon’s sociological paradigm: freedom come to growth.”

ASA Financial Update Call for Nominations: Nancy López, Secretary-Treasurer and Chair of the Finance Committee ASA Awards n mid-August 2020 the ASA Council reviewed the completed 2019 embers are invited to submit nominations for ASA awards. Learn audited financials and a summary was presented at the member busi- I about each award and corresponding nomination procedures by ness meeting. I am happy to report that we finished 2019 with a bal- M clicking below. The deadline for nominations isJanuary 1, 2021. anced budget for the third year in a row. The auditors’ opinion states that the financial statements were presented fairly and in conformity • Cox-Johnson-Frazier Award with the requirements of generally accepted accounting principles. • Dissertation Award The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is making 2020 more challenging • Distinguished Career Award for the Practice of Sociology in some consequential (though not existential) ways. We are keeping a • Distinguished Contributions to Teaching Award close eye on the bottom line and we are working diligently to man- • Distinguished Scholarly Book Award age the impact. We have also included socially responsible funds in • Jessie Bernard Award our investment portfolio as we invest in our future. The audit can be accessed from the Governance page at ASA’s website (www.asanet.org/ • Public Understanding of Sociology Award audit-financial-records). • W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award

16 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News Introducing the New Editors of Social Psychology Quarterly

Jane Sell, Texas A&M University excluded others. On the whole, and legal issues related to sexual She has published in a wide array this article reflected his opti- violence. She has published many of outlets including the American am excited to introduce Drs. Jody mism about the field, but he also manuscripts in Social Psychology Sociological Review, Social Forces, Clay-Warner, Dawn T. Robinson, I worried. The basis for his appre- Quarterly that reach across her Annual Review of Sociology, and Justine Tinkler as the new edi- hension was “the susceptibility to fields. Her research on violence Advances in Group Processes, and tors of Social Psychology Quarterly. fads and fashion, the obsession appears in a variety of journals Social Science Research. Her 2008 I have known all three of these with technique, the reliance on a including Violence and Victims, book with Jody Clay-Warner, Social scholars since they were graduate single method of research…” It is Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Structure and Emotion, garnered students. All three have been active absolutely clear to me that these Violence Against Women, and the 2010 Book Award from ASA’s in the Social Psychology section three editors understand and fight Criminal Justice and Behavior. Emotions section. of the American Sociological against what Cartwright termed Her research on violence has been In support of her research, Dawn Association. As graduate students these “symptoms of immaturity.” sponsored by the U.S. Department has received grants from National and throughout their careers, I highlight each of the editors of State through several (extremely Science Foundation, the Army they have absolutely shone by the below. large) grants and she has been Research Office, and the Office of questions they asked, the answers Jody awarded multiple grants from the Naval Research. they proffered, and the enthusiasm Clay-Warner National Science Foundation. Justine they radiated. Some of the most received Dawn T. Tinkler intellectually intriguing and chal- her PhD Robinson received her lenging conversations I’ve been from Emory received her PhD from part of throughout the years have University. She PhD from Stanford been with these three. advanced from Cornell University and We are fortunate to have all an assistant to University. She was a faculty three editors of the journal at the Jody Clay-Warner a full pro- was a faculty member at University of Georgia, where the Justine Tinkler fessor at the member at Louisiana State department has a well-deserved University of Georgia and, along Louisiana State Dawn T. Robinson University reputation for nurturing different the way, garnered a series of University and before coming to Georgia. She is strands of social psychology. They honors that reflected her many the University of Iowa before com- currently Associate Professor and will become the 26th editorial team. contributions. She is currently the ing to the University of Georgia. She Graduate Program Coordinator As Dawn Robinson has noted, Meigs Distinguished Professor of is currently Professor of Sociology of Sociology at the University of Social Psychology Quarterly led the Sociology. She has received many and Fellow in the Owens Institute Georgia. Her research focuses on field in the establishment of edito- teaching and mentoring awards of Behavioral Research at University the micro and macro forces that rial teams rather than individuals, including, most recently, an award of Georgia. At Georgia, she founded contribute to inequality on the basis which is so appropriate given the from the Southern Sociological and now co-directs the Laboratory of gender, race and ethnicity. In pur- subject Association for the Study of Social Interaction suit of this focus, she has also exam- matter of in 2019 for and the Computational Social ined how policies either do or do social psy- her distin- Science Work Group. In 2009, she not contribute to advancing rights. chology. It As graduate students and guished was selected as a Kavli Frontiers She has employed experiments, is especially throughout their careers, they have contribu- of Science Fellow by the National surveys, participant observation and fortuitous absolutely shone by the questions tions to Academy of Sciences. interviews in her studies. because they asked, the answers they teaching. Her research centers on emo- Her influential articles have these three She was the tion, especially on how identity is appeared in the American editors proffered, and the enthusiasm they Georgia affected by context and interactions. Sociological Review, Social represent radiated. Sociologist In particular, she has been active Psychology Quarterly, Social Science different of the Year in theoretical and methodological Research and Law and Social perspectives for 2017. advancements within the area of Inquiry. She was recently honored and engage She is and has been an important Affect Control Theory. As an exam- with the Katharine Jocher-Belle in many different methods within contributor in times of service: ple, along with her colleagues, she Boone Beard Award by the Honors the field. she has served as the director of has been involved in the painstaking Committee of the Southern In 1979, the well-known social graduate studies and she was the process of developing new cultural Sociological Society. The award psychologist Dorwin Cartwright department head of the depart- “dictionaries” that enable whole recognizes distinguished scholarly wrote an important and reflec- ment. Giving all this attention groups of cross-cultural studies. contributions to the understanding tive article “Contemporary to teaching and service has not Dawn has always been interested of gender and society Social Psychology in Historical slowed down her research. in, and a proponent of, exploring Justine’s work on sexual harass- Perspective,” which was published Broadly speaking, Jody’s different methodologies and anal- ment and Title IX issues has in Social Psychology Quarterly. research focuses on injustice and ysis techniques. In particular, she catapulted her into different media The article discussed how different peoples’ responses to injustice. has worked on developing a variety and both scholarly and popular historical contexts (such as World This focus allows her to deftly of measurement tools for assessing press. These outlets include the New War II) spurred growth in social reach across many areas includ- emotions. These include physiolog- York Times, Washington Post, the psychology and also focused schol- ing procedural justice, victims’ ical measures as well as attitudinal Chronicle of Higher Education, and arly attention on some topics and responses to injustice (and crime), and behavioral measures. the BBC. footnotes Fall 2020 17 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News

