Highland Mexico Post Classic Aztec C. Andean South America Social Sciences Department HOLIDAY PARTY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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WEEK OF THE
DEAD December 1, 2014
XI Civilization
D. New World b. Mesoamerica II:
Highland Mexico
Post Classic
Aztec c. Andean South America

Social Sciences Department
HOLIDAY PARTY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

This Friday, December 5
6:30
Home of Professor Harold Kerbo
2325 Tierra Drive, Los Osos
Potluck!!!!

Sign-Up in Department Office
Building 47 Room 13d

Major Prehistoric Civilizations

3600 B.C.
2000 B.C.
2500 B.C.
1500 B.C. ?

Sub Saharan Africa

A.D. 1000
3000 B.C.

Years A.D./B.C.

1600

Isthmus
Yucatan
Valley of

Mexico

++
1500 1400 1300 1200
+
AZTEC
+
POSTCLASSIC
MAYA
1100 1000 900

TOLTEC
+

800
+

+
700
+

+
600
CLASSIC

MAYA

+
500
+

400
+

+++++++
+

300
+

200
TEOTIHUACAN

100 A.D. 0
++++
100 B.C. 200 300

400
PRE-CLASSIC

MAYA

+
500
+

600
+
+

+++++++++

700
+

800
+

900
+

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
OLMEC
+++++

Olmec Culture Area (Isthmus of Tehuantepec)

La Venta
San Lorenzo

Formative Culture:
The Olmec (1500-500 B.C.)

El Mirador Late Pre-Classic 200 B.C. – A.D. 250

El Mirador Pre-Classic Mayan City 300 B.C. to A.D. 250

Cultural Collapse and Abandonment A.D. 250

Tikal: Classic Maya City A.D. 250-850

CHICHEN ITZA Post Classic Maya
2. Mesoamerica II: Highland Mexico i. Teotihuacan: The Classic Period in Highland, Mexico

Olmec

Teotihuacan: City of the Gods

Citadel and Temple of
Quetzalcoatl

Pyramid of the Sun

Avenue of the Dead
Pyramid of the Moon

Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan

No ball courts documented at Teotihuacan

Not popular in areas influenced by Teo

• Associated with obsidian source • No true writing • True metallurgy by A.D. 650 • Collapse, city burned A.D. 750 • After A.D. 750, never had the same power, population, or prestige.

Sacrificial Victim Temple of Quetzalcoatl

Recommended publications

THE CEM ANAHUAC CONQUERORS Guillermo Marín

THE CEM ANAHUAC CONQUERORS Guillermo Marín Dedicated to the professor and friend Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, who illuminated me in the darkest nights. Tiger that eats in the bowels of the heart, stain its jaws the bloody night, and grows; and diminished grows old he who waits, while far away shines an irremediable fire. Rubén Bonifaz Nuño. Summary: The Cem Ānáhuac conquest has been going on for five centuries in a permanent struggle, sometimes violent and explosive, and most of the time via an underground resistance. The military conquest began by Nahua peoples of the Highlands as Spanish allies in 1521. At the fall of Tenochtitlan by Ixtlilxóchitl, the Spanish advance, throughout the territory, was made up by a small group of Spaniards and a large army composed of Nahua troops. The idea that at the fall of Tenochtitlan the entire Cem Anahuac fell is false. During the 16th century the military force and strategies were a combination of the Anahuaca and European knowledge, because both, during the Viceroyalty and in the Mexican Republic, anahuacas rebellions have been constant and bloody, the conquest has not concluded, the struggle continues. During the Spanish colony and the two centuries of Creole neo-colonialism, the troop of all armies were and continues to be, essentially composed of anahuacas. 1. The warrior and the Toltecáyotl Flowered Battle. Many peoples of the different ancient cultures and civilizations used the "Warrior" figure metaphorically. The human being who fights against the worst enemy: that dark being that dwells in the personal depths. A fight against weaknesses, errors and personal flaws, as the Jihad in the Islam religion.
The Olmec, Toltec, and Aztec

