Acrobat Distiller, Job 2

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Acrobat Distiller, Job 2 Obnova PONOVNA IZGRADNJA STAROG MOSTA U MOSTARU I OBNOVA OKOLNIH GRAĐEVINA Pretpostavlja se da je područje u bli- zini Mostara bilo naseljeno već u REBUILDING OF THE OLD BRIDGE IN MOSTAR AND doba Rimljana. Prvi i najstariji pisa- RECONSTRUCTION OF NEARBY STRUCTURES ni dokument o današnjem Mostaru The reconstruction of the old bridge in Mostar, destroyed in 1993, is currently spominje dvije utvrde na mjestu under way. The bridge was initially built in 1566 by the Turkish builder Mimar Humska sutjeska, a prije utoka Ra- Hajrudin, a disciple and assistant to the famous Turkish builder Mimar Koca dobolje: na desnoj obali Cimovski Sinan. The large-span arched stone bridge over the moody Neretva river is being grad (Cimski grad) u okrugu Veče- rebuilt by the UNESCO and the World Bank, while many donations have been rić, a na lijevoj obali Nebojšu. Prvi given by numerous European countries. It was established during archeological se put drveni most spominje 1452. u investigations that the bridge was built precisely above the former wooden bridge, jednom dubrovačkom izvještaju o and that the towers on both sides of the river date back to pre-Turkish times. The pobuni sina protiv hercega Stjepana bridge is being reconstructed as an exact replica of the old one and will consist of similar stone which is extracted in the vicinity of Mostar. Design documents were i otimanju nekoliko utvrda, između prepared by Italians, the construction technology and materials were tested by ostalih i "duo castelli al ponte de Germans, and the bridge is realized by Turkish builders. Builders from Bosnia Neretua". Most se poslije kao važna and Herzegovina also participate in this reconstruction project, and the građevina navodi u brojnim doku- contribution of Croatian builders, who inter alia participate in supervision during mentima pa se može zaključiti da je bridge construction, is also far from negligible. i izgrađen spomenute godine. Grad- nja utvrda na obalama Neretve pri- se sve do sadašnjih arheoloških istra- prema zapadu. Mostar se vrlo brzo pisuje se desetak godina prije veli- živanja vjerovalo da je bio smješten razvijao i već je tijekom 16. stoljeća kašu hercega Stjepana Radivoja - 15 metara nizvodno od kamenog postao glavno hercegovačko naselje gostu Radinu. Kule i okolna naselja mosta. Kao prijelaz bio je vrlo nesi- koje je u cijelosti zasjenilo obližnji nisu tada bili povezani mostom, čak guran, ali služio je gotovo cijelo sto- srednjovjekovni grad Blagaj, smješ- se pretpostavlja da su se tereti u us- ljeće te je omogućio razvoj zajednič- ten izvan glavnog puta. Novi je most kom riječnom klancu međusobno kog naselja s obje strane Neretve. izgrađen 1566. na molbu građana prenosili sustavom "žičara". Naselje je postalo dijelom Otoman- Mostara, u posljednjoj godini vlada- O postojanju drvenoga visećeg mos- skog Carstva 1468., a drveni je most nja Sulejmana Veličanstvenog. Most ta ima mnogo pisanih spomena, ali služio za daljnja turska nadiranja je gradio Hajrudin, učenik slavnog Skica kronologije nastajanja mosta i okolnih građevina GRAĐEVINAR 55 (2003) 7 407 Obnova prije mosta riječno je korito znatno šire pa je stoga to mjesto vjerojatno kao najuže i odabrano za prijelaz ćudljive rijeke. Prosječna je razine vode ispod mosta 42 m n. m., riječ- no je korito na dubini od 38 m, a prosječna razina okolnih ulica na 55 m n. m. Da bi se smanjio raspon i da bi se dvije strme obale premostile jednim lukom, Hajrudin je izveo nove upor- njake, koso postavljene na uzdužnu os mosta. Postojeće je zidove i kule iskoristio te djelomično nasuo i na njih se oslonio. Ujedno je izveo no- ve prilaze iznad onih za drveni most. Pogled na negdašnji Stari most s juga O mostu te njegovoj gradnji i ljepoti Kodže Mimara Sinana. Zanimljivo malih problema koji i danas muče sačuvano je mnogo legenda, a napi- je da nezaobilazni turski putopisac graditelje. To nedvojbeno svjedoči o sano je i mnogo pjesama i priča. Jedna Evlija Čelebija (koji se mostu neiz- veličini graditeljske zamisli i izved- govori o neodlučnosti graditelja mjerno divio) gradnju pripisuje sa- be tog nesumnjivo velikoga gradi- zbog koje je most izgradio jedan mom Sinanu, ali je turski povjesničar teljskog pothvata, jednog od najzna- stolar. To se vjerojatno odnosi na Ahmed Refik pronašao naredbu ko- čajnijih u svom vremenu. skelu koja je nesumnjivo bila velik i jom se određuje da u Makarskoj treba Most je graditelj Hajrudin podignuo složen graditeljski posao. Spominje izgraditi tvrđavu i da "taj posao treba do visine intradosa u tjemenu od se i da je u izgradnji sudjelovao gra- obaviti Hajrudin koji je prije nekog 58,82 m n. m., s hodnim plohama od ditelj Rade, ali to se vjerojatno od- vremena izgradio mostarski most". 