La Transformación Digital Y Su Impacto En La Industria Cinematográfica: El Caso De Las Producciones Estereoscópicas

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La Transformación Digital Y Su Impacto En La Industria Cinematográfica: El Caso De Las Producciones Estereoscópicas UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DIGITAL Y SU IMPACTO EN LA INDUSTRIA CINEMATOGRÁFICA: EL CASO DE LAS PRODUCCIONES ESTEREOSCÓPICAS. TESIS DOCTORAL AÑO 2013 TESIS ELABORADA POR EMILIO MOLINA ORDÓÑEZ DIRECTORA DE LA TESIS Dra. ROSA FRANQUET i CALVET (Departamento de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad) SUMARIO Resumen/Summary ..............................................................................................................5! Introducción .........................................................................................................................7! Justificación e interés del tema ............................................................................................8! Planteamiento del problema...............................................................................................15! Hipótesis de la investigación .............................................................................................15! Estructura de la investigación ............................................................................................16! Metodología de la tesis: Estrategia cuantitativa y cualitativa............................................18! ! PARTE PRIMERA! LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DIGITAL............................................................................21! CAPÍTULO PRÍMERO! El modelo digital................................................................................................................23! 1.1. El dominio digital .......................................................................................................24! 1.2. La industria audiovisual digital...................................................................................26! 1.3. La industria cinematográfica y sus antecedentes: del cine analógico al digital..........28! 1.3.1. La tecnología analógica .......................................................................................29! 1.3.2. La producción analógica ......................................................................................30! 1.3.3. La postproducción analógica ...............................................................................32! 1.3.3.1. Postproducción como procesos y tratamiento..............................................32! 1.3.3.2. Postproducción como montaje y efectos especiales y/o visuales .................33! 1.3.4. La proyección analógica ......................................................................................35! 1.4. La transformación tecnológica del cine: D-Cinema ...................................................39! 1.4.1. La producción digital ...........................................................................................43! 1.4.2. La postproducción digital ....................................................................................44! 1.4.3. La digitalización de las salas de cine ...................................................................46! 1.4.4. La proyección digital: Distribución y exhibición de contenidos digitales...........47! 1.4.4.1. Distribución y almacenaje de contenidos digitales.......................................48! 1.4.4.2. Exhibición de contenidos digitales ...............................................................51! 1.4.5. Proyección de contenidos digitales......................................................................53! 1.4.6. Tecnología de proyección digital.........................................................................54! 1.4.6.1. Paneles de cristal líquido o H-LCD ..............................................................54! 1.4.6.2. Procesamiento digital de la luz o DLP..........................................................55! 1.4.6.3. Cristal Líquido sobre Silicio (LCOS) .........................................................56! 1.4.7. Otras Resoluciones...............................................................................................58! 1.5. El modelo digital como modelo perturbador ..............................................................58! PARTE SEGUNDA! FUNDAMENTOS DEL PROCESO TRIDIMENSIONAL .........................................61! CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO! La naturaleza de la visión tridimensional ..........................................................................63! 2.1. El concepto de la percepción de la profundidad .........................................................63! 2.2. La percepción del espacio...........................................................................................65! 2.2.1. Indicadores de la profundidad..............................................................................66! 2.2.2. Indicadores monoculares .....................................................................................66! 2.2.2.1. Tamaño y forma............................................................................................66! 2.2.2.2. Perspectiva lineal y aérea..............................................................................67! 2.2.2.3. Sombras y texturas........................................................................................69! 1 2.2.2.4. Oclusión ........................................................................................................70! 2.2.2.5. Paralaje del movimiento ...............................................................................70! 2.2.2.6. Profundidad de campo ..................................................................................71! 2.2.3. Indicadores binoculares .......................................................................................72! 2.2.3.1. Disparidad binocular.....................................................................................72! 2.2.3.2. Convergencia ................................................................................................73! 2.2.4. Indicadores extra retinianos o motor ocular.........................................................74! 2.2.4.1. Acomodación ................................................................................................74! 2.2.4.2. Relación entre acomodación y convergencia................................................75! 2.3. La visión binocular .....................................................................................................76! 2.3.1. Dominancia ocular...............................................................................................77! 2.3.2. Rivalidad binocular..............................................................................................78! 2.4. Estereópsis ..................................................................................................................78! 2.4.1. Estereograma........................................................................................................79! 2.5. Métodos de visión estereoscópica...............................................................................80! 2.5.1. Visión directa.......................................................................................................80! 2.5.1.1. Visión paralela ..............................................................................................81! 2.5.1.2. Visión cruzada ..............................................................................................81! 2.5.2. Anaglifo ...............................................................................................................82! 2.5.3. Polarización..........................................................................................................83! 2.5.4. Obturación............................................................................................................83! 2.5.5. Efecto Pulfrich .....................................................................................................83! 2.5.6. Otros métodos ......................................................................................................84! 2.6. La percepción como teoría..........................................................................................84! 2.6.1. Funcionalismo probabilístico...............................................................................85! 2.6.2. Gestalt ..................................................................................................................85! 2.6.3. Percepción directa................................................................................................86! 2.7. La percepción de la profundidad en la actividad humana...........................................86! 2.7.1. La visión estereoscópica ......................................................................................87! 2.7.2. La falsa profundidad ............................................................................................88! 2.7.3. Problemas fisiológicos derivados de la percepción de profundidad....................89! CAPÍTULO TERCERO! La tecnología estereoscópica .............................................................................................91! 3.1. El cine en tres dimensiones.........................................................................................93! 3.1.1. Orígenes de la producción cinematográfica estereoscópica ................................93! 3.1.2. La época dorada del cine estereoscópico.............................................................94! 3.1.3. La recuperación del cine estereoscópico..............................................................95! 3.1.4. La producción estereoscópica como
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