Mesoamerican Ancient Civilizations The Olmec, Toltec, and Aztec Olmecs of Teotihuacán -“The People of the Land of Rubber…” -Large stone heads -Art found throughout Mesoamerica Olmec Civilization Origin and Impact n The Olmec civilization was thought to have originated around 1500 BCE. Within the next three centuries of their arrival, the people built their capital at Teotihuacán n This ancient civilization was believed by some historians to be the Mother-culture and base of Mesoamerica. “The city may well be the basic civilization out of which developed such high art centers as those of Maya, Zapotecs, Toltecs, and Totonacs.” – Stirling Cultural Practices n The Olmec people would bind wooden planks to the heads of infants to create longer and flatter skulls. n A game was played with a rubber ball where any part of the body could be used except for hands. Religion and Art n The Olmecs believed that celestial phenomena such as the phases of the moon affected daily life. n They worshipped jaguars, were-jaguars, and sometimes snakes. n Artistic figurines and toys were found, consisting of a jaguar with a tube joining its front and back feet, with clay disks forming an early model of the wheel. n Large carved heads were found that were made from the Olmecs. Olmec Advancements n The Olmecs were the first of the Mesoamerican societies, and the first to cultivate corn. n They built pyramid type structures n The Olmecs were the first of the Mesoamerican civilizations to create a form of the wheel, though it was only used for toys.
The Toltec Invasion and Chichen Itza

Other titles of interest published by Thames & Hudson include: Breaking the Maya Code Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs Angkor and the Khmer Civilization India: A Short History The Incas The Aztecs See our websites www.thamesandhudson.com www.thamesandhudsonusa.com 7 THE POSTCLASSIC By the close of the tenth century AD the destiny of the once proud and independent Maya had, at least in northern Yucatan, fallen into the hands of grim warriors from the highlands of central Mexico, where a new order of men had replaced the supposedly more intellectual rulers of Classic times. We know a good deal about the events that led to the conquest of Yucatan by these foreigners, and the subsequent replacement of their state by a resurgent but already decadent Maya culture, for we have entered into a kind of history, albeit far more shaky than that which was recorded on the monuments of the Classic Period. The traditional annals of the peoples of Yucatan, and also of the Guatemalan highlanders, transcribed into Spanish letters early in Colonial times, apparently reach back as far as the beginning of the Postclassic era and are very important sources. But such annals should be used with much caution, whether they come to us from Bishop Landa himself, from statements made by the native nobility, or from native lawsuits and land claims. These are often confused and often self-contradictory, not least because native lineages seem to have deliberately falsified their own histories for political reasons. Our richest (and most treacherous) sources are the K’atun Prophecies of Yucatan, contained in the “Books of Chilam Balam,” which derive their name from a Maya savant said to have predicted the arrival of the Spaniards from the east.
Toltec.Html Toltec

Text and pictures adapted from http://www.crystalinks.com/toltec.html Toltec The Atlantes are columns in the form of Toltec warriors in Tula The word Toltec in Mesoamerican studies has been used in different ways by different scholars to refer to actual populations and polities of pre-Columbian central Mexico or to the mythical ancestors mentioned in the mythical/historical narratives of the Aztecs. It is an ongoing debate whether the Toltecs can be understood to have formed an actual ethnic group at any point in Mesoamerican history or if they are mostly or only a product of Aztec myth. The scholars who have understood the Toltecs to have been an actual ethnic group often connect them to the archeological site of Tula, Hidalgo which is then supposed to have been the Tollan of Aztec myth. This tradition assumes the "Toltec empire" to have dominated much of central Mexico between the 10th and 12th century AD. Other Mexican cities such as Teotihuacán have also been proposed to have been the historical Tollan "Place of Reeds", the city from which the name Tolteca "inhabitant of Tollan" is derived in the Nahuatl language. The term Toltec has also been associated with the arrival of certain Central Mexican cultural traits into the Mayan sphere of dominance that took place in the late classic and early postclassic periods, and the Postclassic Mayan civilizations of Chichén Itzá, Mayapán and the Guatemalan highlands have been referred to as "toltecized" or "mexicanized" Mayas. For example the striking similarities between the city of Tula, Hidalgo and Chichen Itza have often been cited as direct evidence for Toltec dominance of the Postclassic Maya.
Sergio Magana Ocelocoyotl, Toltec Wisdom Keeper Unites with UNESCO Heritage Club to Preserve the Ancient Nàhuatl Culture of Mesoamerica

