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Naslovna Prazna.Fm HEMIJSKI YU ISSN04406826 god. 45 UDC 54.001.93 PREGLED br. 6 (decembar) CHEMICAL REVIEW HEMIJSKI PREGLED Editor-in-Chief Volume 45 RATKO M. JANKOV NUMBER 6 Deputy Editor-in-Chief (December) DRAGICA ÅIÅOVIÕ Honorary Editor STANIMIR R. ARSENIJEVI] Publisher broj 6 SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY Godi{te 45. decembar Belgrade/Yugoslavia, Karnegijeva 4 Izdaje S A D R @ A J SRPSKO HEMIJSKO DRU[TVO Telefon 3370-467 ØLANCI KATARINA MILOVANOVIÕ, NATALIJA Karnegijeva 4 POLOVIÕ KATARINA MILOVANOVIÕ, NATALIJA POLOVIÕ izlazi dvomese~no UBIKVITINOM POSREDOVANA DEGRADACIJA ODGOVORNI I GLAVNI UREDNIK UNUTARÕELIJSKIH PROTEINA Ratko M. Jankov UBIQUITIN MEDIATED DEGRADATION OF INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 126 POMOÕNIK ODGOVORNOG I GLAVNOG SNEŸANA BOJOVIÕ UREDNIKA SNEŸANA BOJOVIÕ Dragica Åiåoviõ STRUØNI ISPIT IZ HEMIJE IZ 1884. GODINE Izdavawe ~asopisa „HEMIJSKI PREGLED” po- PROFESSORIAL EXAM IN CHEMISTRY IN 1884 _ _ _ _ _ 131 ma‘u: Tehnolo{ko-metalur{ki fakultet, Hemij- DRAGICA ÅIÅOVIÕ ski fakultet i Fakultet za fizi~ku hemiju u DRAGICA ÅIÅOVIÕ Beogradu. ZAÅTO je HEMIJA deo OSNOVNOG/OBAVEZNOG OBRAZOVAÑA URE\IVA^KI ODBOR WHY IS CHEMISTRY A PART OF BASIC/COMPULSORY EDUCATION _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 134 Nikola Blagojeviõ, Ivan Gutman, Sneÿana Za- riõ, Jovan Jovanoviõ, Slavko Kevreåan, Dragan Markoviõ, Rado Markoviõ, Vladimir Pavloviõ, VESTI IZ ÅKOLA Slobodan Ribnikar, Radomir Saiøiõ, Ÿivorad OLIVERA STANOJEVIÕ Øekoviõ (predsednik). Olivera Stanojeviõ SCENARIO ØASA: POVEZANOST OKSIDA, Godi{wa pretplata za studente i uøenike koji nisu KISELINA, HIDROKSIDA i SOLI ølanovi SHD 400 din, za pojedince koji nisu øl- A SCENARIO FOR ELABORATION anovi SHD 800 din, za radne organizacije 1100 din., OF THE THEME: THE CONNECTIONS AMONG za inostranstvo 30 US $. Pretplatu prima Srpsko OXIDES, ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 141 hemijsko dru{tvo, Beograd, Karnegijeva 4/III. Teku}i ra~un: Komercijalna Banka AD, Beograd, 205-13815-62. VESTI IZ SHD _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 146 Web site: www.shd.org.yu/hp.htm e-mail redakcije: [email protected] Priprema za åtampu: Jelena i Zoran Dimiõ, Svetozara Markoviõa 2, 11000 Beograd [tampa: Zavod za grafi~ku tehniku Tehnolo{ko- metalur{kog fakulteta Beograd, Karnegijeva 4 Naslovna strana i Internet verzija øasopisa: Slobodan i Goran Ratkoviõ, RatkovicDesign www.ratkovicdesign.net [email protected] UVODNIK Zapazili ste verovatno da se svaki put kad je to li odgovorni u Ministarstvu imaju ovaj podatak, od- moguõe trudimo da budemo aktuelni. Brzo reago- nosno treba li ovu (vekovnu) praksu meñati bez de- vañe (sa odgovarajuõim ølankom) na dodeçivañe taçnijeg udubçivaña u problem? Nobelove nagrade za hemiju je naåa ÿeça svake go- dine. Neke godine uspemo, a neke, uprkos ÿeçama i * * * naporima, ne uspemo. NOBELOVA nagrada za hemiju otiåla je ove Dragica Åiåoviõ, metodiøar nastave hemije na godine u ruke trojice laureata koju su ÿivotni vek Hemijskom fakultetu, pokuåala je da da ubedçiv proveli u istraÿivañu proteina: Arona Øikano- odgovor na pitañe: Zaåto svi uøenici treba da uøe vera(57) i Avrama Heråka(67) sa Izraelskog in- hemiju? Traÿeõi odgovor na ovo pitañe prouøila stituta za tehnologiju i ñihovog kolege Amerikan- je, u okvirima ciçeva nastave hemije i ñihovih ku- ca Irvina Rouza(78) sa Kalifornijskog univerzi- rikuluma