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Chemieunterricht in Serbien Zwischen Gestern Und Heute

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Chemieunterricht in Serbien Zwischen Gestern Und Heute CHEMIEUNTERRICHT IN SERBIEN ZWISCHEN GESTERN UND HEUTE DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Chemisch-Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena von Milan D. Stojkovic, geboren am 22.06.1977, in Nis, Serbien (Jugoslawien) Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Volker Woest, Arbeitsgruppe Chemiedidaktik 2. Prof. Dr. Andreas Kometz, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der Verteidigung: 28.01.2015 2 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis ......................................................................................................... 8 Tabellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 10 Archivdokumente ............................................................................................................... 13 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................ 14 TEIL 1: Die Anfänge .......................................................................................................... 18 1.1 Die Entwicklung des Schulwesens in Serbien zwischen dem 12. und 17. Jahrhundert .................................................................................................................................... 18 1.1.1 Die Chemie im Mittelalter in Serbien (12. – 17. Jahrhundert).......................... 18 1.1.2 Die Schulen im Mittelalter in Serbien ............................................................... 22 1.2 Das Schulsystem im 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert .................................................. 24 1.3 Die Organisation der Schulen ..................................................................................... 29 1.4 Die Entstehung der naturwissenschaftlichen Schulfächer in Serbien im 19. Jahrhundert ................................................................................................................. 42 1.5 Zusammenfasung ........................................................................................................ 46 TEIL 2: Aufbruch in die Moderne – das 19. Jahrhundert ............................................. 49 2.1 Die Entwicklung des Chemieunterrichts in Serbien im 19. Jahrhundert .................... 49 2.1.1 Die Chemie, der Chemieunterricht, Chemielehrprogramme und -lehrbücher (1853 − 1881) .................................................................................................... 49 2.1.2 Die Chemie, der Chemieunterricht, Chemielehrprogramme und -lehrbücher (1881 − 1914) .................................................................................................... 64 2.2 Die Begründer der modernen Chemie in Serbien ....................................................... 70 2.2.1 Mihajlo Raskovic – Leben und Werk ................................................................ 71 2.2.2 Sima Lozanic – Leben und Werk ...................................................................... 77 2.2.3 Marko Leko – Leben und Werk ...................................................................... 103 2.3 Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................................... 114 2.4 Moderne Chemieausbildung – Aufbau von Chemielaboren ..................................... 115 2.5 Zusammnefassung ..................................................................................................... 121 TEIL 3: Zwischen gestern und heute – das 20. Jahrhundert ....................................... 123 3.1 Die Serbische Chemische Gesellschaft ..................................................................... 123 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.2 Der Chemieunterricht in Serbien und Ex-Jugoslawien im 20. Jahrhundert ............. 130 3.2.1 Die Schulung und Ausbildung im Ausland während des Ersten Weltkriegs (1914 – 1918) .................................................................................................. 130 3.2.2 Die verkürzte Ausbildung (1918 – 1920) ........................................................ 133 3.2.3 Der Chemieunterricht zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen (1920 – 1941) ....... 137 3.2.4 Der Chemieunterricht nach dem Zweiten Weltkriegs (1945 – 1991) ............. 144 3.2.5 Der Chemieunterricht in den 90er-Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts ..................... 156 3.3 Experimenteller Unterricht und Ausstattung der chemischen Kabinette .................. 161 3.3.1 Der experimentelle Unterricht ........................................................................ 162 3.3.2 Die ersten Normen (1948 – 1950) .................................................................. 165 3.3.3 Normen (Standards) für Schulgebäude, Möbel und Unterrichtsmaterialien für die Mittelschule (1969 – 1987) ....................................................................... 170 3.3.4 Die Normen für den naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht – 90er-Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts .................................................................................................... 173 3.4 Die Nachfolger der Begründer der modernen Chemie im 20. Jahrhundert .............. 175 3.4.1 Milivoje S. Lozanic ......................................................................................... 175 3.4.2 Vukic Micovic ................................................................................................. 176 3.4.3 Aleksandar Leko ............................................................................................. 178 3.4.4 Pavle Savic ...................................................................................................... 179 3.4.5 Aleksandar Despic .......................................................................................... 182 3.4.6 Ihre Verdienste zur Entwicklung der Chemie im Ex-Jugoslawien ................. 183 3.5 Zusammenfasung ...................................................................................................... 185 TEIL 4: Der Chemieunterricht heute ............................................................................ 187 4.1 Die Situation des Chemieunterrichts in Serbien heute ............................................. 187 4.1.1 Die Chemielehrpläne und-programme in den Grund- und Mittelschulen ...... 187 4.1.2 Das Schulsystem in der Republik Serbien ...................................................... 201 4.1.3 Die Schulgesetze heute ................................................................................... 212 4.1.4 Die Chemielehrerausbildung .......................................................................... 213 4.1.5 Die Ausstattung der Schulen, Schul- und Schülerzeitungen und Lehrbücher 215 4.1.6 Die aktuellen Probleme des Chemieunterrichts in Serbien ............................. 228 4.1.7 Die Zukunft des naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts (Chemieunterricht) – mögliche Entwicklungswege und weitere Modernisierung ........................... 236 4.2 Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................... 238 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick .............................................................................. 240 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ I 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis TEIL 5: Anhang .................................................................................................................... 1 1. Zusätzliche Information ..................................................................................................... 1 2. Archivdokumente und Lehrprogramme ........................................................................... 13 3. Belege............................................................................................................................... 38 Selbständigkeitserklärung ................................................................................................. 57 Danksagung ........................................................................................................................ 58 Lebenslauf ........................................................................................................................... 60 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Abb. 1: Die serbische Münze aus dem 14. Jahrhundert (Dinar von Kaiser Stefan Dusan, 1308 – 1355) ..................................................................................................... 19 Abb. 2: Der medizinische Kodex des Klosters Hilandar (Ende XV. bzw. Anfang XIV. Jahrhundert) – Anweisungen zur Herstellung von Medikamenten ................... 20 Abb. 3: Das Fresko im Kloster Sopocani (13./14. Jahrhundert; das erste serbische Krankenhaus) .................................................................................................... 22 Abb. 4: Serbien in den Grenzen von heute mit den Ausbildungszentren des 19. Jahrhunderts ...................................................................................................... 23 Abb. 5: Das Gymnasium in Sremski Karlovci (18. – 19. Jahrhundert) ......................... 25 Abb. 6: Die erste Seite des Schulgesetzes für die „Kleinen“ orthodoxen Schulen in der Region Banat, Woiwodin, Österreich-Ungarn (1776) ...................................... 25 Abb. 7: Das Lehrbuch der Physik (1801) ...................................................................... 27 Abb. 8: Prof. Dr. A. I. Stojkovic ...................................................................................
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