Sergio Magana Ocelocoyotl, Toltec Wisdom Keeper Unites with UNESCO Heritage Club to Preserve the Ancient Nàhuatl Culture of Mesoamerica MEXICO CITY – August 27, 2013 -- Sergio Magana Ocelocoyotl, a well respected Wisdom Keeper in the Toltecayotl lineage of Mesoamerica, joins forces with the UNESCO Heritage Club for the Protection of the Intangible Heritage of Ancient Civilizations to insure that ancient Mexica language, knowledge, practices, spiritual wisdom, dances and cultural heritage—those things handed down through oral tradition for centuries—are kept alive and made available to the world now, and into the future. Why is this important? According to UNESCO: Cultural heritage does not end at monuments and collections of objects. It also includes traditions or living expressions inherited from our ancestors and passed on to our descendants, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts. While fragile, intangible cultural heritage is an important factor in maintaining cultural diversity in the face of growing globalization. An understanding of the intangible cultural heritage of different communities helps with intercultural dialogue, and encourages mutual respect for other ways of life. The importance of intangible cultural heritage is not the cultural manifestation itself but rather the wealth of knowledge and skills that is transmitted through it from one generation to the next. “I firmly believe that recovering and making available the ancient wisdom from my country would have a positive impact on the world we live in today. My ancestors, the Nàhuatl people, understood sustainable development and how to create a culture that respects all and an economy in which everyone wins,” said Magana.
Rethinking the Conquest : an Exploration of the Similarities Between Pre-Contact Spanish and Mexica Society, Culture, and Royalty

University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2015 Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2015 Samantha Billing Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Billing, Samantha, "Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty" (2015). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 155. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/155 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by SAMANTHA BILLING 2015 All Rights Reserved RETHINKING THE CONQUEST: AN EXPLORATION OF THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PRE‐CONTACT SPANISH AND MEXICA SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND ROYALTY An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa May 2015 ABSTRACT The Spanish Conquest has been historically marked by the year 1521 and is popularly thought of as an absolute and complete process of indigenous subjugation in the New World. Alongside this idea comes the widespread narrative that describes a barbaric, uncivilized group of indigenous people being conquered and subjugated by a more sophisticated and superior group of Europeans.
Downfall of the Mayans and Toltec Heritage

The Americas Before 1492 • Downfall of the Maya • Toltec Heritage The Reach of the Maya The Maya Empire was divided into three periods; the Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic. The Preclassic Period began in 2000 BCE, and lasted until 250 AD. This period marked the first primitive civilizations. The Classical period was the peak of their civilization, and the postclassical was the recovery after the alleged fall. Theories of Causes for Maya Downfall There are many theories contributing to the downfall of this great civilization. Some of them have minimal to zero evidence behind them. Others, have much more historical and archaeological evidence to support them, and are thus more likely. The Drought Theory One Theory contributing to the downfall of the Maya is a combination of drastic environmental changes, including drought. This would have caused many crops like maize that were heavily depended on to fail. The Disaster Theory • Another, somewhat plausible way of explaining the sudden disappearance of the Maya in the 9th c AD is the presence of one, or a number of, natural disasters. The Warfare Theory Fairly recent discoveries of artifacts and stonecarvings point to the Maya not being quite as peaceful as previously thought. Civil wars were frequent, and some were tolling on their whole civilization. Toltec Heritage • In the late 5th century Teotihuacan was the most powerful city in central Mexico. The Toltecs were only one ethnicity living in the city • Around 496 CE they were forced to leave led by Huémac the First • Many moved to Tula, while others moved to Tlillan Tlapallan • The Toltecs and Chichimeca were constantly at war.
Humans in Latin America and Pre-Columbian Cultures