New Approach to Dues for 2021: When We Pull Together, We All Win

s we grapple with the a sponsorship, or c) provid- interests of all ASA mem- of sociology and all its ACOVID-19 pandemic, the ing a sponsorship. Taking a bers. It is also an effort members. ensuing economic crisis, and sponsorship means opting to to keep the Association Zulema Valdez, who voted social upheaval in our nation, reduce one’s dues payment for strong as we navigate on this initiative as a member ASA’s mission to serve sociol- 2021 by 10%, 20%, or 30%. through the current of Council, says, “In this time ogists in their work, advance Giving a sponsorship means crisis. Sociologists of great economic uncertainty, sociology adding understand how the issue of membership cost as a sci- 10%, important generosity and is especially salient. I strongly ence and How do we balance the 20%, solidarity are to achiev- support our Pick Your Own profes- or 30% ing collective interests. significant financial needs of some Sponsorship initiative, which sion, and to one’s These qualities are even provides tangible financial promote sociologists while sustaining the dues pay- more important in the relief to our members who the Association? The 2021 Pick Your Own ment to context of a terrible need it.” President-elect contribu- Sponsorship membership initiative is support pandemic that has nega- Cecilia Menjívar sums up the tions and col- tively impacted so many designed to do just that. concept of Pick Your Own use of leagues people, often in dispro- Sponsorship in this way, sociology who are portionate ways. Because “ASA is made up of members to society presently each member of the ASA and we need to respond and could not be more urgent. in more precarious situations. is important, we strive to acknowledge each other’s We are launching the 2021 The ASA Council unani- address the unique chal- concerns.” ASA membership year under mously supported the intro- lenges and opportunities Please renew your member- truly unprecedented condi- duction of Pick Your Own of all our members. It is ship in ASA for 2021 and help tions. Many sociologists and Sponsorship. President Aldon in this spirit that ASA is renew our sociological com- their families are struggling, Morris explains: unveiling its Pick Your munity. Take a sponsorship if students are unsure of future Pick Your Own Own Sponsorship option you need one, give a sponsor- job prospects, and institutions Sponsorship is a carefully to maintain the strength ship if you can. In the words and departments are facing considered initiative of our organization and of Aldon Morris, “When we tremendous challenges that designed to promote the to promote the discipline pull together, we all win.” in some cases threaten their very existence. At the same time, ASA is struggling under You Make the Difference When You Renew Your the pressure generated by pandemic-related reduced Membership for 2021… membership and meeting ASA serves you in your work by providing numerous benefits, including: cancellation. • Online access to 10 ASA journals; 4 additional journals available based on section membership. How do we balance the significant financial needs • Free registration for ASA’s professional development webinars. of some sociologists while • Unlimited downloads from TRAILS, ASA’s peer-reviewed library of teaching resources. sustaining the Association? The 2021 Pick Your Own • Free access to the ASA Job Bank. Sponsorship membership ASA advances sociology as a science and profession by: initiative is designed to do just • Building and maintaining the ASA Minority Fellowship Program. that. It is based on the recog- nition that the pandemic has • Launching the new ASA Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant Program. not affected all sociologists • Defending sociologists and their academic freedom. equally and that the sociolog- ASA promotes the contributions and use of sociology to society through actions such as: ical community as a whole is both strong and supportive. • Connecting experts in sociology with journalists covering today’s most urgent social issues. Pick Your Own Sponsorship • Sharing sociological content with a public audience through initiatives like the Sociological holds dues steady at the Insights video series. 2020 level and then provides • Advocating for the integrity of federal statistics, including the Census. members with the choice of a) paying those dues, b) taking

18 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News Thank You to Everyone Who Made ASA’s 2020 Virtual Engagement Event a Success Christine Williams, Immediate Past engagement and inspiration at these President sessions. I certainly did. Video of n April, the ASA Council cancelled the plenary sessions have been Ithe 115th Annual Meeting of the posted to the ASA Annual Meeting American Sociological Association. Video Archive web page. Additional They had no choice. It was the right presidential sessions will be added and the only thing to do in the face as they become available of the coronavirus pandemic. None of this happened automati- The Annual Meeting was last cally, of course. Just like the platform cancelled in 1945, when a different economy, which relies on unseen horseman of the apocalypse pre- and often unappreciated labor, this vented the gathering of American virtual event was made possible by sociologists. But unlike then, ASA the dedicated efforts of many people. 2020 was able to meet virtually. Nancy Kidd and Michelle That we managed to put together Randall, and the staff at ASA, an online event in fewer than four worked overtime to manage the me encouraging emails over the Misra (Vice President, University months is truly amazing. virtual event while looking out for past few months, which sustained of Massachusetts-Amherst), David By the last day of the Virtual the best interests of the Association. me and buoyed me through these Takeuchi (Past Secretary, Boston Engagement Event, 5,250 people It has been a pleasure working difficult times. College), Nancy Lopez (Secretary, had registered, a number that is with them over the past two years. The tireless Program Committee University of New Mexico), comparable to attendance in recent Members of ASA Council have been did their job twice, first organiz- Hae Yeon Choo (University of years. Without the distractions of a source of wisdom, support, and ing a spectacular program, and Toronto-Mississauga), Joshua San Francisco, many of us attended hope to me during these challeng- then reorganizing it as a virtual Gamson (University of San various sessions, over 600 of them. ing times. I am especially grateful event. I was told at the beginning Francisco), Adia Harvey Wingfield Sessions were popular even on the for the wise feminist counsel of of my term that programming the (Washington University in St. last day of the event—unprece- Vice President Joya Misra, who conference would be the best part Louis), Allison Pugh (University dented in my experience. I hope convinced me that we should move of being President, and that was no of Virginia), Vinnie Roscigno that participants found intellectual ahead with a virtual event. And I lie, thanks to this wonderful group (Ohio State University), Katherine want to thank everyone who sent of scholars and educators: Joya Continued on Page 20

Congratulations to the 2020 Howery Teaching Enhancement Fund Award Winners he Carla B. Howery Teaching a variety of causes and one that learning by offering the students in skills in collaborative and indi- TEnhancement Fund (TEF) sup- can narrow career options. The the experimental group the chance vidual projects in their required ports a small grants program of the proposed project aims to “reposi- to act as peer tutors for the other classes. Thus, the project attempts American Sociological Association tion students to succeed in STEM students, a situation that could lead to make opportunities more equi- for projects that advance the or STEM-adjacent areas” through to better outcomes for all students. table by incorporating instruction scholarship of teaching and learning an experimental design. Students Pamela Ray Koch, Debra Swanson, in writing and research throughout within the discipline of sociology. in the experimental group partic- and Aaron Franzen, Hope College, the sociology major’s core courses The ASA congratulates the 2020 ipate in a five-part supplementary for All Students (should be able to) and to explicitly link research skills TEF grant recipients: tutorial before the statistics class Write and Research to characteristics that we know Matthew Archibald and Omar starts, allowing them to become Koch, Swanson, and Franzen employers desire. If students under- Nagi, College of Mount Saint familiar with some of the main are based at Hope College in stand how the research and writing Vincent, for Advancing Quantitative concepts and paying them for the Michigan, where some students skills they acquire in sociology Reasoning among First-Generation time they devote to the tutorial. By benefit greatly from participating courses translate to advantages on and Racial/Ethnic Minority collecting data on numerical literacy in undergraduate research activities the job market, they will be more Sociology Students. at baseline, post-tutorial, and or collaborating on research with motivated to learn these skills and Archibald and Nagi are faculty throughout the class, the project will faculty. Their proposal tells us that, include them on their resumes. members at the College of Mount allow the researchers to document although “students from low-in- The grant funds will be used to Saint Vincent, a minority-serving whether and how much the tutorial come backgrounds… do not have help students disseminate their institution in the Bronx, NY. They intervention matters for students’ the ability to perform unfunded or research publicly. Data on students’ noticed that sociology and public learning. Since the students will low-funded research projects,” for self-assessed skills will be collected policy students often struggle with all be in class together, the project example, during the summers, they at various points throughout the statistics courses, a problem with further advances the potential for can benefit by acquiring research project to measure impact. footnotes Fall 2020 19 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News Research Snapshot: Which Concentrations Are Offered in Sociology Departments?

his summer’s news has been dominated by Tdiscussions of policing and public health. Which experts are best situated to discuss Criminology/Criminal Justice 45.2% whether funds should be moved from police departments to social services, or how best to Inequality/Diversity 35.0% address the spread of disease through social Human services/Social welfare 29.3% contact? We found that sociology depart- ments frequently have concentrations within Medical/Health 19.7% their degree programs that prepare students Family studies/Youth studies 8.9% to answer exactly these questions. This research snapshot draws from data collected Law and society 8.7% last fall as part of the ASA survey of sociol- Global issues 8.7% ogy departments. Of the 438 responding sociology departments, 30% offer a concen- Place and environment 8.2% tration as a part of their sociology cur- Data analysis/Research methods 7.2% riculum. A concentration in criminology or criminal justice is offered by almost half Anthropology 7.0% of these departments, and over a third offer Social change 6.6% concentrations in inequality and diversity, 6.5% including race/ethnicity and gender. Medical Work, organizations, economics sociology, a growing area within the disci- Applied Sociology 3.6% pline, is a concentration offered by nearly Aging and gerontology 20% of responding departments. About 11% 3.5% of the departments offer more unique con- centrations such as sociology of recre- Source: ASA Survey of Sociology Departments, 2019 ation, education, social psychology, media, and disasters.