Moderna reø danas), kako se hemija uøi u teta u Irvinu. Åta su oni zapravo otkrili? Biohe- okvirima obrazovnih sistema sedam razliøitih ze- miøari o kojima govorimo, raåøistili kako se unu- maça (od kojih su tri iz naåeg okruÿeña). tar õelije odreæuje koji su proteini "odsluÿili" * * * svoj vek i kako se oni razgraæuju. Aktuelni nobe- lovci su prepoznali mali protein ubikvitin, koji U Srpskom hemijskom druåtvu kraj kalendar- se vezuje za proteine spremne za rashod. Oznaøeni ske godine je uvek prilika da se i zvaniøno osvrne- proteini sa zakaøenim ubikvatinom, zatim bivaju mo na sve ono åto smo tokom te godine uradili. preneseni na jedan proteinski kompleks - protea- Prilika je utoliko boça poåto je 15. novembar (po zom, koji ih razgraæuje. Sve se to deåava unutar starom kalendaru) datum koji je, po tradiciji SHD, õelije. izabran za Sveøanu sednicu Srpskog hemijskog Stoga mi je zadovoçstvo da je na stranicama druåtva. To je ona sednica na kojoj se proglaåavaju ovog broja dat i rad o problemu na kome su radili najboçi. Podseõamo vas da svake godine Srpsko he- dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za ovu godinu. Ølanak mijsko druåtvo (na osnovu svog Pravilnika o na- su napisale dve mlade koleginice sa Katedre za bio- gradama i javnim priznañima) raspisuje Konkurs za hemiju Hemijskog fakulteta. najboçe. Za ovu godinu je tekst konkursa iziåao u 4. (septembar) broju, na str. 99, u okviru Vesti iz * * * SHD. U rubrici Vesti iz SHD õete biti u prilici Oøigledni je da problemi obrazovaña domini- da, u okviru Izveåtaja sa sveøane skupåtine SHD, raju u ølancima ovog broja Hemijskog pregleda. Kao naæete imena svih ovogodiåñih dobitnika razli- da smo ÿeleli da napravimo tematski broj, posve- øitih priznaña, ukçuøujuõi i Medaçu za trajan i õen obrazovañu. Tako je jednostavno ispalo, vero- izvanredan dorpinos nauci, kao i Medaçu za prega- vatno zato åto su problemi u obrazovañu veliki, a laåtvo i uspeh u nauci. reåavaju se sporo! U istoj rubrici naõi õete i izveåtaj sa Skupa * * * ICOSECS-4, koji je odrÿan jula 2004. godine, a data je i osnovna informacija o Veløovoj fondaciji. Posledñih godinu dana na nivou Ministarstva prosvete Srbije lome se kopça oko toga da li, i na * * * koji naøin, treba proveravati osposobçenost dip- lomiranih struøñaka razliøitih struka za rad u Za ovaj broj obezbedili smo i ølanak o tome ka- åkolama sistemom "spoçne procene" (ili eksterne ko se polagao profesorski ispit pre 120 godina. Ko evaluacije, ako treba koristiti savremene termi- ga je polagao, ko je bio u komisiji koja je ispitivala, ne). Ako proøitate ølanak "Struøni ispit iz hemi- sve õete to naõi u ølanku pod naslovom "Struøni je iz 1884. godine" saznaõete da je struøni ispit in- ispit iz hemije iz 1884. godine". Za sve nas je ove po- stitucija koja u ovom podnebçu traje viåe od 120 go- datke iz arhive iskopala Sneÿana Bojoviõ. dina: uveden je u Srbiju zakonom iz 1880. godine. Da Ratko M. Jankov Godi{te 45. broj 6 (2004) 125 ØLANCI KATARINA MILOVANOVIÕ, student biohemije, Hemijski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, (katarina_milovanovic¼yahoo.com) i NATALIJA POLOVIÕ, Katedra za biohemiju, Hemijski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, (polovicn¼chem.bg.ac.yu) OVAJ TEKST JE POSVEÕEN OVOGODIÅÑIM DOBITNICIMA NOBELOVE NAGRADE ZA HEMIJU NOBELOVA NAGRADA ZA HEMIJU, 2004. GODINE Za otkriõe degradacije proteina posredovane ubikvitinom Aron Øikanover Avram Heråko Irvin Rouz (Aaron Ciechanover) (Avram