Humans in Latin America and Pre-Columbian Cultures Early Americans No record of Hominids (other than humans) in the Americas No record of Neanderthals First indications of Human activity still debated: Cactus Hill (Virginia) 15,000 years ago Monte Verde, Chile 14,700 years, some earlier sites are also in debate. Extended Clovis culture at 13,500 years ago Siberian people crossing through Beringia is the preferred explanation, but many other routes are also proposed Ancestral Human Lines CHIMPANZEE AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS : A. AFRICANUS HOMO HABILIS H. ERECTUS H. HEIDELBERGENSIS H. NEANDERTHALENSIS : H. SAPIENS : The only hominid in Latin America Time range for Hominid species Humans in America http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/species.html http://www.handprint.com/LS/ANC/disp.html The First Human Invasion of the Americas BERING LAND BRIDGE THEORY NORTH ATLANTIC CROSSING THEORY PACIFIC COASTAL ROUTE THEORY SOUTH ATLANTIC CROSSING THEORY PACIFIC CROSSING THEORY Scientific American, September 20, 2000 Preferred Migration Theories BERING LAND BRIDGE THEORY Migrants from northeastern Asia crossed the land bridge between Siberia and North America, which existed during the last Ice Age, when sea levels were much lower. The settlers moved into Canada through an ice-free corridor between the two glaciers that covered the northern half of the continent at the time. This route funneled them into the U.S.; they advanced quickly through Central and South America. For the past several decades this has been the prevailing theory of how people reached the New World. PACIFIC COASTAL ROUTE THEORY As an alternative to the Bering land bridge theory, many researchers have begun to consider the idea that explorers from southeastern Asia followed the coastline in small boats.
The History of El Salvador Advisory Board

THE HISTORY OF EL SALVADOR ADVISORY BOARD John T. Alexander Professor of History and Russian and European Studies, University of Kansas Robert A. Divine George W. Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin John V. Lombardi Professor of History, University of Florida THE HISTORY OF EL SALVADOR Christopher M. White The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, Series Editors Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data White, Christopher M., 1974– The history of El Salvador / Christopher M. White. p. cm. — (The Greenwood histories of the modern nations, ISSN 1096–2905) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–34928–7 (alk. paper) 1. El Salvador—History. I. Title. II. Series. F1486.W46 2009 972.84—dc22 2008030539 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2009 by Christopher M. White All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008030539 ISBN: 978 – 0 –313 –34928 –7 ISSN: 1096 –2905 First published in 2009 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321
Aztec Art & Architecture