2020 Virtual record books as our first virtual con- From Page 19 ference. I am disappointed that we Call for Applications: did not get to meet in San Francisco, Rowell (Sinclair Community but I am also hopeful for the future ASA Minority Fellowship College), Kristen Schilt of our Association. In the midst Program (University of Chicago), Don of this tragic year, we found ways Tomaskovic-Devey (University of to connect with and support each Deadline: January 31 Massachusetts-Amherst other. We had a relatively accessi- hrough its Minority Fellowship My local planning chairper- ble and green conference. Thanks Program (MFP), the American son, Katrina Kimport, working T to ASA 2020, we will be better Sociological Association supports with Kimberly Richman and Josh prepared for the next horseman who the development and training of Gamson, put together a fabulous threatens our gathering. sociologists of color in any sub-area line-up of sessions and events to or specialty in the discipline. Over 46 spotlight the sociological signifi- 2021 ASA Annual Meeting years, the MFP has supported more than 500 Fellows in pursuit of a cance of the San Francisco Bay Area. The 116th ASA Annual Meeting doctoral degree in sociology. In addition to providing financial sup- I am extremely grateful for their is scheduled to take place in port, MFP works with its Fellows and their faculty mentors to help efforts and disappointed that we Chicago, IL, on August 7-10. Aldon prepare the Fellow for a research career. Also, MFP plans workshops could not enjoy the results together. D. Morris, 2021 ASA President, and paper sessions at the ASA Annual Meeting, offers travel support Finally, I want to thank the ASA and the 2021 Program Committee to scientific conferences, and fosters the development of formal members who generously and gra- are in the process of developing a and informal networks for Fellows. Applications are reviewed and ciously worked to make this online wide-ranging program with the evaluated by the ASA Minority Fellowship Program Advisory Panel. event possible. I am grateful to the theme “Emancipatory Sociology: Awards are announced by April 30. The annual stipend for each section officers, session organizers, Rising to the Du Boisian Challenge.” award (August 1- July 31) is $18,000. In addition, arrangements for presenters, discussants, moderators, For more information about the the payments of tuition are made with universities or departments. and attendees who came together 2021 Annual Meeting, visit www. Contact: (202) 247-9860; [email protected]. For more informa- to make ASA 2020 an unforgettable asanet.org/annual-meeting-2021. tion, visit www.asanet.org/minority-fellowship-program. experience. Online submissions will open ASA 2020 will go down in the November 9, 2020.

20 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association ASA News Call for Applications: Sociology of Education Editorship he official term for the new editor Qualifications (5) A record of responsible service and telephone beyond what will be T(or co-editors) will commence Candidates must be members of to scholarly publishing and provided by the editor’s home insti- in January 2022 (the editorial the ASA and hold a tenured position evidence of organizational skill tution. Alternative models of funding transition will begin in summer or equivalent in an academic or and intellectual leadership. may be possible as long as the impact 2021) and is for a minimum of three non-academic setting. Applications Editors generally engage in some on the overall cost for ASA support is years (through December 2024), from members of underrepresented aspect of the journal 5-7 hours each minimal (e.g., institutional support with a possible extension of up to an groups are encouraged, and pro- week on average. for the managing editor or editorial additional two years. assistant position could allow for posals for both sole editorships and Selection Process Sociology of Education provides a co-editorships are equally welcomed. use of the ASA budgeted funds for Applications will be reviewed by forum for studies in the sociology of In accordance with ASA’s mission course release or tuition). the ASA Publications Committee education and human social devel- to publish high-quality scholarship, The support offered by different in January 2021. Prospective editors opment. It publishes research that the following criteria are considered institutions varies widely, and can- may be contacted to clarify issues examines how social institutions in selecting editors: didates are encouraged to contact and individuals’ experiences within raised in the deliberations. A list of Karen Gray Edwards, ASA Director (1) An established record of potential editors will be forwarded these institutions affect educational scholarship; of Publications, by email (edwards@ processes and social development. to ASA Council for review in March asanet.org) as necessary to deter- (2) Evidence of understanding the Such research may span various 2021. Council appoints the editors. mine the level and type of ASA mission of the journal and its levels of analysis, ranging from the support that is available. Letters operation, indicated by expe- Institutional Support individual to the structure of rela- of support from deans or other rience with the journal/series It is important for candidates to tions among social and educational appropriate institutional officials across any of a wide variety consider and address the feasibility institutions. In an increasingly com- are recommended but not required. of activities (e.g., publication, of serving as editor in light of the plex society, important educational Detailed financial arrangements reviewing, editorial board resources ASA can provide, and issues arise throughout the life cycle. are not developed until after ASA experience); other resources likely to be available The journal presents a balance of Council appoints the editor. to the candidate. The ASA does papers examining all stages and all (3) Assessment of the present state Additional information and not typically pay for office space, types of education at the individual, of the journal, its strengths and examples of successful past propos- teaching release, or tuition, but does institutional, and organizational challenges, and a vision for the als are available on the ASA website provide financial support for office levels. SOE invites contributions journals’ future; (www.asanet.org/asa-editorships). resources as necessary. This support from all methodologies. The journal (4) Openness to the different Application packets should be may include funds for editorial is published quarterly in January, methods, theories, and emailed by December 1, 2020, to assistance, office supplies, postage, April, July, and October. approaches to sociology; and [email protected].