60 m n. m. Na taj je način osigurao nosi na veću obnovu izvedenu, pre- Dokument ujedno svjedoči da je siguran prijelaz preko nemirne i ćud- ma natpisima, 1737. Navodno je ra- Hajrudina za taj složen graditeljski ljive Neretve, čak i iznad katastrofal- dio pod prisilom, a zna se da je neki pothvat odabrao Mimar Sinan kao nog vodostaja od 53,5 m, zabilježe- graditelj Rade 1739. obnavljao Ali- vrhovni turski graditelj te da je most nog 1860. Približno 100 do 150 m pašin most u Sarajevu. građen prema njegovim zamislima odnosno projektima. Gradnju je mosta nadzirao Haždi- Mehmed Karađozbeg, inače gradi- telj najljepše istoimene mostarske džamije, a vjerojatno je i u njezinu gradnju bio uključen graditelj Hajru- din, budući da je završena 1557., uoči početka gradnje mosta. O gradnji mosta malo se zna. Zapi- sana su sjećanja i legende te ime i djelo velikog graditelja. Čak i danas, kada se o mostu mnogo više zna, iako na žalost ponajprije zahvalju- jući njegovu rušenju, vađenju iz Ne- retve i ispitivanju sastavnih dijelova, ostaje nejasno kako je izgrađena skela, prevezen kamen s jedne na drugu obalu te kako je skela izdržala sve vrlo zahtjevne faze građenja. Nejasno je još mnoštvo naizgled Otkopani nalazi mjesta u koji su bile uglavljene grede najstarijeg mosta 408 GRAĐEVINAR 55 (2003) 7 Obnova Ima o starom čudesnom kamenom mostu i mnogo pjesama te zadivlje- nih i nadahnutih komentara. Od stra- nih ga je autora prvi spomenuo Fran- cuz A. Poullet 1658. (i prije Čelebi- je) koji smatra da je impozantniji i smioniji od Rialta u Veneciji. U 19. st. posjetio ga je Englez Gardner Wilkinson, koji je napravio i prve tehničke snimke, ali i postavio tvrd- nju da je riječ o rimskom mostu. Tu su tezu desetljećima potom ponav- ljali brojni strani i domaći autori, a tek je Robert Michel u posebnoj studiji nepobitno ustvrdio da se, kao i u mnogim drugim slučajevima na tom području, radi o turskom mostu. Štoviše tvrdio je da je to najljepši most na svijetu, a zapisao je rečeni- Pogled na ostatke kule Tare i mesdžid na istočnoj obali cu koja se poslije mnogo citirala, da podsjeća na "divovskog galeba koji se okamenio u letu, u trenutku kad je vrhovima svojih krila dodirnuo stjenovite obale Neretve". S vremenom se oko mosta stvorio skladan i cjelovit arhitektonski sklop. Rekli smo već da su i prije drvenog mosta s obje strane Neretve izgrađe- ne polukružne kule, s ravnim dijelo- vima okrenutim prema Neretvi čiji su prijelaz trebali braniti. Na desnoj (zapadnoj) obali je samostojeća kula Halebija (zvana i Halebinovka), a na lijevoj (istočnoj) kula Tara sa šeste- rokutnim kaštelom. Još prije gradnje mosta, a svakako prije njegova zavr- šetka, kula je Halebija ojačana pred- ziđem s ophodnim hodnikom te povi- šena drvenim kruništem. Tara je ta- Pogled na ostatke kule Helebije na zapadnoj obali kođer podignuta, a u kaštelu je izgra- đena zgrada za smještaj vojničke ra još jednom povišena i na vrhu je nica. Valja reći da je krajem 19. st. posade. Još je prije toga (1522.) po- izvedeno kameno krunište, a slično na desnoj obali izgrađena zgrada dignut Sultan Selimov mesdžid, ma- je učinjeno i s Halebijom gdje je ribarnice, a na lijevoj manja maga- nja džamija bez minareta za posadu izvedeno novo zupčano krunište s za, mesdžid je ponovno podignut na utvrde. Tada je utvrđen i jugozapad- puškarnicama. Od 1680. do 1695. prijašnjim temeljnim zidovima, a ni ugao utvrde te podignuta manja kapetan Halebija, po kojemu je kula između mesdžida i Tare podignut je kula Herceguša. Kad je most izgra- i dobila ime, pregradio ju je i nado- novi stambeno-poslovni objekt. đen na novim su ulaznim vratima i s gradio u pokrivenu karaulu te s ni- Zna se da su tijekom Kandijskog ra- jedne i s druge strane izgrađene drve- zom prozora stvorio stambeni pros- ta Mlečani u tri navrata (1652., 1693. i ne stražarnice – čardaci. tor za posadu. Od 1690. do 1878. 1694.) napadali Mostar što je uvjeto- Od završetka mosta 1566. do 1680. izvršene su manje pregradnje na valo mnoge zahvate i na mostu i u ojačani su bočni zidovi kaštela zida- pročeljima, a Halebija je u donjem gradu. Ipak o radovima na mostu njem unutrašnjega zida. Kula je Ta- dijelu neko vrijeme služila kao tam- nema mnogo spomena, što znači da GRAĐEVINAR 55 (2003) 7 409 Obnova je rad majstora Hajrudina uspješno odolijevao zubu vremena. Određeni su zahvati bili uočljivi uz lijevi upor- njak, ali kako se radi o istom kame- nu možda su to bile intervencije graditelja prije završetka radova. Za austrougarske okupacije na mos- tu su rađene mnoge preinake. Zbog prometnih je razloga povećana deb- ljina nasipa na obje strane mosta (za 80 cm), a prilagođena je i staza na mostu. Glavne ulice što vode na most također su podignute, a pove- ćana je i visina prilaznih vrata. Ka- mena ograda (korkaluk) dobila je i dodatnu željeznu. Oštećeno je kame- Stanje nakon rušenja mosta 1993. Na skici je prikazana kontura srušenog mosta nje popravljeno cementnom žbukom, ali su se pojavile ružne tamne mrlje.
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