Hershko) (Irwin Rose) Izrael Izrael SAD Technion – Izraelski institut za Technion – Izraelski institut za Kalifornijski Univerzitet tehnologiju tehnologiju Irvine, CA, SAD Haifa, Izrael Haifa, Izrael roæen 1947. godine u Izraelu roæen 1937. godine u Maæarskoj roæen 1926. godine u SAD UBIKVITINOM POSREDOVANA DEGRADACIJA UNUTARÕELIJSKIH PROTEINA U eukariotskoj õeliji je prisutno od 6000 do fiøno u lizozomu i potiøu, uglavnom, iz spoçaåñe 30000 gena koji kodiraju (nose informaciju za bio- sredine. sintezu) bar isto toliko proteina sa veoma razli- Ove godine Nobelovu nagradu za hemiju dobila . øitim funkcijama Proteini u õeliji imaju svoj po- su trojica nauønika, Aron Øikanover (Aaron Ciec- luÿivot koji moÿe trajati od par minuta do viåe hanover) i Avram Heråko (Avram Hershko) sa Izra- od nekoliko nedeça. Biosinteza i degradacija pro- elskog instituta za tehnologiju i ñihov kolega teina do aminokiselina u õeliji se paralelno odvi- (Irwin Rose), jaju. Kontrolisana i specifiøna degradacija prote- Amerikanac Irvin Rouz sa Kalifor- ina ubikvitin-proteazom sistemom sluÿi za elimi- nijskog univerziteta, koji su svojim otkriõima dali nisañe abnormalnih proteina øija bi akumulacija u veliki doprinos razumevañu procesa unutarõelij- õeliji bila åtetna, i za regulaciju õelijskog meta- ske degradacije proteina. Prvenstveno na osnovu bolizma degradacijom kratkoÿiveõih regulator- ñihovih radova doålo se do zakçuøka da je citop- nih proteina. Na poøetku se sa dosta paÿñe istra- lazmatiøna razgradña proteina visoko specifiøan ÿivao naøin na koji se proteini sintetiåu, a tek i kontrolisan proces, neophodan pri regulaciji ni- kasnije se istraÿivaña usmeravaju i na prouøavañe za biohemijskih procesa kao åto su imuni odgovor, procesa razgradñe proteina. Pored ovog sistema õelijski ciklus, transkripcija gena, kontrola kva- degradacije, postoji i lizozomalni sistem degrada- liteta novosintetisanih proteina, reparacija cije proteina. Proteini se hidrolizuju nespeci- DNK itd. 126 Hemijski pregled Prva otkriõa u oblasti hidrolize proteina za- beleÿena su otkriõem uloge tripsina i lizozomal- nog sistema. Godine 1953. utvræeno je da, pored ova dva sistema koja ne zahtevaju utroåak energije, po- stoji i treõi energetski zavistan sistem za degrada- ciju proteina Š1Ð. Øikanover, Heråko i Rouz su oka- rakterisali ATR zavisne komponente citoplazma- tiønog sistema za degradaciju proteina Š2, 3, 4, 5Ð. Sedamdesetih godina otpoøela su intenzivna istra- ÿivaña u ovoj oblasti i utvræeno je da proteini bi- vaju razgraæeni posle obeleÿavaña malim protei- nom ubikvitinom Š4,6,7Ð. Ubikvitin je izolovan i okarakterisan 1975. godine Š8Ð. Ubikvitin je mali protein koji se sastoji od 76 aminokiselina, visokokonzervirane sekvence1. Sintetiåe se u formi prekursora koji se potom Slika 1. Åema trodimenzionalne strukture procesuje pomoõu deubikvitinacionih proteina polipeptidnog lanca ubikvitina (DUB) kako bi se oslobodila Gly-Gly C-terminalna Spiralom je predstavçen α-heliks, a strelicama β-ploøice. sekvenca koja je neophodna za inicijalnu fazu akti- vacije ubikvitina (Slika 1). E1 : ubikvitin-aktivirajuõi enzim (koliøina u Proteazom koga grade 32 subjedinice predstav- õeliji-samo jedan ili nekoliko) ça najveõi õelijski proteolitiøki kompleks i ima E2 : ubikvitin-koñugujuõi enzim (viåe od 40) dominantnu ulogu u razgradñi kratkoÿiveõih regu- E3 : ubikvitin-protein ligaza2 (viåe od 500 latornih proteina kod eukariota Š9Ð.
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