Call for Nominations: Nominations Sought for 2021 ASA Student Forum Advisory Board Section Awards The Student Forum Advisory Board (SFAB) is the governing arm ach year, the ASA’s 52 sections celebrate the achievements of sociolo- for the ASA Student Forum, which provides resources for graduate and Egists in their areas of academic interest. Awards are given for books, undergraduate sociology students, helps develop networks among student dissertations, articles, and student and career achievements. Consider members, and facilitates student participation in ASA by encouraging nominating your colleagues and students. For more information about professional development and service. SFAB members are elected by the individual section awards, visit www.asanet.org/section-awards. ASA student membership. SFAB seeks nominations for graduate and undergraduate student members. The term of commitment is September 1, 2021 through August 31, 2023 for graduate student members, and through August 31, 2022 ASA Professional Development for the undergraduate student member. Nominees must be ASA student members at the time of nomination and, if elected, retain membership Video Series while serving. Elected SFAB members are required to attend the ASA orried about the academic job market and thinking of alternatives? Annual Meetings during their term. While attendance at the 2022 Annual Check out our video series “Careers for Sociologists in Practice Meeting is not required, it is encouraged. Self-nominations for SFAB are W Settings” with practical tips such as how to change your CV into a welcome. resumé and how to negotiate a compensation package. Phone getting If you are interested in applying, please send (1) a curriculum vitae and blown up by reporters wanting your expert opinion on a current event? (2) a statement of no more than 150 words indicating why you want to Our video series “Working with the Media” has you covered. Learn how serve on SFAB, including a brief biographical sketch. This statement will be to translate your work for a general audience, make your sound bites included in the information given to voters. count, and avoid being misquoted. On the evergreen topic of publishing SFAB nominations should be sent to [email protected]. articles and books, consult our “Academic Publishing” video series. As an Nomination deadline: January 4, 2021. For more information, visit www. ASA member, log in on the Videos and Webinars page to get full access. asanet.org/sfab-nominations. footnotes Fall 2020 21 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org ASA News Call for Applications: TRAILS Area Editors SA is seeking Area Editors for Disorganization to expand the range, discipline. A publica- ATRAILS, ASA’s peer-reviewed • Demography quantity, and quality of tion record in TRAILS digital teaching resources library. teaching resources in is viewed favorably. TRAILS Area Editors are part of • Sociology of Religion TRAILS. Applications are cur- a network of passionate educators Responsibilities of Area Editors Newly appointed rently being accepted dedicated to supporting excel- include reviewing materials sub- Area Editors will begin and will be reviewed lence in teaching and learning in mitted to the relevant subject area a three-year (renew- until the positions sociology. and making publication recom- able) term starting January 1, 2021. are filled. To apply, send a letter We are accepting applications for mendations to the TRAILS Editor, Applicants should be members of describing your interest and quali- the following subject areas: mentoring authors through the the ASA, have a PhD in sociology, fications for the position and a CV • Criminology/Criminal Justice publication process, promoting and demonstrate commitment to [email protected] with the subject the digital library, and working to teaching and learning in the line “Area Editor Application.” • Deviant Behavior and Social

Call for Applications: Classes for the TRAILS Teaching Seminar Program oes your department offer a they will then submit to TRAILS, area or one pedagogical approach. • Students in the courses are given Dseminar that provides training on giving them firsthand experience • Students in the course prepare at an opportunity to test the effec- best teaching practices for graduate with the peer review process. Prior least one teaching resource for tiveness of the teaching activities students? ASA is seeking applica- to submitting, they will get to speak possible submission to TRAILS. they develop. tions for the ASA TRAILS Teaching with members of the TRAILS • Course instructors review a first • The courses selected to par- Seminar program. This program editorial team and learn about what ticipate in the ASA TRAILS is designed to integrate the ASA’s makes a good TRAILS publica- draft of student teaching materi- als and provide feedback for revi- Teaching Seminar reflect the Teaching Resources and Innovations tion, how to submit, and what peer broad range of graduate insti- Library for Sociology (TRAILS) review involves. Once submitted, sion prior to students’ submitting their materials to TRAILS. tutions and include a diverse into graduate teaching training their materials will be fast-tracked student body. seminars. This program will help through the review process. • Professor participates in on-ramp- Send applications to trails@ you enhance the learning process for ing conversation with TRAILS Requirements for any partici- asanet.org by December 1, 2020. graduate students and advance the editor Gregory Kordsmeier. pating course: Please include a cover letter that scholarship of teaching and learning addresses requirements and in sociology. Applications are now • The course is a graduate level Preferred elements for partici- preferred elements for participat- being accepted for Spring 2021. teaching seminar. pating courses: ing courses, plus a course plan/ Students in participating seminars • The course plan/syllabus includes • The course plan/syllabus for the syllabus (draft acceptable) and will receive free access to TRAILS a structured plan for students graduate seminar is well designed related assignments as needed. We for six months, irrespective of ASA to familiarize themselves with and reflects best practices in anticipate accepting 4 to 5 courses membership. As part of the course, resources in at least one subject scholarly teaching. in the Spring 2021 semester. they will develop materials that

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family coping; how intimate relation- Nineteenth Century Studies Asso- tury “discoveries,” intellectual ex- Calls for Papers ships are impacted during and after ciation (NCSA) 42nd Annual Virtual change between cultures, and other Contemporary Perspectives in Fam- incarceration including marriage and Conference, March 11-13, 2021. methods of unmasking narratives of ily Research, an annual series that divorce and partner violence; and, NCSA welcomes proposals for papers, exploration and “discovery.” Proposal focuses upon cutting-edge topics in whether system involvement leads panels, roundtables, and special Deadline: October 31, 2020. For more family research around the globe, is to unintended consequences among sessions that explore our theme of information, visit ncsaweb.net/cur- seeking manuscript submissions for a family members. This volume of CPFR “Discovery” in the long nineteenth rent-conference-2021-cfp. special volume. The volume will focus with be coedited by Sheila Royo century (1789-1914). Scholars are on the theme of “Police, Courts, and Maxwell of Michigan State University invited to interrogate the trope of Meetings Incarceration: The Justice System and and Sampson Lee Blair of The State “discovery” by questioning the term’s the Family.” We are seeking articles University of New York (Buffalo). The ideological and colonial implications. October 26-27, 2020. Penn State’s 28th that cover a wide array of topics deadline for initial submissions is Papers might also consider indig- Annual Symposium on Family Issues. including: how policing, arrest, jail March 15, 2021. Any questions may enous perspectives that challenge Theme: “Causes and Consequences of and court processes impact family be directed to the editors at maxw- ideas of western “discovery” and Parent-Child Separations: Pathways members and their support networks; [email protected] and slblair@buffalo. settler colonialism, new voices that to Resilience.” The virtual symposium how prolonged incarceration impacts edu. theorize and critique nineteenth-cen- is free. Registration is required. For children and parenting processes and more information, visit pop.psu.edu/

