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The Americas Before Contact with Europeans Introduction Migration to the Americas Early migrations from northern Asia to Alaska – occurred 35,000 to 15,000 years ago Some contact with Polynesians possible Geography Great geographical diversity – frozen regions, tropical rain forests, vast plains, heavily forested areas, and high mountain ranges ○ Made farming impossible in some areas ○ Long distance between arable areas made contact between groups difficult Two main areas of agriculture ○ Mesoamerica- Mexico and Central America ○ Andean Mountain region – along the west coast of S. America Olmecs Early American Civilizations Olmecs (1200-400 BCE) Society ○ Authoritarian and Hierarchal Priestly class Ruler and his family Artisans and merchants Labor class Political ○ Form of kingship ○ Giant sculptures of heads. Evidence of power of the ruling family. ○ Fall was due to internal conflict Early American Civilizations Olmecs Cultural – SEE MAYANS!! Economic ○ Agricultural-based economy No large beasts of burden (horse, oxen) No wheeled vehicles Human labor did all the work - BUT: Built elaborate drainage systems ○ Traded various products – salt, cacao, clay and limestone ○ Developed religious centers which grew into city-states Chavin Early American Civilizations Chavin (900 – 250 BCE) Social ○ Hierarchal Ruler and his family Priestly class Artisans and merchants Commoners Political ○ Empires were created to control 3 ecological zones (coastal plains, mountain valleys, and tropical rain forests and connecting trade routes) ○ Some evidence of irrigation projects and organized military Shows political power of the central government Early American Civilizations Chavin Cultural ○ Chavin religion spread to other areas, perhaps Meso-America Economic ○ Chavin capital, Chavin de Huantar was situated along long distance trade routes Trade between west coast of S. America and Andes mountain region ○ Agriculture-based economy Used llamas to carry things up and down the mountains Mayan Empire Classical American Civilizations Maya (300-900 CE) Social ○ Rigid and strict classes Political ○ Rulers performed both priestly and political functions Rulers NOT divine but able to communicate with gods and ancestor spirits ○ Fall of the Mayan Empire Around 800 CE – Mayan population moved out of cities which soon fell into decline - No evidence as to why – possible explanations include foreign invasion, civil war, disease Classical American Civilizations Maya Cultural ○ Religion Polytheistic Some rituals called for human sacrifice - Victims were prisoners of war Mayan priests constructed very advanced calendar for religious ceremonies, planting/harvesting crops Economic ○ Agriculture-based economy Practiced slash and burn agriculture Also built terraced fields along the river banks ○ Cities – built large cities Primarily religious and administrative cities Classical American Civilizations Maya Economic ○ Cities (cont.) Little trade conducted within the cities Included large pyramids, houses for the elite, ritual ball courts Memorial alters and pillars - To honor great actions of leaders - Inscribed with pictograms (similar to hieroglyphics) Classical American Civilizations Teotihuacan (300-750 CE) Social ○ Priests were an important part of the elite class Political ○ Teotihuacan was the name of the capital city ○ City was well planned Evidence of group of powerful families ruling cooperatively Cultural – See Aztecs!! Teotihuacan Classical American Civilizations Teotihuacan Economic ○ Agriculture-based economy Irrigation produced abundance of crops ○ Trade Unlike the Mayans, the Teotihuacan had a large class of professional merchants who traded their products Toltecs Post-Classical American Civilizations Toltecs (950-1150 CE) Social ○ The priestly class was important part of the elite class ○ Emphasis on military prowess Led to rise of an elite warrior class from which rulers would emerge Political ○ Created an extensive Empire from Central Mexico to Yucatan Peninsula to Guatemala ○ A strong militaristic legacy Allowed the Toltecs conquer or intimidate neighboring peoples Required “tribute” – in the form of treasure, food, prisoners/slaves Post-Classical American Civilizations Toltecs Political ○ Had 2 rulers instead of 1, leading to internal conflicts ○ Decline due to internal fragmentation Cultural ○ Relied heavily on religious sacrifices to satisfy the gods Post-Classical American Civilizations Toltecs Economic ○ Agriculture-based economy ○ The exchange of turquoise with people in the American Southwest ○ Tributary payment from surrounding areas was a large part of the Toltec economy Aztecs Post-Classical Civilizations Aztecs Social ○ Militaristic aristocrats headed the social structure ○ Priests were advisors to the king and performed religious rituals ○ Warrior class – came from ordinary freemen who proved themselves in battle ○ Merchant class – conducted long-distance trade ○ Serfs/Freemen ○ Slaves – mainly prisoners of war or debtors ○ Women were subservient to men but those who bore warrior sons were given higher status Post-Classical American Civilizations Aztecs Political ○ Tenochtitlan was the capital city ○ Emperor appointed military governors to rule over conquered peoples ○ Empire stretched from Central Mexico to Guatemala ○ Aztec military power - Led to tributary empire Conquered peoples had to pay tribute – such as food, luxury goods, and prisoners Post-Classical American Civilizations Aztecs Cultural ○ Religion played an extremely important role in Aztec culture Large step pyramids Religion provided political legitimacy Human sacrifice practiced extensively - Victims were mainly prisoners of war Post-Classical American Civilizations Aztecs Economic ○ Agriculture-based economy Innovations include chinampas – floating islands for growing food - Led to increase food production ○ Tribute system Gov’t controlled the distribution of tribute to the population – noble class received the majority and commoners received much less ○ Long-distance trade Traded for luxury goods with neighboring peoples Carried by slaves or serfs because there were no beasts of burden Inca Empire Post-Classical American Civilizations Incas (1100-1540 CE) Social ○ INCA (Emperor) was on top ○ Aristocratic class – served emperor as advisors and governors ○ Priests ○ Warrior class ○ Peasants – organized into communities ○ Patriarchal but women did have the ability to inherit property Post-Classical American Civilizations Incas Political ○ Cuzco was the capital ○ The Inca/Emperor owned all property and the commoners worked for the Inca Mit’a system = all commoners owed required labor to the state for a certain number of months each year, to build temples, roads, etc. ○ The Inca/Emperor controlled the empire with: Vast and powerful military Extensive network of roads ○ Alliances were made with neighboring rulers who swore allegiance to the Inca and were allowed to keep their ruling positions Paid tribute to the Inca which was then redistributed throughout the Inca Empire Post-Classical American Civilizations Incas Cultural ○ Religion played an important role in the Inca Empire Temples were built for religious rituals Human sacrifice was practiced but NOT as much or as frequently as the Aztecs - Victims were mainly prisoners of war or as tribute given by neighboring peoples ○ The Incas had no written language Relied on system of knots (quipu) Post-Classical American Civilizations Incas Economic ○ Agriculture-based economy Innovations included terraced farming to utilize the mountains Agricultural surplus was owned by the state and stored in state storehouses - For use in times of shortages or famine ○ Mit’a system created a more socialized economy – people didn’t “own” property but instead worked for the good of the Inca people ○ No distinct merchant class Long distance trade was LESS important than the Aztecs due to self-sufficiency and state regulation of production and surplus.
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