AZTEC ART By MANUEL AGUILAR-MORENO, Ph.D. PHOTOGRAPHY: FERNANDO GONZÁLEZ Y GONZÁLEZ AND MANUEL AGUILAR-MORENO, Ph.D. DRAWINGS: LLUVIA ARRAS, FONDA PORTALES, ANNELYS PÉREZ AND RICHARD PERRY. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE AZTEC ARTISTS AND CRAFTSMEN Tolteca MONUMENTAL STONE SCULPTURE Ocelotl-Cuahxicalli Cuauhtli-Cuauhxicalli Dedication Stone Stone of the Warriors Bench Relief Teocalli of the Sacred War (Temple Stone) The Sun Stone The Stones of Tizoc and Motecuhzoma I Portrait of Motecuhzoma II Spiral Snail Shell (Caracol) Tlaltecuhtli (Earth God) Tlaltecuhtli del Metro (Earth God) Coatlicue Coatlicue of Coxcatlan Cihuacoatl Xiuhtecuhtli-Huitzilopochtli Coyolxauhqui Relief Head of Coyolxauhqui Xochipilli (God of Flowers) Feathered Serpent Xiuhcoatl (Fire Serpent Head) The Early Chacmool in the Tlaloc Shrine Tlaloc-Chacmool Chicomecoatl Huehueteotl Cihuateotl (Deified Woman) Altar of the Planet Venus Altar of Itzpaopalotl (Obsidian Butterfly) Ahuitzotl Box Tepetlacalli (Stone Box) with Figure Drawing Blood and Zacatapayolli Stone Box of Motecuhzoma II Head of an Eagle Warrior Jaguar Warrior Atlantean Warriors Feathered Coyote The Acolman Cross (Colonial Period, 1550) TERRACOTTA SCULPTURE Eagle Warrior Mictlantecuhtli Xipec Totec CERAMICS Vessel with a Mask of Tlaloc Funerary Urn with Image of God Tezcatlipoca Flutes WOOD ART Huehuetl (Vertical Drum) of Malinalco Teponaztli (Horizontal Drum) of Feline Teponaztli (Horizontal Drum) With Effigy of a Warrior Tlaloc FEATHER WORK The Headdress of Motecuhzoma II Feathered Fan Ahuitzotl Shield Chalice Cover Christ the Savior LAPIDARY ARTS Turquoise Mask Double-Headed Serpent Pectoral Sacrificial Knife Knife with an Image of a Face GOLD WORK FIGURES BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION A main function of Aztec Art was to express religious and mythical concepts to legitimize the power of the State.
UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations

UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Colonial K'iche' in Comparison with Yucatec Maya: Language, Adaptation, and Intercultural Contact Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2c23t4jq Author Jones, Owen H. Publication Date 2009 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Colonial K’iche’ in Comparison With Yucatec Maya: Language, Adaptation, and Intercultural Contact A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Owen Harold Jones June 2009 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Robert W. Patch, Chairperson Dr. James P. Brennan Dr. Kevin Terraciano Copyright by Owen Harold Jones 2009 The Dissertation of Owen Harold Jones is approved: _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge all of the scholars who have lent their expertise to the completion of this dissertation. First, I would like to express my thanks to my advisor, Dr. Robert W. Patch for his advice, several letters, and never faltering support for my project. I would like to thank Dr. James P. Brennan for his words of encouragement and letters. I would also like to thank Dr. Kevin Terraciano for accepting the invitation to be on my dissertation committee. His expertise with indigenous notarial documents was greatly valued. I would especially like to acknowledge Sharon Mujica for allowing me the opportunity to learn Yucatec Maya with the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and Duke Consortium for Latin American Studies Yucatec Maya Intensive Language program in 2001, again in 2004, and for a third advanced level in 2008.
{PDF} Ancient Mexican Designs 1St Edition Ebook Free Download

ANCIENT MEXICAN DESIGNS 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Marty Noble | 9780486436333 | | | | | Ancient Mexican Designs 1st edition PDF Book MacManus Co. Learn More. Learning Objectives Describe the colossal stone heads made by the Olmecs. Museum Friends enjoy access to free lectures, a deeper dive into a department of interest, and invitations to social gatherings for that department of interest. Three cultures dominated the pre-Columbian history of Mesoamerica: the Olmec, Maya, and Aztec civilizations. Teotihuacan At its height, Teotihuacan was one of the largest cities in the world with a population of , These painted vases may have been used as drinking and food vessels for noble Maya, but their final destination was the tomb, where they accompanied the deceased to the Underworld. Like many other buildings at the site, the Observation Tower exhibits a mansard roof. At the entrance to the Lower Temple of the Jaguar is another Jaguar throne similar to the one in the inner temple of El Castillo. See details. Smiling figures from Remojadas called Sonrientes are the most recognizable ceramic figures produced by the Veracruz people. The Mayan civilization rose very quickly. Checked Out. The Palace was equipped with numerous large baths and saunas which were supplied with fresh water by an intricate water system. Many small clay figures from the Classic Mayan period remain in existence. Moses, and Dr. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. Previews available in: English. Design motifs of ancient Mexico. This object preserves one of the earliest known portraits of a Maya queen.