22 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Announcements events/28th-annual-national-sympo- concerning the participation of children of York, The Politics of the Book. A Study versity of Michigan, Jennifer C. Lena, sium-family-issues. in the Black Lives Matter movement. on the Materiality of Ideas (Penn State Columbia University, Omar Lizardo, November 16–20, 2020. 11th Annual She addressed children’s ability to University Press, 2020). University of California-Los Angeles, International Conference on Stigma. understand injustice and to express William C. Cockerham, University of Terence E. McDonnell, University of Theme: “Faces of Stigma.” Virtually their views through protest based on Alabama at Birmingham and College of Notre Dame, Ann Mische, University hosted by Howard University. For more evidence from her book Children in William & Mary, Sociological Theories of of Notre Dame, Iddo Tavory, New York information, visit www.whocanyoutell. Social Movements: Rethinking Agency, Health and Illness (Routledge, 2021). University, and Frederick F. Wherry, org/2020-conference. Mobilization and Rights. Princeton University, Measuring Culture Jenny L. Davis, The Australian National (Columbia University Press, 2020). David R. Segal, University of Maryland, University, How Artifacts Afford: The Funding was quoted in an article in the San An- Power and Politics of Everyday Things Diane M. Rodgers, Northern Illinois tonio Express-News on September 29 on (MIT Press, 2020). University, Children in Social Movements: Franklin Research Grants. This Amer- the army’s response to sexual assaults, Rethinking Agency, Mobilization and ican Philosophical Society program of including murder, at Fort Hood, TX. Jill A. Fisher, University of North Rights (Routledge, 2020). small grants to scholars is intended to Carolina at Chapel Hill, Adverse Events: support the cost of research leading to Gregory D. Squires, George Wash- Race, Inequality, and the Testing of New Blake R. Silver, George Mason Univer- publication in all areas of knowledge. ington University, wrote a letter to the Pharmaceuticals (New York University sity, The Cost of Inclusion: How Student The Franklin program is particularly editor that appeared in the August Press, 2020). Conformity Leads to Inequality on College designed to help meet the cost of travel 24 Wall Street Journal which was in Campuses (University of Chicago Press, to libraries and archives for research response to Trump’s and Carson’s op ed Michael G. Flaherty, Eckerd Col- 2020). purposes; the purchase of microfilm, about protecting the suburbs. Squires lege, Lotte Meinert, and Anne Line photocopies or equivalent research ma- and James Austin, JFA Institute, wrote Dalsgård, Aarhus University (eds.), Transitions “Just How Many Cops Are ‘Bad Apples?” Time Work: Studies of Temporal Agency terials; the costs associated with field- Julian Go, formerly of Boston Universi- work; or laboratory research expenses. that appeared in The Crime Report on (Berghahn Books, 2020). August 11. ty, is now Professor of Sociology at the Applicants are expected to have a Gerald Hage, University of Maryland, University of Chicago. doctorate, but the Society is especially Stacy Torres, University of Califor- Knowledge Evolution and Societal Trans- interested in supporting the work of nia-San Francisco, wrote an op-ed pub- formations: Action Theory to Solve Adap- young scholars who have recently lished in the September 15 USA Today, tive Problems (Anthem Press, 2020). People received the doctorate. Award: $1,000 which quoted Rashawn Ray, University Rita Stephan, North Carolina State to $6,000. Deadline: December 1. For Jacob Lederman, University of of Maryland. Torres wrote an op-ed, “In Michigan-Flint, Chasing World-Class University and Mounira M. Charrad, more information, visit www.amphilsoc. California, the future is now. It’s grim,” University of Texas at Austin, virtually org/grants/franklin-research-grants. Urbanism: Global Policy versus Everyday that appeared in the August 30 San Survival in Buenos Aires (University of discussed their edited volume, Wom- Francisco Chronicle on mental health Minnesota Press, 2020). en Rising: In and Beyond the Arab In the News consequences of the pandemic. Spring (New York University Press, John W. Mohr, University of Califor- 2020), at the World Bank, at the Middle Kelly H. Chong, University of Kansas, nia-Santa Barbara, Christopher A. Bail, East and North Africa Chief Economist was quoted in an August 11 CNN Awards Duke University, Margaret Frye, Uni- article, “The ‘Fox Eye’ Beauty Trend Edward L. Fink, Temple University, Continues to Spread Online. But Critics has been named Fellow of Sigma Xi, Insist It’s Racist.” the Scientific Research Honor Society, Caitlyn Collins, Washington Univer- making him a member of the inaugural sity in St. Louis, was the author of the group of fellows. editorial, “Productivity in a Pandemic” in Edward L. Fink, Temple University, Science magazine, August 7, 2020, and Sungeun Chung, Sungkyunk- Julian Go, University of Chicago, had wan University, Republic of Korea, his research on the imperial origins of have received the 2020 Randall Harri- U.S. militarized policing cited in a July son Outstanding Article Award from 20, 2020 The New Yorker article, “The the International Communication Invention of the Police.” Go also dis- Association’s Information Systems cussed his research in his appearance in Division. the History Channel’s documentary “A Laura Limonic, State University of Call for Change: Police Brutality in the New York-Old Westbury, was awarded United States.” Best Book 2020 by the Latin American Marya T. Mtshali, Harvard University, Jewish Studies Association for her was quoted in the following articles: book, Kugel and Frijoles: Latino Jews “Why Asian And Black Americans Con- in the United States (Wayne University tinue to Experience COVID-19-Related Press, 2019). Discrimination—And What You Can Do Stephen J. Morewitz, San Jose State About it,” MarketWatch (July 17); “Med- University and Forensic Social Sciences ical Bias: From Pain Pills to COVID-19, Association, is a winner of the San Jose Racial Discrimination in Health Care State University 2019 Annual Author Festers,” USA Today (June 24); “White and Artist Award for producing the Ho- Privilege Is Real: Look At the Coronavi- locaust, immigration, and human rights rus Impact on Black America,” Business documentary, Nobody Wants Us. Insider (June 5); “Experts Call for White House to Craft a Plan for Equal Access Danielle Taana Smith, Syracuse to COVID-19 Vaccine,” National Journal University, published an op-ed that (June 11); “The Coronavirus Files: The appeared in Syracuse.com on July 29, Health Divide, The Hunger Crisis & 2020, “Claiming Black on Black violence Reopening the Courts,” USC Annenberg blames the victim.” Center for Healthcare Journalism (June). Diane M. Rodgers, Northern Illinois New Books University, was interviewed by WGN Filipe Carreira da Silva, University of News Chicago on June 26, 2020 and Lisbon/Selwyn College, Cambridge, Fox 32 Chicago on June 27, 2020, and Mónica Brito Vieira, University footnotes Fall 2020 23 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Announcements

Seminar Series, on June 11, 2020. They than working with an author who when I see how much work we have improve the human condition of many also made a virtual presentation on the believes so deeply, passionately, left to do (Gina Marie Longo). I would (John Dale). book at the Wilson Center, Washington and enthusiastically in what they say that I never stopped learning from Mark was kind, compassionate, and DC, as part of its Ground Truth Briefings are writing about. That was certainly Mark. His boundless kindness and highly intelligent, with a wonderful on June 30, 2020. the case with Mark who really cared generosity continue to make me want sense of humor. He could often be about the students he wanted his to be a better person (Rusty Shekha). seen with a bemused glint in his eye, Deaths book to serve and the issues that he Frezzo has had a tremendous impact to be followed by a wry and very funny wanted to help shed light on. And all on my life. He always approached Thomas J. Fararo, one of the pioneers comment or insight. The beauty of with great, great affability (Jonathan every conversation with patience, his humor was its underlying intellect of mathematical sociology, died August Skerrett, Polity). Mark Frezzo was a respect and unconditional positive 20, 2020. Professor Fararo spent his and caring, never mean-spirited, never valued colleague, trusted advisor, and regard (Nadja Johnson). vulgar. Just spot-on, cut-through- academic career at the University of outstanding scholar. Highly invested Pittsburgh. Mark was a “good citizen” whose the-bullshit funny. It was a distinct in the pursuit of rigorous scholarship, contributions were often subtle but pleasure for me to work with such James S. Jackson, who changed the Mark valued kindness, respect, and powerful. Mark made significant a mensch (Davita Glasberg). Mark way scholars examined Black life in the integrity (Megan Greiving, Tej P. S. contributions to the ASA Human Frezzo was a very friendly peer, whose United States, leading to new insights Sood, Anthem Press). Mark Frezzo was Rights Section, a group he helped engagement in the class discussion on health, social support systems and my collaborator (on Sociology and found, and the ISA Thematic Group (on world historical changes) made more when he founded the Program Human Rights: A Bill of Rights for the on Global Justice Rights. Human the academic journey a pleasant for Research on Black Americans at the Twenty-First Century), and he was an rights were not merely a scholarly experience (Huei-Ying Kuo). Mark was University of Michigan in 1976, died on especially wonderful one, by which interest but a deep commitment that much beloved by students who grav- September 1 at his home. He was 76. I mean thoughtful, gracious, and informed not only his teaching and itated towards his passion towards helpful. It was a pleasure to exchange Charles Bosk at the University of Penn- activism but his social relationships his subject matter, his generosity with ideas with him as we charted our way with students, colleagues, friends, and his time, and the caring and encour- sylvania’s School of Arts and Sciences, through the book (Judith Blau). and Professor of Anesthesiology and family (Manisha Desai). Mark made agement he offered. He was equally Critical Care at the Perelman School Mark was an exceptional teacher. He tremendous offerings to his colleagues valued by his colleagues in the de- of Medicine, passed away on August was gifted at nurturing minds, making by creating warm spaces for dialogue partment for his breadth of scholarly 30, 2020. Chuck worked at University complex content accessible to every and intellectual exchange (LaDawn knowledge, commitment to building of Pennsylvania for over 40 years and student. Mark taught us the impor- Haglund). His clear-sighted ideas the department, and for his generosi- was a highly valued and longstanding tance of defining and defying injustice and insights, and his passion for his ty, kindness, and passion. Mark was a member of the Penn Community. and structural imbalance and helped work as a public sociologist, will be wonderful friend (Ann Branaman). The us develop our thoughts, often from sorely missed (Susan Pearce). I deeply year that Mark and I shared in Paris ideas into actions benefiting a greater respected Mark’s knowledge of human (1991-1992), we attended philosopher Obituaries cause (Inbal Mazar). Mark promoted rights and sociological theory, as well Jacques Derrida’s weekly seminar at Mark Frezzo my path which gave me the sociologi- as his calm, reasoned approach to the Catholic Institute. What a sight cal foundation to pursue my life’s pur- problem-solving (Bruce K. Friesen). I the young American punks—one big 1968-2020 pose. He encouraged my voice of truth also want to recognize his indelible with spiky hair and one small with a Mark Frezzo passed on May 11, empowering my sense of justice. The legacy through the lives he touched motorcycle jacket—must have been 2020. Mark was a scholar and a terrific knowledge he shared of peace, justice in quiet ways: the beleaguered faculty (Ethel Rackin). collaborator, a teacher, a good citizen, and direct action I use every day in my who had his unstinting support, the The three of us have enjoyed working and a good friend. Here we want to professional and personal life (Vicki junior colleague for whom he found on many collaborative projects with share thoughts from Mark’s colleagues, Rosenthal). I will never forget how he time to applaud their efforts, and the Mark over the years (indeed we cannot who have vivid memories of their time opened my eyes to systemic inequali- ways in which he sought to balance recall when we were not working with with Mark and his contributions to ties that most people never question... his work life with time to just hang out Mark!). Over time we came to know sociology and human rights. warning me that once I see it that I with people (Bandana Purkayastha). many of these different truths of Mark. Mark was a dedicated human rights could never “unsee” it. He told me that Mark was a good friend. He had It has been our great pleasure to come scholar committed to ensuring sociol- being a sociologist was about expos- unlimited capacity to spread his love to know Mark’s wisdom, creativity, ogy remain engaged with the world ing these inequalities and working of knowledge and justice to people humor, humility, and generosity. Mark (Sylvanna Falcon). There is no greater tirelessly towards their eradication— around him (Ho-fung Hung). volunteered to attend 7:30 a.m. ASA pleasure in editing and publishing this is still one of my only consolations What was curious to me about Mark meetings, wrote the challenging parts is that he was the kind of person who of a paper that had the rest of us stuck, helped people for no plain reason. and bravely waded into bureaucratic Mark’s true north was being a good depths to steward the Section of Hu- person. May he be with God (Louis E. man Rights. He also shared his experi- Esparza). Mark was honestly commit- ences and leadership skills to support ted to being the change he wanted the future of our field and subfields. the world to be. He was my man in the Mark’s strengths as a teacher, scholar, mirror. The person I looked to judge collaborator, colleague, good citizen, my focus, direction, and purpose. His and good friend are far beyond what voice rang clear as he spoke truth into we can convey here. We are all the the void (Rodney Coates). I treasure poorer for his untimely passing. my memories of the unscheduled time Brian Gran, Case Western Reserve Editor: Nancy Kidd I spent with Mark (during a Law and University, Keri Iyall Smith, Suffolk Managing Editor: Johanna Olexy Society conference). Since his passing, University, and David Brunsma. Virginia I have met many others who have Associate Editor: Margaret Vitullo Polytechnic Institute and State University been similarly fortunate to share his All Footnotes communications can be directed to: American Sociolog- spontaneity and attentive connection. Jack P. Gibbs On our behalf, I toast a friend and ical Association, 1430 K Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20005; 1927-2020 (202) 383-9005; email [email protected]. Obituaries are limited scholar of the human spirit who gave his life to charting a sustainable future Jack P. Gibbs, described by a sociolo- to 600–900 words and Announcements, 200 words. for humanity, to cultivating the soil of gist in 2015 as a “Giant of his time,” left us on August 20, 2020. Jack was born Copyright © 2020, American Sociological Association. Any opinions co-present relations – the everyday groundwork – that conditions our in Brownwood, TX on August 26, 1927. expressed in the articles in this publication are those of the authors future’s possibilities, and, whether he He graduated from Texas Christian and not the American Sociological Association. knew it or not, to teaching us that one University (TCU) in 1950 with a BA in individual, at least one like Mark, can psychology and a minor in sociology, and in 1952 with an MA in sociology

24 Fall 2020 footnotes footnotes.asanet.org American Sociological Association Announcements and a minor in psychology. At TCU has become one of the leading cen- graduate and undergraduate teaching. A&M (1957) and a MDiv from Union he studied under and was influenced ters for demographic research in the Vanderbilt was an unusual department Theological Seminary (1960). After by Austin Porterfield, with whom he world. When these accomplishments at that time with full professors re- receiving his divinity degree, Murray published his first article in 1953, and were brought up with a pat on his quired to teach first year undergradu- directed Church World Service’s relief in later years co-published with Por- back, he shrugged them off with a ates as well as specialty upper division program in what is now Bangladesh. terfield several more articles and book good-natured gleam in his eye. classes and graduate classes. Jack fully He then turned to sociology: a MA chapters. In 1953, Jack entered the Jack’s first faculty position was at the supported that emphasis and routine- from the University of Texas (1965) University of Oregon doctoral program University of California-Berkeley (1957- ly taught Sociology 101. and a PhD from Columbia (1970). in sociology. He graduated with his 59). Jack always told the story that it Jack’s teaching accomplishments His initial academic appointment PhD in 1957 under Walter T. Martin, was in late 1958 at Berkeley that he and commitments were remarkable. was at New York University in 1969; with whom he published two books received a telephone call from Leonard He received outstanding reviews he moved to UVA in 1972 where he and 20 articles and chapters, the first Broom, who had just been hired as the wherever he taught. We can partic- stayed until his retirement in 2003, in 1954, the last in 1990. Chair of the Department of Sociology ularly vouch for his superb under- although he continued an active Jack was a magnificent human at the University of Texas at Austin. graduate and graduate teaching scholarly life until his last days. being—tough, kind, opinionated, Broom’s mandate from the UT admin- and teaching evaluations at Texas, Murray was a prolific author with who loved hearing and telling good istrators was to build the Department Arizona, and Vanderbilt. His depart- wide-ranging interests. Early publi- jokes. He had the good fortune to be of Sociology and to help make the ment chair at Vanderbilt remembers cations included Police on Campus: married to a strong and loving wife, University of Texas a “university of the one day visiting Jack’s wife Sylvia the Mass Police Action at Columbia Sylvia, who predeceased him a couple first class,” a phrase from the founding when she was in the hospital recu- University 1968 (1969), The Effects of of years ago. Also, Jack took great charter of the university. As Jack told perating from surgery. Jack was in Educational Opportunity on Inequal- pride and delight in the wisdom and the story, Broom asked him if he would the waiting room grading his papers ity and Conflict (1972), and Unequal caring nature of his daughter, Laura. move to Texas. Jack ended up in 1959 with colored ink pens. Each color de- Care: A Case Study of Interorganiza- The intellectual energy and interests as Broom’s first hire. Jack joined a rela- noted a grading code. He could have tional Relations in Health Care (1980). of Jack Gibbs were boundless. He tively small sociology faculty at UT of turned his grading over to teaching Murray’s most celebrated work, Sta- loved a good argument and marshal- seven members, including Walter Firey assistants, but he was committed to tus and Sacredness: A General Theory ling data, lacing his comments and and Gideon Sjoberg. providing detailed evaluations. His of Status Relations and an Analysis conclusions with good-natured jabs In 1965 Jack left Austin and moved to colored grading pens and pencils of Indian Culture (1994) received the at his antagonists, quoting the likes of Washington State University. But after were well known by all his students at ASA 1996 Distinguished Publication Samuel Johnson, who reportedly said, two years in Pullman, he returned to Texas, Arizona, and Vanderbilt. Award. Many years in the making, it “He is not only dull himself; he is the the University of Texas at Austin, and Jack passed from this life just six was a labor of love, inspired by sever- cause of dullness in others.” remained there from 1967 to 1973. days short of his 93rd birthday. In his al trips to India where he had fellow- Jack’s publications were mountain- Jack then moved to the University of later years, he had become disillu- ships and visiting professorships. The ous. Wikipedia reports more than Arizona and was there until 1978. Then sioned with his chosen profession book was heralded as a masterpiece, 170 journal articles and a shelf full he moved to Vanderbilt University, and, as he saw it, its abandonment a work that reoriented the study of of books, including Urban Research remaining there until 1993, when he of science in favor of something the caste system. Methods (1961), Status Integration and retired as a Centennial Professor. approaching situational journalism, In 2004 Murray published Freaks, Suicide: A Sociological Study (1964, Jack’s two main tenures were at the while including subfields as distinct Geeks, and Cool Kids: American with W.T. Martin), Suicide (1968), So- University of Texas at Austin and at as ethnography and demogra- Teenagers, Schools, and the Culture ciological Theory Construction (1972), Vanderbilt University. In his two tours phy. Never one to simply ramble on of Consumption. Even if the title Crime, Punishment and Deterrence at UT-Austin, Jack became a research about disagreements over important suggests a major shift in intellec- (1975), Norms, Deviance and Social star in the still relatively new field matters, academic or political, at age tual interests, there was, by design, Control (1981), Control: Sociology’s of sociology that was then rapidly 88 he began writing with Sheldon strong continuity: Murray applied the Central Notion (1989), A Theory About growing as Baby Boomers began Ekland-Olson what would be his theoretical principles developed in Control (1994), Colossal Control Fail- flooding into college in record num- final book,Science and Sociology: Status and Sacredness to account for ures: From Julius Caesar to 9/11 (2008), bers. An extraordinarily productive Predictive Power is the Name of the American adolescent behavior, espe- and Science and Sociology: Predictive researcher at Texas, his empirical work Game, published in 2017. cially related to school cliques. Murray Power Is the Name of the Game (2017, reflected Durkheimian and human Jack was a truly remarkable man. He provided new insight into these with S. Ekland-Olson). Jack once ecological bents, culminating in the will be greatly missed. vastly different settings because he promised his friends in the preface publication of two research-based had identified general principles Sheldon Ekland-Olson, University of of a later book that they could relax, books and some 20 research articles underlying all status systems. Texas at Austin; Dudley Poston, Texas content in the knowledge that this in the top sociology journals, along A&M University; Gary Jensen, Vanderbilt These two books underscore Mur- would be his last book. Three volumes with numerous other publications. University; Robert Cushing, University of ray’s gifts as a sociologist. He was an later he finally stopped writing. Ten of these pieces were published Texas at Austin; Frank Bean, University of unusually imaginative theorist, always in the American Sociological Review, Jack’s publications were widely California-Irvine well-grounded in empirical research. respected in fields ranging from sui- another five in theAmerican Journal As much as Murray’s UVA colleagues cide, to urban structure and change, of Sociology, four in Social Forces, and Murray Milner, Jr. appreciated his scholarship, they one in Demography. to sociological theory construction, Murray Milner, Jr., Professor Emeritus may have valued his contributions to to crime, to social control, to human In 1978 Jack took a position at at the University of Virginia {UVA}, departmental life more. In depart- ecology and demography. Reflecting Vanderbilt, which turned out to be died on November 23, 2019. He was mental deliberations he always deep and broad respect, his research the longest continuous tenure of his 84 years old. provided a calming, reasonable voice garnered a Guggenheim Fellowship, academic year. He was in Nashville for Murray was a distinguished scholar, and a tactful presence dedicated to election as a fellow of the American 15 years. At Vanderbilt a lot of Jack’s who illuminated the impact of status the common good. His goodwill and Society of Criminology, election as a research attention was directed to the within stratification systems. His desire to be inclusive were always member of the Sociological Research writing of his series of monographs many contributions reflected a deep evident. Colleagues and students Association, recipient of the Edwin on social control. He also served as love for the scholarly life. frequently sought his advice because Sutherland Award from the American Chair of the Department of Sociology he offered a sympathetic ear and Murray was raised in Texas. As a Society of Criminology, and election and Anthropology for several years. carefully considered suggestions. youth, he actively participated in as a Fellow, Center for Advanced When the two programs split in 1989, Murray effectively served as depart- the 4-H club and was quietly but Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Jack helped recruit his former col- ment chair from 1988-1993, leading extremely proud that his Jersey Red among many other honors. league and chair from Arizona, Gary efforts to sharpen the intellectual Duroc sow won first place in the Jack co-founded in the early 1960s, Jensen, to chair the new department. profile of the department and realign Dallas County Fair and that he was along with his colleagues Leonard Jack was a major asset in building the its curriculum. 4-H Texas State Grass Identification Broom and Harley Browning, the new sociology department at Vander- Champion. Murray retired from UVA at 68 so Population Research Center at The bilt. He was committed to sustaining that he could work full time on his Murray received a BSc from Texas University of Texas at Austin, which a department culture that balanced scholarship without the interrup- footnotes Fall 2020 25 American Sociological Association footnotes.asanet.org Announcements tions of faculty meetings, committee ary doctoral program that became the nities. Research itself, I learned from promoted to associate professor with assignments, and the obligations of current PhD and master’s programs Joan, is neither good or bad, nor is tenure. grading student papers (always done in Urban Studies at UWM. She was it neutral. We can choose to use it to Edna was a stellar researcher very thoroughly with generous spirit). recognized as a Distinguished Professor mainly benefit ourselves or to con- who had developed a national and During this “retirement” Murrray was of Sociology in 1994 and retired from tribute to the liberation of the truly international reputation as a leading Senior Fellow at the nearby Institute UWM in 1995. disadvantaged. Joan’s moral stance scholar of race, health, and Latina/o for Advanced Studies in Culture and Joan Moore’s significance in so- has always guided my choices. immigration. This reputation was was impressively productive. On Mur- ciology begins in the 1960s with her Particularly noteworthy was Joan’s due to a superb body of theoretical, ray’s passing, James Hunter, Director landmark study of Mexican Americans. commitment to the professional quantitative, and ethnographic work of the Institute wrote, “Murray is a Her study, The Mexican American development of minority scholars, she produced that challenged how lasting presence whose important Study Project, led to the publication of whether they were her students or scholars thought about immigration scholarship, gentle spirit, and warm one of the seminal works on Mexican colleagues. Joan Moore served as and racial inequalities in health. Spe- collegiality are irreplaceable.” Americans, The Mexican American a mentor to more than two dozen cifically, she eloquently argued that During these retirement years, People: the Nation’s Second Largest Latino and African American gradu- researchers needed to move away Murray produced an updated version Minority (with Leo Grebler and col- ate students (including this writer) from individual-level explanations of of Freaks, Geeks, and Cool Kids (2015) leagues, 1970) as well as to a series of -- most of whom subsequently went health disparities and focus instead to account for changes in student books, monographs, and articles that on to assume academic positions on the structural factors that shape culture and the larger culture, spanned several decades, including Ur- or positions of leadership in public immigrant health. Indeed, she called especially the impact of social media, ban Ethnicity in the United States (with agencies at the local, state, and attention to how, in order to fully un- and an ambitious theoretical work, L. Maldonado, 1985), and In the Barrios: federal levels. derstand immigrant health patterns, Elites: A General Model (2015) which Latinos and the Underclass Debate with In 1993, when the UCLA’S historic one had to analyze how othering, proposed a model of the common R. Pinderhughes, 1995). Moore, along Powell Library was being retrofitted, racialization processes, discrimina- patterns of cooperation and conflict with Dr. Julian Samora, was an early workers discovered the original tion, residential segregation, and between different types of elites and founder of what is known today as the 1965/66 survey questionnaires Joan immigration polices affected health. between elites and masses. subfield Latino/a Sociology. and her colleagues used to write The Most recently, Edna had been working In his last project, Understanding One of Moore’s main contributions is Mexican American People. Edward Tell- on a project that focused on the the Sacred: Sociological Theology contextualizing the study of gangs in es and Vilma Ortiz used these surveys relation between health and transna- for Contemporary People (2019) he their communities. Homeboys: Gangs, and located 684 of the 1,200 original tionalism. This project made a case for married his early interest in Christian Drugs, and Prison in the Barrios of respondents as well as 758 of their the importance of looking not only at theology and his sociological insight. Los Angeles, published in 1978, is children. The efforts of Telles and Ortiz the health experience of migrants at Written to be accessible to a general a sociological classic, winning the resulted in the award-winning Gener- the point of destination but also at how audience, it was an effort to make Sidney Spivack award. A sequel to this ations of Exclusion: Mexican Americans, the context in the sending community doctrinal concerns such as sin and book, Going Down to the Barrio: Home- Assimilation and Race (2008). affects the health of both migrants and salvation more understandable by boys and Homegirls in Change (2010), Joan is survived by her son Alan and the families left behind. Specifically, she using sociological concepts to explain followed the lives of the men and wom- grandson Taylor. was working on an ethnographic study and restate them. en of the gang Klikas as adults. It is rare of the ways in which return migration William Vélez, University of In his non-academic life, Murray was in that it analyzes ethnicity and gender (whether voluntary or due to deporta- Wisconsin-Milwaukee actively involved in the movement in the context of specific communities. tion) to a migrant-sending community in central Mexico impacted the health to prevent nuclear war as co-chair of The innovations introduced in these Edna Viruell-Fuentes the local Interfaith Peace Coalition. works included the topics studied, and well-being of returned migrants, 1964-2020 He was an executive producer of a theoretical frameworks tested, and their families, and communities. This nationally broadcast PBS documen- research methodology employed. Our dear friend and colleague research is not only highly innovative tary about living under the threat of Since the 1970s, Professor Moore’s Professor Edna Viruell-Fuentes passed but timely given the growing number nuclear war, Living Double Lives. He groundbreaking research on gangs away on Sunday, August 23, 2020, in of deportations to Mexico (and other was also active in his Presbyterian and drug activities in urban areas has Urbana, IL. We in the Department of countries in Latin America) over the last church as Deacon and Elder. substantially shaped scholarship on Latina/Latino Studies are very much decade. in grief. Edna was an all-around won- Murray was a man of great character these pervasive social problems in the Edna was also an exemplary teacher derful person, a great colleague, and and impressive achievement, a model fields of sociology, criminal justice, and mentor. She taught courses a brilliant scholar. of a life well lived. anthropology, law and urban policy. ranging from large survey classes, Edna was born in Mexico City, Mex- Murray is survived by his beloved The Chicano Pinto Research Project such as Intro to Latina/o Studies, ico, on December 28, 1964. She was wife of 62 years, Sylvia Milner, also and subsequent follow-up studies to specialized undergraduate and one of four children. She is survived from Brownwood, TX, and two daugh- in different urban areas served as graduate seminars in her fields of by her husband, Sunil Nepali; three ters, Helene and Catherine Milner, models for the sociological analysis research, such as Immigration, Health, brothers (Edgar, Eloy, and Ernesto and two grandchildren. of these issues, specifically the use of and Society. Because of her deep collaborative and community partici- Viruell) and their families; and her commitment to teaching, she earned Paul W. Kingston, University of Virginia patory research methods. mother, Maria Amparo Viruell. a regular spot on the campus’ List of John M. Hagedorn, who recently Edna received a BA in mathematics Instructors Ranked as Excellent. Edna Joan Willard Moore retired as a professor at the University and psychology from Berea College spent a significant amount of time 1929-2020 of Illinois-Chicago, shared what he in 1989. She then went on to receive advising and supervising students Joan Willard Moore, Distinguished learned from Moore: a master’s in public health from the outside of the classroom, including Professor Emerita of the Department The main influence Joan had on my University of North Carolina at Chapel McNair Scholars, James Scholars, LLS of Sociology, University of Wiscon- work was her collaborative meth- Hill in 1991. Edna worked in the field senior thesis writers, and undergrad- sin-Milwaukee, passed away on odology. She taught me research of health care policy for a number of uate and graduate students in other August 5, 2020. needs to be honest about problems years before returning to school to units. Her pedagogical commitment Joan earned her BPhil, MA, and PhD in communities, even those “hidden work on a PhD in health behavior and and expertise in immigration and from the University of Chicago. Prior secrets.” However, unless care is taken, health education at the University of health were integral to our depart- to joining UWM, Joan taught at the research can easily be misused by Michigan. She received her PhD in ment’s curricular successes and University of Chicago, as well as several authorities and manipulated to stig- 2005. After graduation, Edna was a strong instructional reputation. universities throughout southern Cali- matize and oppress the marginalized. Yerby Fellow and W.K. Kellogg Scholar Our deepest condolences go out to fornia. She joined the UWM Sociology Joan taught me to first involve gang in Health Disparities for two years at the Edna’s husband Sunil and her family. Department in 1975 and was very members themselves in the research Harvard School of Public Health. In the Her absence will leave a deep void in important in shaping the department process—my research staff, like Joan’s fall of 2007, she joined the University of our department. We already miss her in its early days and beyond. Joan was Pinto Project, were all gang members. Illinois and the Department of Latina/ greatly. Latino Studies. She started out as an as- also one of the main architects of the Second, to fashion my research as a Jonathan Xavier Inda, University of Illinois Urban Social Institutions interdisciplin- tool for empowering poor commu- sistant professor and was subsequently

26 Fall 2020 footnotes